Microwave spectra of isotopic pyrazoles and molecular structure of pyrazole

Microwave spectra of the complete set of monosubstituted isotopic pyrazoles have been investigated and the complete r_s structure of pyrazole determined. The deuterated and ¹⁵N species of pyrazole were prepared, while the ¹³C species were examined in natural abundance. The spectrum of the parent compound was remeasured yielding rotational and centrifugal distortion constants.The mutual position of the hydrogen atoms and the direction of the dipole moment in the pyrazole principal axis system has been unambiguously established.The ¹⁴N quadrupole hyperfine structure was resolved and the quadrupole coupling constants derived by Blackman et al. [8] were confirmed.An estimated r_z structure is compared to crystal structures derived by X-ray and neutron diffraction showing the N-H bond in the crystal to be prolonged. But, otherwise no significant differences seem to develop when bringing the molecule from its isolated state into the crystal with its strong hydrogen bonds.     

Neutral and ionic complexes of C60 with metal dibenzyldithiocarbamates. Reversible dimerization of C60*- in ionic multicomponent complex [Cr(I)(C6H6)2*+].(C60*-).0.5[Pd(dbdtc)2

New molecular complexes of C60 with metal(II) dibenzyldithiocarbamates, M(dbdtc)2.C60.0.5(C6H5Cl), where M=Cu(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) and an ionic multicomponent complex [Cr(I)(C6H6)2*+].(C60*-).0.5[Pd(dbdtc)2] (Cr(C6H6)2: bis(benzene)chromium) were obtained. According to IR, UV-visible-NIR, and EPR spectra, involve neutral components, whereas 5 comprises neutral Pd(dbdtc)2 and C60*- and Cr(I)(C6H6)2*+ radical ions. The crystal structure of at 90 K reveals strongly puckered fullerene layers alternating with those composed of Pd(dbdtc)2. The Cr(I)(C6H6)2*+ radical cations are arranged between the layers. Fullerene radical anions form pairs within the layer with an interfullerene C...C contact of 3.092(2) A, indicating their monomeric state at 90 K. This contact is essentially shorter than the sum of van der Waals radii of two carbon atoms, and consequently, C60*- can dimerize. According to SQUID and EPR, single-bonded diamagnetic (C60-)2 dimers form in below 150-130 K on slow cooling and dissociate above 150-170 K on heating. The hysteresis was estimated to be 20 K. For the (C60-)2 dimers in, the dissociation temperature is the lowest among those for ionic complexes of C60 (160-250 K). Fast cooling of the crystals within 10 min from room temperature down to 100 K shifts dimerization temperatures to lower than 60 K. This shift is responsible for the retention of a monomeric phase of at 90 K in the X-ray diffraction experiment.     

Reassessment of large dipole moment enhancements in crystals: a detailed experimental and theoretical charge density analysis of 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline

The molecular dipole moment of MNA in the crystal has been critically reexamined, to test the conclusion from an earlier experimental charge density analysis that it was substantially enhanced due to a combination of strong intermolecular interactions and crystal field effects. X-ray and neutron diffraction data have been carefully measured at 100 K and supplemented with ab initio crystal Hartree-Fock calculations. Considerable care taken in the measurement and reduction of the experimental data excluded most systematic errors, and sources of error and their effects on the experimental electron density have been carefully investigated. The electron density derived from a fit to theoretical structure factors assisted in the determination of the scale and thermal motion model. The dipole moment enhancement for MNA in the crystal is much less than that reported previously and only on the order of 30-40% (approximately 2.5 D). In addition to the dipole moment, experimental deformation electron density maps, bond critical point data, electric field gradients at hydrogen nuclei, and atomic and group charges all agree well with theoretical results and trends. Anisotropic modeling of the motion of hydrogen atoms, integral use of periodic ab initio calculations, and improved data quality are all aspects of this study that represent a considerable advance over previous work.     

Structural aspects of two-stage dimerization in an ionic C60 complex with bis(benzene)chromium: Cr(C6H6)2.C60.C6H4Cl2

Single crystals of the ionic C60 complex with bis(benzene)chromium: {Cr(I)(C6H6)2(.+)}.(C60.-)).C6H4Cl2 (1) were obtained. The crystal structure of 1 shows the presence of monomeric C60.- radical anions at 250 K and the formation of single-bonded (C60-)2 dimers at 90 K. The dimerization is realized in two types of the C60.-) pairs with different interfullerene center-to-center distances of 10.052 and 10.279 A arranged in zigzag chains along the a-direction. As a result, two symmetrically independent (C60-)2 dimers found in 1 at 90 K have different environments, intercage C-C bond lengths and C60- center-to-center distances. Such differences should provide different thermal stability of these dimers and result in the appearance of two stages at the dimerization. Indeed, according to SQUID measurements, the magnetic moment of 1 decreases stepwise at the dimerization in two temperature ranges at 240-200 and 200-160 K.     

Studies of the kinetics and thermochemistry of the forward and reverse reaction Cl + C6H6 = HCl + C6H5

The laser flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique was used to monitor atomic Cl kinetics. Loss of Cl following photolysis of CCl4 and NaCl was used to determine k(Cl + C6H6) = 6.4 x 10(-12) exp(-18.1 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) over 578-922 K and k(Cl + C6D6) = 6.2 x 10(-12) exp(-22.8 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) over 635-922 K. Inclusion of literature data at room temperature leads to a recommendation of k(Cl + C6H6) = 6.1 x 10(-11) exp(-31.6 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for 296-922 K. Monitoring growth of Cl during the reaction of phenyl with HCl led to k(C6H5 + HCl) = 1.14 x 10(-12) exp(+5.2 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) over 294-748 K, k(C6H5 + DCl) = 7.7 x 10(-13) exp(+4.9 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) over 292-546 K, an approximate k(C6H5 + C6H5I) = 2 x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) over 300-750 K, and an upper limit k(Cl + C6H5I) < or = 5.3 x 10(-12) exp(+2.8 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) over 300-750 K. Confidence limits are discussed in the text. Third-law analysis of the equilibrium constant yields the bond dissociation enthalpy D(298)(C6H5-H) = 472.1 +/- 2.5 kJ mol(-1) and thus the enthalpy of formation Delta(f)H(298)(C6H5) = 337.0 +/- 2.5 kJ mol(-1).     

[C6N2H18]2[Mo5O15(HPO4)2]·H2O的水热合成与结构表征

通过水热法合成了一个新化合物[C6N2H18]2[Mo5O15(HPO4)2]·H2O,并通过IR光谱、ICP、元素分析、差热与热重分析和X射线单晶衍射分析等手段进行了表征.结果表明,晶体属三方晶系,P3(2)21空间群,a=1.1231(1)nm,c=2.2802(5)nm,V=2.4911(7)nm3,Dx=2.835Mg/m3,Z=6,最后的一致性因子R=0.0227,wR=0.0675.阴离子中Mo5O15构成一环状结构,2个HPO4一个连在环的下方,一个连在环的上方,形成类似于“飞碟”状的结构,阳离子为2个质子化的四甲基乙二胺.     

Crystal structure and dynamics of Mg(ND3)6Cl2

The crystal structure and dynamics of Mg(ND(3))(6)Cl(2) have been investigated by powder neutron diffraction and molecular dynamics. The powder diffraction data can be well described by 4 partly occupied deuterium sites in a square arrangement around the N atoms, which is seemingly inconsistent with the 3-fold symmetry of the ND(3) molecule. Molecular dynamics show highly correlated rotational and translational motion of the ND(3) molecules which explains the apparent 4-fold symmetry of the deuterium arrangement. A more disordered structure model based on the molecular dynamics results gives a better fit to the experimental data and is in agreement with the 3-fold symmetry of ND(3).     

The reversible formation of a single-bonded (C(60)(-))(2) dimer in ionic charge transfer complex: Cp*(2)Cr.C(60)(C(6)H(4)Cl(2))(2). The molecular structure of (C(60)(-))(2)

A new ionic complex of C60 with decamethylchromocene, Cp*2Cr.C60(C6H4Cl2)2 (1), has been obtained. The fullerides are monomeric in 1 at room temperature, whereas they form a single-bonded (C60-)2 dimer at low temperatures, the structure of which has been studied by the X-ray diffraction on a single crystal at 100 K. The length of the intercage C-C bond is 1.597(7) A and the interfullerene distance is equal to 9.28 A. A phase transition attributed to the reversible C60*- dimerization is observed in the 220-200 K range. The transition is accompanied by changes in the unit cell parameters, the decrease of the magnetic moment from 4.20 muB (S = 3/2, 1/2) to 3.88 muB (S = 3/2) and the appearance of EPR signal from Cp*2Cr+, simultaneously.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of an Inclusion Compound Mn(SCN)2(H2O)4(2C6H12N4

A mononuclear manganese complex Mn(SCN)2(H2O)4(2C6H12N4 (C14H32O4N10MnS2, C6H12N4 = hexamethylenetetramine) has been synthesized. The molecular and crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal is of tetragonal, space group P42/mnm with a = 9.5591(7), b = 9.5591(7), c = 13.8253(15) (A), V = 1263.31(19) (A)3, Z = 2, Mr = 523.56, Dc = 1.376 g/cm3, μ = 0.727 mm-1, F(000) = 550, Rint = 0.0302, T = 293(2) K, R = 0.0380 and wR = 0.1184 for 549 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). In the crystal the manganese atom is six-coordinated by two nitrogen atoms from isothiocyanato anion and four oxygen atoms from water molecules, completing an octahedral geometry. Hexamethylenetetramine molecules are included in the lattice and connected to Mn(SCN)2(H2O)4 by hydrogen bonding and S...S interac- tions to form a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture.     

Location of H+ sites in the fast proton-conductor (H3O)SbTeO6 pyrochlore

The defect pyrochlore (H3O)SbTeO6 oxide is an excellent proton conductor, showing a conductivity value of 10(-1) S cm(-1) at 30 degrees C under saturated water vapor partial pressure. It can be prepared by ion exchange from KTeSbO6 pyrochlore in sulfuric acid at 453 K for 12 h. The full characterization of the structure of the (H3O)SbTeO6 pyrochlore, including the location of the H3O+ units within the three-dimensional framework, has been carried out by neutron powder diffraction. A first Rietveld refinement of the [SbTeO6]- framework was performed in the Fd3m space group (a= 10.1510(1) A); a difference Fourier map enabled the unambiguous location of the O2 atoms from the H3O+ ions at 32e (x,x,x) positions, and subsequently the H atoms at 96g (x,x,z). The (H3O)SbTeO6 crystal structure is constituted by a network of randomly distributed Sb(V)O6 and Te(VI)O6 octahedra linked by their corners with (Sb,Te)-O1-(Sb,Te) angles of 136.2 degrees. Hydronium ions are located off-center around the large 8a cages of the pyrochlore. The geometry of the (O2)-H3 units is that of an almost regular tetrahedron, with O2 atoms at the center and the three H atoms in three of the vertices; the fourth vertex is supposed to be occupied by the O2 lone pair. The three O2-H bonds have equal distances of 1.020(8)A. The H3O+ units are linked to the O1 framework oxygens by weaker hydrogen bonds, with O1-H bond lengths of 1.649(7) A. The relatively large thermal factors of O2 and H, of 2.5 and 3.7 A2, respectively, suggest that both kinds of atoms are not static at fixed positions but could be dynamically fluctuating between crystallographically equivalent sites.     

Structure, modelling and dynamic behaviour of aza- and azaoxamacrocyclic ligands derived from (R,R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane

Investigations into the conformational behaviour of macrocyclic ligands 5 and 6 derived from (R,R)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane have been undertaken using molecular modelling, single crystal X-ray diffraction and variable temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. These have revealed that the lowest energy conformers in both cases do not possess the expected C2-element of symmetry, which can only be accessed at higher temperatures. Instead both molecules exist as C1-conformers at room temperature and in the solid state. In solution a range of dynamic exchange processes is observed which result, in part from the inherent strain in these fused bicyclic systems. An unexpected but characteristic feature of the C1-symmetric conformers is highlighted by the presence of a signal at unexpectedly low field in their 1H NMR spectra due to the interaction of two of the sulfonyl oxygen atoms with one of the bridgehead hydrogen atoms.     

Hydrothermal synthesis in the system Ni(OH)(2)-NiSO(4): nuclear and magnetic structures and magnetic properties of Ni(3)(OH)(2)(SO(4))(2)(H(2)O)(2)

We present the synthesis, characterization by DT-TGA and IR, single crystal X-ray nuclear structure at 300 K, nuclear and magnetic structure from neutron powder diffraction on a deuterated sample at 1.4 K, and magnetic properties as a function of temperature and magnetic field of Ni(3)(OH)(2)(SO(4))(2)(H(2)O)(2). The structure is formed of chains, parallel to the c-axis, of edge-sharing Ni(1)O(6) octahedra, connected by the corners of Ni(2)O(6) octahedra to form corrugated sheets along the bc-plane. The sheets are connected to one another by the sulfate groups to form the 3D network. The magnetic properties measured by ac and dc magnetization, isothermal magnetization at 2 K, and heat capacity are characterized by a transition from a paramagnet (C = 3.954 emu K/mol and theta = -31 K) to a canted antiferromagnet at T(N) = 29 K with an estimated canting angle of 0.2-0.3 degrees. Deduced from powder neutron diffraction data, the magnetic structure is modeled by alternate pairs of Ni(1) within a chain having their moments pointing along [010] and [010], respectively. The moments of Ni(2) atoms are oppositely oriented with respect to their adjacent pairs. The resulting structure is that of a compensated arrangement of moments within one layer, comprising one ferromagnetic and three antiferromagnetic superexchange pathways between the nickel atoms.     

Theoretical study of the dynamics of AR collisions with C2H6 and C2F6 at hyperthermal energy

We present a classical-trajectory study of the dynamics of high-energy (5-12 eV) collisions between Ar atoms and the C2H6 and C2F6 molecules. We have constructed the potential-energy surfaces for these systems considering separately the Ar-molecule interactions (intermolecular potential) and the interactions within the molecule (intramolecular potential). The intermolecular surfaces consist of pairwise empirical potentials derived from high-accuracy ab initio calculations. The intramolecular potentials for C2H6 and C2F6 are described using specific-reaction-parameters semiempirical Hamiltonians and are calculated "on the fly", i.e., while the trajectories are evolving. Trajectory analysis shows that C2F6 absorbs more energy than C2H6 and is more susceptible to collision-induced dissociation (CID). C-C bond-breakage processes are more important than C-H or C-F bond breakage at the energies explored in this work. Analysis of the reaction mechanism for CID processes indicates that, although C-C breakage is mostly produced by side-on collisions, head-on collisions are more efficient in producing C-F or C-H dissociation. Our results suggest that high-energy collisions between closed-shell species of the natural low-Earth-orbit environment and spacecraft can contribute to the observed degradation of polymers that coat spacecraft surfaces.     

Magnetic structure of the europium fulleride ferromagnet Eu(6)C(60)

The powder neutron diffraction technique has been used for the direct observation of magnetic scattering below a Curie temperature of approximately 14 K in the fullerene-based molecular ferromagnet Eu6C60. Europium is in the divalent state with a magnetic moment of 7.1(3) muB per atom, and the configurational symmetry of the magnetic structure is body-centered cubic. Close contacts between Eu2+ and neighboring C60 units provide the signature of orbital hybridization, which can evidently account for the conducting and magnetic properties of the material.     

The dynamical properties of the aromatic hydrogen bond in NH4(C6H5)4B from quasielastic neutron scattering

NH(4)(C(6)H(5))(4)B represents a prototypical system for understanding aromatic H bonds. In NH(4)(C(6)H(5))(4)B an ammonium cation is trapped in an aromatic cage of four phenyl rings and each phenyl ring serves as a hydrogen bond acceptor for the ammonium ion as donor. Here the dynamical properties of the aromatic hydrogen bond in NH(4)(C(6)H(5))(4)B were studied by quasielastic incoherent neutron scattering in a broad temperature range (20< or =T< or =350 K). We show that in the temperature range from 67 to 350 K the ammonium ions perform rotational jumps around C(3) axes. The correlation time for this motion is the lifetime of the "transient" H bonds. It varies from 1.5 ps at T=350 K to 150 ps at T=67 K. The activation energy was found to be 3.14 kJ mol, which means only 1.05 kJ mol per single H bond for reorientations around the C(3) symmetry axis of the ammonium group. This result shows that the ammonium ions have to overcome an exceptionally low barrier to rotate and thereby break their H bonds. In addition, at temperatures above 200 K local diffusive reorientational motions of the phenyl rings, probably caused by interaction with ammonium-group reorientations, were found within the experimental observation time window. At room temperature a reorientation angle of 8.4 degrees +/-2 degrees and a correlation time of 22+/-8 ps were determined for the latter. The aromatic H bonds are extremely short lived due to the low potential barriers allowing for molecular motions with a reorientational character of the donors. The alternating rupture and formation of H bonds causes very strong damping of the librational motion of the acceptors, making the transient H bond appear rather flexible.     

簇合物〔WOS_3Cu_3(V-pic)_6〕Br 的合成和晶体结构

簇合物〔ＷＯＳ３Ｃｕ３（γ－ｐｉｃ）６〕Ｂｒ（Ｃ３６Ｈ４２ＢｒＯＮ６Ｓ３Ｃｕ３Ｗ, Ｍｒ＝ １１２５．３４） 属于三方晶系,空间群为Ｐ３,晶胞参数为：ａ＝ １２．２６４（５）, ｃ＝ １５．９０５（８） , γ＝ １２０．００°, Ｖ＝２０７１（２）３, μ（ＭｏＫα）＝ ５．４９０ｍ ｍ － １, Ｚ＝ ２, Ｄｃ＝ １．８０４ｇ／ｃｍ ３, Ｆ（０００）＝ １１０４ , Ｒ＝ ０．０５２ , ｗ Ｒ＝ ０．０５３． 可观察衍射点１９０１ （Ｉ≥２σ（Ｉ））。该簇合物的分子由游离的阴离子Ｂｒ－ 和簇阳离子〔ＷＯＳ３Ｃｕ３（γ－ｐｉｃ）６〕＋ 构成。阳离子中的Ｗ 原子、Ｓ原子和Ｃｕ原子构成１ 个巢状骨架结构,且该结构中存在一个通过Ｗ 和Ｏ原子的Ｃ３ 轴。     

CS2在Cu-S键中的插入反应的研究3:[Cu(S2CSC6H2Bu3^t-2,4,6]4.4C2H5OH的合成与晶体结构

2,4,6-三特丁基硫酚铜[Cu(SC6H2Bu3^t-2,4,6-)]n与CS2的反应产物, 用CS2-乙醇重结晶得黄色晶体, 经X射线单晶衍射法测定, 其结构为[Cu(S2CSC6H2Bu3^t-2,4,6-)].晶体属四方晶系, 空间群142d.a=b=1.7079(3)nm,c=3.5228(10)nm, V=10.275(6)nm3, Dc=1.19gcm^-3, Z=4.1863个衍射点参与修正,R=0.0559.四个铜原子形成变形四面体, CS2在全部四个Cu-S键中插入, 形成硫代黄原酸配体(RSCS2^-).配体中两个硫原子参与配位, 其中一个S桥连两个Cu原子, 另一个S端位于第三个Cu原子。每个Cu原子都采取平面三配位方式。CS2插入形成的CS2基团基本平面, C-S平均键长为0.1712nm。本文还对CS2, 在Cu-S和Ag-S键中插入反应产物的结构特点及影响反应的因素进行了讨论。     

35Cl NQR and structural-dynamic properties of crystalline CCl3C(O)OC6H2Cl3-2,4,6

The temperature dependences of the resonance frequency and quadrupole spin-lattice relaxation time of the chlorine-35 nuclei in crystalline CCl₃C(O)OC₆H₂Cl₃-2,4,6 were studied. Owing to the presence of resonant nuclei in various fragments of the molecules, the character of dynamics of these molecular fragments and the entire molecule was established. It is shown that thermal librations of molecules are quasiharmonic over the whole temperature range from 77 K to the melting point of the crystal. The reorientational motion of the CCl₃ group bonded to the three-coordinated carbon atom was revealed. This motion causes an exponential increase in the spin-lattice relaxation time of the chlorine nuclei of this group and subsequent damping of NQR signals (chlorine-35 resonance signals of the aryl radical were observed before melting of the sample). The activation energy of the reorientational motion is found; its value, which is 27.3 kJ/mole, is considered in comparison with the activation energies obtained by the Cl NQR method in solids for CCl₃ reorientations in similar molecular structures.     

High-electron-density C6H6 units: stable ten-pi-electron benzene complexes

The first stable benzene molecule with ten pi electrons is predicted. Stability is achieved through barium atoms acting as an electron-donating "matrix" to C6H6 in the inverted sandwich complex [Ba2(C6H6)]. The bis(barium)benzene complex has been computed at the density functional level of theory by using the hybrid functional mPW1PW91. Ab initio calculations were performed by using the coupled-cluster expansion, CCSD(T). Nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) indices imply distinct aromatic character in the benzene ring of bis(barium)benzene. The D6h-symmetric structure with a 1A(1g) electronic ground state represents a thermochemically stable, aromatic benzene molecule with four excess pi electrons, stabilised by two barium ions. A possible molecular wire, built up from Ba end-capped thorium-benzene "sandwiches", is discussed.