光学低通滤波器技术及其在CCD摄像机中的应用

利用石英晶体的双折射效应,设计制成用于ＣＣＤ 摄像机传感器前的光学低通滤波器（ｏｐｔｉｃａｌｌｏｗ ｐａｓｓｆｉｌｔｅｒ ———ＯＬＰＦ） ,它可以有效地降低或消除离散光电探测器对不同空间频率目标成像所产生的拍频效应或称莫尔条纹混淆现象。ＯＬＰＦ 的采用提高了ＣＣＤ 摄像机的成像质量,尤其是提高了ＣＣＤ 摄像机对条状和栅格状目标成像时的清晰度,并可消除伪彩色干扰纹的影响     

减少光电成像系统周期目标莫尔赝像的双倍率法

光电成像系统对周期目标欠抽样成偈时,由于频谱混淆将产生莫尔条纹式的赝像.介绍了利用两帧不同样频率下的混淆图像以减少莫尔赝像恢复原周期目标的双倍率方法,并给出了计算模拟结果.     

实现超分辨率的微变焦法

光电成象系统对目标欠抽样成象时,高频细节不但无法分辨,还将混淆低频成分.介绍一种新的实现光电成象系统超分辨率的方法——微变焦法,即利用放大率可变光学系统,获得多帧不同抽样频率下的混淆图象,然后重建成一帧混淆减少、分辨率提高的图象.计算机模拟和实验结果都表明了微变焦方法能够简便、有效地提高光电成象系统的分辨率 关键词： 超分辨率 微变焦法 混淆 光电成象系统 焦平面阵列     

抽样成像系统的混淆效应评价

本文根据积分抽样理论模型,摆脱传统光学传递函数的束缚,利用变带宽带限连续空间频谱标准输入情况下的输出复频谱分析,准确完整地评价抽样成像系统.文中给出了定量评价抽样成像系统混淆效应的方法与数据处理的理论依据.     

利用Zemax分析“猫眼效应”的激光反射特性

利用Zemax镜头设计软件建立了共轴的简化"猫眼效应"反射模型,并结合其强大的物理光学传播分析功能,仿真分析了目标镜头的口径、焦距、焦平面反射元件尺寸、倾斜度等主要参数对"猫眼效应"激光反射特性的影响。仿真分析的结果表明,目标镜头的"猫眼效应"激光反射特性是受目标参数和入射激光特性所共同制约的,对于空中目标来说,其"猫眼效应"的激光反射特性完全可以为激光主动探测所用。     

基于纹理特征的“猫眼”效应目标识别方法

为解决目前方法在动态复杂环境下不能有效区分车灯和瞄准镜及"猫眼"效应目标识别率低的难题,提出了一种基于纹理特征的"猫眼"效应目标识别方法.首先采用列均值相减、指数高通滤波和中值滤波对差分图像进行滤波去除车灯;然后依据"猫眼"效应目标的形状特性进行判别;最后根据"猫眼"效应目标的纹理特征,构造隶属度向量,按照最大隶属度原则,采用模糊综合评判对"猫眼"效应目标进行识别.试验结果表明,与基于形状和频率双重判据的"猫眼"效应目标识别方法相比,该方法有更高的识别率和较低的虚警率.     

基于“猫眼效应”的目标识别

 阐述了“猫眼效应”的基本原理，并在此基础上对“猫眼效应”进行了实验验证。实验结果表明，光电探测器的确存在“猫眼效应”。利用“猫眼效应”进行远距离的目标探测与识别能够简化系统并有效提高目标探测识别的概率，对今后选取合适的方案进行空间目标捕获、跟踪和瞄准有一定的参考意义。     

利用N型序贯蒙特卡罗PHD滤波的多目标跟踪

针对传统跟踪算法受背景杂波与不同目标类型混淆影响较大的问题,提出了一种利用N型序贯蒙特卡罗PHD(SMC-PHD)滤波的多目标跟踪。基于随机有限集理论提出一种新的扩展概率假设密度(PHD)滤波器模型,即N型PHD滤波,从概率生成函数中导出更新的PHD;利用序贯蒙特卡罗(SMC)方法产生随机样本,结合N型PHD滤波,提出N型SMC-PHD滤波算法,以减少不同目标类型的混淆检测;利用量测驱动的SMC-PHD滤波器,通过门控方法对量测的属性进行区分,从而抑制杂波对已有目标跟踪的影响。基于MATALB仿真平台,在MOT17以及VS-PETS’2003足球视频数据集中对所提算法进行实验论证,结果表明,所提方法的平均最优子模式分配(OSPA)距离显著降低,且在高杂波、目标类型较多的情形下具有较高的可靠性。     

空间目标光谱特性研究进展

空间目标光谱是空间目标光学特性的本质体现,能够反映空间目标的材质属性,通过将实验室测量的材质光谱与实测空间目标光谱进行匹配处理,可以识别目标的材质类型,有助于分析空间目标的类型及工作状态。针对空间目标光谱测量及材质信息反演问题,研究空间目标光谱形成原理、反演方法及红化效应等问题。结合空间目标的固体光谱特点,分析了振动光谱、电子光谱对350~2 500 nm谱段的贡献。对基于空间目标光谱开展目标材质识别的三种常用方法进行了概括,即人工神经网络法、粒子群优化法和频谱解混法,对常用的反射率及其导数、中心位移等特征参数进行了分析。研究了空间目标光谱的红化效应,指出红化效应是由部分氧化物进入空间后出现脱氧效应所致。部分含氧元素的空间目标材质进入空间后会出现氧元素从材质表面脱离的现象,脱氧后的材质会与空间环境中的污染物结合形成松散的化学键,此类化学键更易吸收长波波段的光能量,且波长越长越易被吸收,从而导致反射率斜率随波长增加而上升的红化效应。在极端空间环境的持续作用下,空间目标表面材质会出现化学变化、物理变化等老化问题,通过光谱观测能够对材质的老化情况进行分析,为及时修复现有卫星、补发替换卫星提供依据。     

用瞳函数控制减小离散成像系统中的频谱混淆

离散控制器由于欠抽样产生频谱混淆,介绍分析了减少混淆的一种光学预滤波法：设计光学成像系统的瞳函数以产生期的光学传递函数,使期 对抽样数据进行有效的预滤法,从而完全抑制混淆。     

Reduced aliasing artifacts using shaking projection k-space sampling trajectory

Radial imaging techniques, such as projection-reconstruction （PR）, are used in magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） for dynamic imaging, angiography, and short-T2 imaging. They are less sensitive to flow and motion artifacts, and support fast imaging with short echo times. However, aliasing and streaking artifacts are two main sources which degrade radial imaging quality. For a given fixed number of k-space projections, data distributions along radial and angular directions will influence the level of aliasing and streaking artifacts. Conventional radial k-space sampling trajectory introduces an aliasing artifact at the first principal ring of point spread function （PSF）. In this paper, a shaking projection （SP） k-space sampling trajectory was proposed to reduce aliasing artifacts in MR images. SP sampling trajectory shifts the projection alternately along the k-space center, which separates k-space data in the azimuthal direction. Simulations based on conventional and SP sampling trajectories were compared with the same number projections. A significant reduction of aliasing artifacts was observed using the SP sampling trajectory. These two trajectories were also compared with different sampling frequencies. ASP trajectory has the same aliasing character when using half sampling frequency （or half data） for reconstruction. SNR comparisons with different white noise levels show that these two trajectories have the same SNR character. In conclusion, the SP trajectory can reduce the aliasing artifact without decreasing SNR and also provide a way for undersampling recon- struction. Furthermore, this method can be applied to three-dimensional （3D） hybrid or spherical radial k-space sampling for a more efficient reduction of aliasing artifacts.     

微扫描减少光电成像系统频谱混淆的数学原理及实现

光电成像系统由于欠抽样引起谱混淆,推导分析了包括均匀微扫描在内的非均匀微扫描在减少混淆贩数学原理以及与亚像素位移之间的关系,同时用计算机模拟实现了微扫描的一维和二维过程。     

Suppression of moiré fringes due to sampling of halftone screened images

When a halftone screened image is discretely sampled by, for example, a CCD array, moiré fringes sometimes appear. These moiré fringes are caused by aliasing errors due to the improper sampling rate. To suppress these fringes, a dual sampling method is proposed. In this method, halftone screened images are sampled twice with different sampling rates, and the selection of proper frequency components less suffering from aliasing errors can effectively suppress moiré fringes.     

ANTHEM: anatomically tailored hexagonal MRI

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the use of anatomically tailored hexagonal sampling for scan-time and error reduction in MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anatomically tailored hexagonal MRI (ANTHEM), a method that combines hexagonal sampling with specific symmetry in anatomical geometry, is proposed. By using hexagonal sampling, aliasing artifacts are moved to regions where, due to the nature of the anatomy, aliasing is inconsequential. This can be used to either reduce scan time while maintaining spatial resolution or reduce residual errors in speedup techniques like UNFOLD and k-t BLAST/SENSE, which undersample k-space and unwrap fold-over artifacts during reconstruction. Computer simulations as well as phantom and volunteer studies were used to validate the theory. A simplified reconstruction algorithm for hexagonally sampled and subsampled k-space data was also used. RESULTS: A reduction in sampling density of 13.4% and 25% in each hexagonally sampled dimension was achieved for spherical and conical geometries without aliasing or reduction in spatial resolution. Optimal subsampling schemes that can be utilized by UNFOLD and k-t BLAST/SENSE were derived using hexagonal subsampling, which resulted in maximal, isotropic dispersal of the aliases. In combination with UNFOLD, ANTHEM was shown to move residual aliasing artifacts to the corners of the field of view, yielding reduced artifacts in CINE reconstructions. CONCLUSIONS: ANTHEM was successful in reducing acquisition time in conventional MRI and in reducing errors in UNFOLD imaging.     

Assessment of the Performance of Staring Infrared Imaging Array Based on Microscanning Modes

Staring infrared detector arrays, which sample a scene with pixels of finite size, generate images that are affected by aliasing and blurring caused by the sampling process. One potential method to reduce the effects of sampling is microscanning. In this paper, the sampling-averaging modulation transfer function at half the detector spatial cutoff frequency is introduced to be as a figure of merit to quantitatively assess microscanning image quality for selected cases of fill factor. Analytical results show that microscanning process can significantly reduce aliasing in the reconstructed image, and that the improvement of different modes of microscanning process to the reconstructed image quality is different, which is closely associated with fill factor. The microscan sampling and restoration imagery are also simulated with pixel interpolation method to qualitatively verify the reduction in aliasing with respect to typical microscanning mode (2×2, 3×3, 4×4 microscan) for the detector array of 100% and 50% fill factor respectively. And, the determining method of the optimum step number of microscanning needed is discussed for the staring imaging array with certain fill factor.     

On the aeroacoustic tonal noise generation mechanism of a sharp-edged plate

This paper discusses the effects of frequency selection on source localization and geoacoustic inversion methods that use frequency coherent objective functions. Matched-field processors based on frequency-coherent objective functions often have rapidly fluctuating range ambiguity surfaces. Insufficient sampling in frequency domain results in range aliasing terms that affect geoacoustic inversion. Range aliasing and its effects on source localization and environmental parameter inversion are demonstrated on data collected during the MAPEX2000 experiment. Guidance for frequency selection to avoid range aliasing is provided.     

一种适用于非周期结构高分辨象模拟计算的新方法

通常的FFT多片层法(FFTMS)动力学衍射计算中,由于采用了边界采样点周期性延伸的假设,从而导致非周期结构高分辨象模拟的严重失真。在仔细研究这种误差成因的基础上,本文提出了一种适用于非周期结构的高分辨象模拟计算新方法,它基于实空间多片层(RSMS)象模拟计算方法,但在势投影及传播因数计算中充分考虑了非周期结构的特点,从而得到与实验符合较好的结果。 关键词：     

基于低采样率模数转换器的延时复用频分多址无源光网络

基于正交频分复用技术的无源光网络中,光网络单元为了获得其所属小部分下行数据,需高采样率模数转换器将所有频宽的信号恢复才能分出其所需要数据.同时正交频分信号峰均比很高,传输中容易引起非线性效应.为此,本文提出一种基于低采样模数转换器的延时复用频分多址无源光网络.在光线路终端将数据序列交错排序并在时域映射为正交幅度调制信号;再通过离散傅里叶变换扩频技术,将信号转换为频域信号并映射到子载波上.通过预先发送和回传训练信号,估测包括延时采样和低采样接收在内的信道频响;再将频域信号利用估测信息在光线路终端做预处理,从而使信号传输中的失真得到有效预补偿.本文实验演示了含有多个光网络单元的系统,对于含有M个光网络单元的无源光网络,模数转换器的采样率可以降低到1/M Nyquist采样率,实验中模数转换器的采样率可以降低到1/32 Nyquist采样率;由于下行信号通过光线路终端预处理实现失真预补偿,光网络单元接收到的信号不需要均衡,不需要傅里叶变换和傅里叶逆变换,避免了与之对应的相关计算量,降低了光网络单元的计算复杂度;由于使用了扩频技术,信号波形具有更低的峰均比,从而降低了非线性对信号的影响,增加了功率预算.此外,随着光网络单元的增加,信号的误码率几乎没有增加,光网络单元个数增加到32时,向前纠错极限为10~(-3)的功率代价小于0.5 dB;系统对光网络单元采样时刻偏离具有一定容限;25 km光纤传输的功率代价大约0.5 dB.理论和实验均证明本方案能够简化光网络单元,降低无源光网络的成本;与传统的无源光网络相比具有明显优势.     

光学低通滤波器的光学传递函数分析

光电成像系统的抽样过程会引起图像频谱在频谱空间上的多次复制,如果抽样过程不满足系统的奈奎斯特条件,相邻的频谱项就会产生混叠.光学传递函数可以反映系统中光学成像,抽样和重建等各个过程对图像信号频谱的响应.通过对使用光学低通滤波器(OLPF)光电成像系统的光学传递函数的分析,表明光学低通滤波器可以有效地限制图像的频谱宽度,使抽样满足奈奎斯特条件,达到消除频谱混叠,改善重建图像质量的目的.