Experimental study of shock-accelerated liquid layers

An experimental investigation of a shock wave interacting with one, or several, liquid layer(s) is reported with a motivation towards first wall protection in inertial fusion energy reactor chamber design. A 12.8 mm or 6.4 mm thick water layer is suspended horizontally in a large vertical shock tube in atmospheric pressure argon and subjected to a planar shock wave of strength ranging from M = 1.34 to 3.20. For the single water layer experiments, the shock-accelerated liquid results in a significant increase in end-wall pressure loading (and impulse) compared with tests without water. The end-wall loading can be reduced by more than 50% for a given volume of water when it is divided into more than one layer with interspersed layer(s) of argon. A flash X-ray technique is employed to measure the volume fraction of the shocked water layer and multiple water layers are found to dissipate more energy through the liquid fragmentation process resulting in increased shock mitigation.     

The transmission of turbulent boundary layer unsteady pressure and shear stress through a viscoelastic layer

The transmission of unsteady pressure and shear stress, generated by a turbulent boundary layer in water, through a viscoelastic layer backed by a rigid plate is investigated. Analytical models are used to estimate the unsteady pressure and shear stress from 10 to 1000 Hz for a flat plate boundary layer with zero pressure gradient. Additionally, models for the transfer of the unsteady pressures and shear stress through the viscoelastic layer are developed. The models are used to predict the unsteady pressure fluctuations, or flow noise, which would be seen by a finite size sensor embedded under the elastomer layer. The unsteady pressure levels are found to be 20 dB greater than the unsteady shear stress levels across all frequency ranges computed, in agreement with recent measurements. The unsteady pressure transfer functions have a peak at the shear wavenumber and are larger than the shear stress transfer magnitudes from 10 to 50 Hz. The unsteady shear stress transfer functions have a peak at the acoustic wavenumber and are larger than the pressure transfer magnitudes from 50 to 1000 Hz. Over the frequency range examined, the unsteady pressures were found to be the dominant contributor to the sensor flow noise due to the considerably larger magnitude of the unsteady pressures on the top of the viscoelastic layer.     

密闭空间内爆炸载荷抑制效应实验研究

炸药在密闭空间内爆炸时的爆炸载荷与在敞开环境中有很大差异,在密闭空间内,TNT炸药的爆炸产物能够与周围空气充分混合并发生燃烧反应进而释放额外的能量,使密闭空间内的反射冲击波及准静态压力均明显增加。为探究不同气体环境对密闭空间内爆炸载荷的抑制效应,开展了3种不同药量的TNT分别在空气、水雾和氮气环境密闭空间内的爆炸实验研究,通过理论计算和实验对比分析了密闭空间内的爆炸载荷压力、温度及受载钢板试件响应特性。结果表明,水雾和氮气均能有效降低空间内的准静态压力和温度,对准静态压力的平均降幅分别为36.0%和51.7%,对温度的平均降幅分别为42.6%和40.3%;在水雾和氮气环境中的爆炸载荷作用下,钢板试件动态响应较空气环境中显著降低,其中160 g药量下,水雾和氮气环境中钢板试件的最终变形分别减少了15.9%和23.5%,氮气的减弱效果优于水雾;水雾和氮气均能及时有效地抑制封闭空间内的爆炸载荷,降低结构的损伤程度。     

超材料混凝土的带隙特征及对冲击波的衰减效应

借鉴超材料的研究思路，在混凝土中引入谐振骨料，设计出具有消波特性的超材料混凝土。首先，通过结构动力学方法计算超材料混凝土的有效质量，从而建立了超材料混凝土带隙起始频率及截止频率的简化模型，并给出了带隙起始频率及截止频率的理论表达式。然后，分析了涂层弹性模量、芯柱密度、基体密度、骨料体积占比和芯柱边长与软涂层厚度比对超材料混凝土带隙特征的影响。最后，采用数值模拟的方法，对比了超材料混凝土和普通混凝土对冲击波的衰减效应。研究结果表明:(1)低弹性模量涂层能够形成低频带隙，但带隙宽度较窄，而高弹性模量涂层能够形成较宽的带隙，但带隙起始频率较高；(2)通过选择高密度芯柱材料和低密度基体材料，可以得到低频、宽带隙特征；(3)通过增大骨料体积占比和芯柱边长与软涂层厚度比可以实现扩宽带隙的目的；(4)与普通混凝土相比，超材料混凝土对冲击波具有更好的衰减作用。     

等离子喷涂纳米和常规喂料WC—Co涂层在干摩擦和水环境中的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用大气等离子喷涂法分别以纳米和常规喂料制备出2种WC—Co涂层，在SRV摩擦磨损试验机上考察了2种涂层在干摩擦和水环境中的摩擦磨损性能．结果表明：在干摩擦和水环境中，纳米WC—Co涂层的摩擦系数和磨损率均小于常规WC—Co涂层；纳米和常规WC—Co涂层的磨损机制差异不大，在干摩擦下其磨损机制主要以粘着磨损、剥落和磨粒磨损为主；在水环境中，WC—Co涂层与Si3N4配副时的摩擦系数和磨损量较与不锈钢球配副时高，2种摩擦副的磨损机理有所不同，前者主要以剥落和疲劳磨损为主，后者主要以粘着磨损为主，伴有轻微的磨粒磨损．     

Application of fast-responding pressure-sensitive paint to a hemispherical dome in unsteady transonic flow

The current work focuses on the development and application of fast-responding polymer/ceramic pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) as an advanced surface pressure measurement technique for unsteady flow fields in large-scale wind tunnels. To demonstrate the unsteady PSP technique, the unsteady surface pressure distribution over a hemispherical dome placed in the United States Air Force Research Laboratory’s Trisonic Gasdynamics Facility (TGF) was studied by phase-locking to the characteristic frequency in the flow caused by an unsteady separated shear layer shed from the dome. The wind tunnel was operated at stagnation pressures of 23.92 and 71.84 kPa, with the test section flow at Mach 0.6. Under the two operating conditions, the predominant shear layer frequency was measured to be 272 and 400 Hz, respectively. The quasi-periodic shear layer frequency enabled a phase-averaged method to be employed for capturing the unsteady shock motion on the hemisphere. Unsteady pressure data resulting from this technique are shown to correlate well with measurements acquired by conventional measurement techniques. Measurement uncertainty in the phase-averaging technique will be discussed. To address measurement uncertainties from temperature sensitivity and model movement, a new implementation of an AC-coupled data representation is offered.     

地冲击下新型脆断构件防护性能实验研究

为对地冲击作用下地下结构进行有效防护,提出一种泡沫混凝土材质的新型防护构件。与使用实心泡沫混凝土层的防护机理不同,本文中提出的构件在地冲击作用下,首先发生脆断破坏,然后破碎块体间搭接折断、挤压密实。通过构造设计,截断地冲击荷载,减弱荷载传递,改变被保护结构上的荷载形式。通过场地爆炸实验对比了不同防护措施下（无防护、实心泡沫混凝土层防护及新型构件防护）被保护结构的动力响应。实验结果表明:新型构件防护通过脆断、破碎块体的搭接、挤压密实表现出较实心泡沫混凝土层防护更好的防护效果;新型构件防护由于脆断特性,在较小荷载下即可显著削弱荷载传递,避免了实心泡沫混凝土层防护中负效果的出现;地冲击荷载较强时,构件防护层趋于压实,其防护效果逐渐接近实心泡沫混凝土层。     

涂层低表面能各分量降低流体噪声的试验研究

水下航行在高速运动时,由于物体和流体的相互作用、边界层中产生了速度和压力脉动鸸 流体噪声。针对低表面能涂层改变流体边支的状态,考察了其在水洞中的降噪效果。涂层表面具有很好的疏水性和低的表面能色散分量与水相互作用力分量,使边界是层增厚,降低由于壁面与流体界面的作用所产生的偶极子声源,从而达到降人氏流体噪声的效果。     

浅层水中爆炸冲击波切断现象浅探

探讨了浅层水中冲击波的切断现象。主要分析了切断现象的特性、产生的机理以及对冲击波参数的影响。实验并分析了水面切断现象起始、终止时间及切断线的斜率等表征切断现象特性的参量。统计分析了水面切断现象对正压作用时间、比冲量等冲击波参数的影响。结合理论和实验数据 ,分析了有两类切断现象的波形 ,对其性质进行了判断。探讨了冲击波在水底反射产生稀疏波的机理 ,简析了水底稀疏波对波形的影响。研究表明 :装药浅层水中爆炸 ,界面对激波的削弱影响中 ,水面反射切断现象作用较强 ,水底反射切断现象的作用较弱。     

车致桥梁支座动反力频谱特性及影响因素研究

建立频域内的车辆-轨道-桥梁垂向耦合动力学模型,包括1/8车辆模型和CRTS-Ⅱ型板式无砟轨道-桥梁-支座模型两部分,以快速求解100Hz以内的桥梁支座动反力。将CRTS-Ⅱ型板式无砟轨道-桥梁-支座模型简化为4层叠合梁,采用Euler梁模拟钢轨、轨道板、底座板和箱梁,采用具有复刚度的弹簧模拟扣件、CA砂浆层、滑动层和桥梁支座。以32m简支桥梁为研究对象,分析了支座动反力的频谱特性,并讨论了轨道不平顺、扣件刚度和支座刚度对支座动反力的影响规律。结果表明:支座动反力在车轮-轨道系统的固有频率附近出现峰值;轨道不平顺幅值在很大程度上决定了支座动反力幅值,其峰值频率点在支座动反力曲线上得以体现;扣件刚度降低可一定程度上减小轮轨力及支座反力峰值、频段幅值及峰值频率;支座刚度降低可以减小支座反力幅值,同时降低峰值频率,其主要通过改变轨道-桥梁耦合系统的频响特性实现,而轮轨力基本不受其影响。     

Numerical study of blast characteristics from detonation of homogeneous explosives

A new robust numerical methodology is used to investigate the propagation of blast waves from homogeneous explosives. The gas-phase governing equations are solved using a hybrid solver that combines a higher-order shock capturing scheme with a low-dissipation central scheme. Explosives of interest include Nitromethane, Trinitrotoluene, and High-Melting Explosive. The shock overpressure and total impulse are estimated at different radial locations and compared for the different explosives. An empirical scaling correlation is presented for the shock overpressure, incident positive phase pressure impulse, and total impulse. The role of hydrodynamic instabilities to the blast effects of explosives is also investigated in three dimensions, and significant mixing between the detonation products and air is observed. This mixing results in afterburn, which is found to augment the impulse characteristics of explosives. Furthermore, the impulse characteristics are also observed to be three-dimensional in the region of the mixing layer. This paper highlights that while some blast features can be successfully predicted from simple one-dimensional studies, the growth of hydrodynamic instabilities and the impulsive loading of homogeneous explosives require robust three-dimensional investigation.     

THERMAL SHOCK PROTECTION BASED ON MICROTUBE AND MICROPOST ARRAY SURFACE

针对核电站核泵主轴、管道系统等高温环境下工作的部件受冷却水热冲击而容易出现裂纹的问题,提出通过表面微结构设计,利用水低热扩散率的特性,在被热冲击表面产生隔热水膜,从而降低瞬态热冲击过程中表层结构的热应力,防止结构热疲劳损伤. 针对这一设想,采用有限元与无限元相结合的办法,解决热应力分析的多尺度问题. 利用COMSOL多场耦合分析软件,对瞬态热冲击条件下,表面微结构的温度场与热应力分布进行分析,研究了冲击时间、微结构几何参数和流体黏性底层厚度等对微结构表面热冲击防护能力的影响. 研究发现,表面微柱或微管结构对降低短时间冷水冲击产生的表面热应力具有显著效果,同时在微结构与基底之间存在最优过渡曲面使表面热应力最小化.     

Dynamic rupture of polymer–metal bilayer plates

Recent theoretical assessments of metal/polymer bilayers indicate a potentially significant delay in the onset of ductile failure modes, especially under dynamic loading, due to strain hardening of the polymer. The response of copper/polyurethane bilayers under dynamic and quasi-static loadings is investigated via static tensile, static bulge forming and dynamic bulge forming tests. Two polyurethanes PU1 and PU2 were chosen with a significant contrast in stiffness and ductility: PU1 has a glass transition temperature T_g close to ?56 °C and at room temperature it has a low modulus, low strength and a high tensile failure strain. In contrast, PU2 has a T_g of 49 °C and at room temperature it has a high modulus and strength but a much smaller tensile failure strain. In most of the tests, the polymer coatings were approximately twice the thickness of the metal layer. Under static loadings (tensile and bulge forming) the PU2 bilayer outperformed the uncoated metal plate of equal mass while the PU1 bilayer had a performance inferior to the equivalent uncoated plate. We attribute this to the fact that the PU2 retards the necking of the copper layer and thus increases its energy absorption capacity while the PU1 coating provides no such synergistic effect. The dynamic bulge forming tests indicate that on an equal mass basis, the dynamic performance of the PU2 bilayers with a weakly bonded polymer coating were comparable to the uncoated plates but intriguingly, when the PU2 was strongly adhered to the copper plates the performance of these bilayers was inferior to that of the uncoated plates. Thus, the coatings do not provide dynamic performance benefits on an equal mass basis. However, it is shown that increasing the mass of a plate by adding a polyurethane layer can improve the performance for a given total blast impulse. Given the ease of applying polyurethane coatings they may provide a practical solution to enhancing the blast resistance of existing metallic structures.     

工作电压对N36锆合金表面微弧氧化涂层磨蚀性能的影响

通过微弧氧化(MAO)设备在锆(Zr)合金表面制备氧化陶瓷涂层. 研究工作电压对Zr合金表面MAO涂层形貌、硬度、粗糙度、元素分布和相结构的影响. 分析工作电压对Zr合金表面MAO涂层腐蚀和磨蚀性能的影响. 结果表明:MAO涂层表面具有典型的多孔和火山熔融特征,主要由m-ZrO₂和t-ZrO₂相组成. MAO涂层的粗糙度比基体高,且在电压为340 V时的粗糙度最高,达到1.36 μm. MAO涂层可分为内层致密层和外层多孔层,涂层厚度随着工作电压的增加而增加,厚度为5~9 μm. 电压为260 V的MAO涂层的结合强度最高,达到44.3 N. MAO涂层相比较于基体具有更好的耐腐蚀性能,电压为260 V的MAO涂层具有最高的自腐蚀电位(?0.205 V)和最低的腐蚀电流密度(6.24×10?9 A/cm2). 这是因为电压为260 V的MAO涂层具有最致密的结构,而内层致密层可以阻碍腐蚀液进入基体. MAO涂层的主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损和氧化磨损. 工作电压为260 V的MAO涂层的磨损率仅为Zr合金基体的1/4.      

化爆冲击波和炮口冲击波对生物致伤效应的对比研究

通过TNT化爆和火炮现场试验,探讨了化爆冲击波和炮口冲击波的异同点,结果发现两者的频谱大致相似。但化爆冲击波只有一次激波,而炮口冲击波有两次激波,有时甚至可见到三次激波。生物效应致伤的靶器官也有所不同,化爆冲击波以肺损伤较为多见,而炮口冲击波似乎以上呼吸道更为敏感,结果提示化爆可以模拟炮口冲击波,但又不完全等同于炮口冲击波,必要的火炮现场试验是必不可少的。     

地铁隧道毫秒延时爆破环境振动特性研究

基于地铁隧道毫秒延时爆破环境振动特性现场试验，考虑爆破荷载的不规则特性，采用基于非对称加卸载准则的修正Davidenkov本构模型描述场地土体的动力非线性特性；通过改进Friedlander方程来模拟内源爆炸在圆柱形炮孔表面产生的瞬态空气冲击波；实现了包含毫秒延时爆破荷载输入和有限元-无限元耦合边界的地层-爆源体系三维精细化有限元模型，并与现场实测数据对比验证了该模型方法的有效性。对50 ms延时爆破和齐爆引起的环境振动特性进行了数值模拟，对比发现毫秒延时爆破不仅可以有效降低地表峰值振速，而且可以显著改变地表振动的频谱特性。毫秒延时爆破产生的地表振动频带较集中，对分散爆破振动能量的作用显著，且地表速度响应的主频较高，远离建筑结构自振频率，可显著降低爆破施工引起的邻近建筑物的结构振动水平。     

An experimental-based model for prediction of flow noise with drag reducing polymers

The drag reduction characteristics of certain high molecular weight polymers have been studied by various investigators. Because of the polymer’s ability to reduce turbulent shear stress and dependence of the boundary layer wall pressure spectral amplitude on the shear stress, polymer has the potential to suppress noise and vibration caused by the boundary layer unsteady pressures. Compared to its effect on drag reduction, polymer additive effects on turbulent boundary layer (TBL) wall pressure fluctuations have received little attention. Kadykov and Lyamshev [Sov. Phys. Acoust. 16 (1970) 59], Greshilor et al. [Sov. Phys. Acoust. 21 (1975) 247] showed that drag reducing polymer additives do indeed reduce wall pressure fluctuations, but they have not established any scaling relationship which effectively collapse data. Some effort has been made by Timothy et al. [JASA 108 (1) (2000) 71] at Penn State University to develop a scaling relationship for TBL wall pressure fluctuations that are modified by adding drag reducing polymer to pure water flow. This paper presents a theoretical model based on the work of the Timothy et al. team at ARL, Penn State University. Through this model one can estimate, reduction in TBL flow induced noise and vibration for rigid smooth surfaces due to release of drag reducing polymers in boundary layer region. Using this theoretical model, flow noise as experienced by a typical flush mounted hydrophone has been estimated for a smooth wall plate as a function of polymer additive concentration. Effect of non-dimensionalisation of the wall pressure fluctuations frequency spectra with traditional outer, inner and mixed flow variables will also be addressed in the paper. The paper also covers a model based on molecular relaxation time in polymer additives which not only reduce drag but also flow induced noise up to certain polymer concentration.     

Interaction and coalescence of multiple simultaneous and non-simultaneous blast waves

Interaction of multiple blast waves can be used to direct energy toward a target while simultaneously reducing collateral damage away from the target area. In this paper, simulations of multiple point source explosives were performed and the resulting shock interaction and coalescence behavior were explored. Three to ten munitions were placed concentrically around the target, and conditions at the target area were monitored and compared to those obtained using a single munition. For each simulation, the energy summed over all munitions was kept constant, while the radial distances between target and munitions and the munition initiation times were varied. Each munition was modeled as a point source explosion. The resulting blast wave propagation and shock front coalescence were solved using the inviscid Euler equations of gas dynamics on overlapping grids employing a finite difference scheme. Results show that multiple munitions can be beneficial for creating extreme conditions at the intended target area; over 20 times higher peak pressure is obtained for ten simultaneous munitions compared to a single munition. Moreover, peak pressure at a point away from the target area is reduced by more than a factor of three.     

基于激波管评价的单兵头面部装备冲击波防护性能研究

为了优化单兵头面部防护装备结构,提升防护性能,首先开展了基于实爆场和激波管环境的裸头模抗爆炸冲击波对比测试。在此基础上,利用激波管对佩戴不同结构、不同防护等级的头盔-头模系统分别进行了正向及侧向爆炸冲击波防护性能测试,并对头盔-头模系统前部、前额部、顶部、后部、耳部以及眼部等重点区域的冲击波超压峰值和持续作用时间进行对比分析。实验结果表明,基于激波管的抗爆炸冲击波测试方法可替代外场实爆进行考核。受到冲击波正向作用时:两半盔头模顶部测点所测冲击波超压峰值约为喷管出口的 1/6,是裸头模和一体盔头模的 1/3;冲击波在两半盔顶部分体结构处分流卸压并形成叠加反射,导致作用时间延长（从 5.5～8.5 ms）,但超压峰值降低明显;对后部测点而言,冲击波的绕行和叠加使一体盔头模所测冲击波超压峰值（365 kPa）略高于两半盔头模（303 kPa）,约为裸头模（148 kPa）的 2.5 倍。通过提高单兵头面部防护装备结构密闭性（如佩戴眼镜、耳罩或者防护面罩）,可有效阻止冲击波进入头盔-头模系统内部,减弱叠加汇聚效应,提高单兵头面部装备防护性能。     

聚脲加固砖填充墙抗爆性能的试验和分析方法研究

为了掌握聚脲喷涂加固砖填充墙的抗爆特性,基于一种改进的大型爆炸试验装置,开展了聚脲加固框架砖填充墙的原型爆炸试验,分析了爆炸荷载作用下加固砖墙的动力响应特征和破坏过程及模式,揭示了其失效破坏机理。研究结果表明,聚脲加固可大幅提升填充墙构件的抗爆性能,显著增加填充墙构件的变形延性;加固砖墙受爆炸荷载作用发生振动的过程其体系刚度不断变化,最高相差133%;随着比例距离降低,加固砖墙的破坏模式逐渐由弯曲破坏转为剪切破坏,聚脲厚度超过6 mm可以有效限制局部剪切破坏现象;基于砖墙和聚脲涂层的抗力函数建立的理论计算模型,可以较为准确地预测爆炸作用下背爆面加固双向砖墙的正向位移响应过程。