有机小分子胶凝剂在准固态染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

染料敏化太阳电池(DSC)作为一种新型薄膜太阳电池,因具有价格低廉、高效等特点,受到各界的广泛关注。电解质作为DSC的主要组成部分,对电池效率和稳定性等性能有着重要的影响。本文简述了DSC工作原理及DSC用液态、固态及准固态电解质,从有机溶剂液态电解质和离子液体电解质两个方面,详细评述了有机小分子胶凝剂在准固态染料敏化太阳电池中的研究进展,并对其在准固态染料敏化太阳电池中的应用前景进行了展望。     

聚(4-乙烯基吡啶)的合成及其在染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

采用自由基聚合法合成了聚(4-乙烯基吡啶)(P4VP),并用于制备染料敏化太阳电池的凝胶电介质.研究了P4VP含量对电解质和太阳电池性能的影响.结果表明,以P4VP为骨架通过化学交联固化液态电解质制备的有机胶体电解质体系有机相可溶剂化Li ,当其含量为7.5wt%时体系离子电导率可达5.77mS/cm与液态电解质相当.利用这种准固态电解质制备的敏化太阳电池在100mW/cm2,25℃下获得光电转换效率2.3%.     

聚（4-乙烯基吡啶）的合成及其在染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

采用自由基聚合法合成了聚（4-乙烯基毗啶）（P4VP），并用于制备染料敏化太阳电池的凝胶电介质。研究了P4VP含量对电解质和太阳电池性能的影响。结果表明，以P4VP为骨架通过化学交联固化液态电解质制备的有机胶体电解质体系有机相可溶剂化Li^＋，当其含量为7．5wt％时体系离子电导率可达537mS／cm与液态电解质相当。利用这种准固态电解质制备的敏化太阳电池在100mW／cm^2，25℃下获得光电转换效率2．3％。     

高相转变温度的离子凝胶电解质基准固态染料敏化太阳电池

染料敏化太阳电池(DSC)以其低价、高效等优势, 成为学术界和工业界的研究热点. 传统液态电解质由于易挥发、易泄漏等问题, 导致基于液态电解质的电池难以保持长期稳定, 影响光伏技术的应用. 本文合成了N,N'-1,5-戊二基双月桂酰胺, 将其作为有机小分子胶凝剂(LMOG)胶凝离子液体电解质(ILE)制备了离子凝胶电解质(IGE)并组装成准固态电池(QS-DSCs). 差示扫描量热测试显示该凝胶电解质的相转变温度(T_gel)为104.7℃, 具有良好的本征热稳定性.利用循环伏安法、电化学阻抗谱、调制光电压/光电流谱分别研究了液态电池和准固态电池内部电子传输和复合动力学过程. 结果表明, 凝胶电解质的三维网络结构加速了TiO₂光阳极/电解质界面电子与电解质中I₃^-的复合过程, 使电子寿命降低, 导致准固态电池的光电转换效率略低于液态电池. 在AM1.5 (100 mW·cm^-2)及50℃条件下的加速老化测试结果显示, 持续老化1000 h后其光电转换效率(η)无衰减,而液态电池的光电转换效率衰减为初始值的86%, 表明准固态电池具有良好的光热稳定性.     

近红外菁染料敏化的准固态太阳电池的光电化学研究

一个新型的近红外五甲川菁染料敏化剂(Cy)通过3,3-二甲基-1-乙基-2-[4-(N-苯乙酰氨基]-1,3-丁二烯-1-基]-3H-苯并[e]吲哚碘盐和5-羧基-1-丁基-2,3,3-三甲基-3H-吲哚碘盐的Knoevenagel缩合反应合成, 其结构用核磁、质谱和紫外等方法进行了确定; 使用疏水性气相法纳米SiO2 R974固化1-丁基-3-丙基咪唑碘离子液体制备了一种新的准固态电解质, 将其应用于菁染料(Cy)敏化的太阳电池, 对该染料敏化的准固态太阳电池的光电化学性能进行了研究. 在AM1.5G标准光源下, 得到1.49%的光电转换效率. 此方法对拓展准固态染料敏化太阳电池的研究具有一定的意义.     

染料敏化太阳电池电解质

染料敏化太阳电池是新一代的太阳电池,有着巨大的应用前景。其中电解质体系是电池组成的主要部分,对电池的性能有着重要的影响。本文介绍了染料敏化太阳电池的基本原理,详细评述了近几年国内外学者对染料敏化太阳电池用电解质体系的研究进展情况,根据电解质的存在状态将其分为液态、准固态和固态三大类并逐一进行介绍,最后对该领域的前景进行了展望。     

《化学通报》网络版(Chemistry Online)2005年第1期论文摘要

[w0 0 1 ]染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池中电解质的研究进展ProgressoftheElectrolyteinDye_sensitizedSolarCells史成武1,2 　戴松元1 　王孔嘉1　潘旭1　郭力1(1中国科学院等离子体物理研究所　合肥　 2 3 0 0 3 1 ;　2 合肥工业大学　合肥　 2 3 0 0 0 9)　　对染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池中的电解质研究进行了综述。根据电解质的类型将太阳电池分为液体电解质电池、溶胶_凝胶 (准固态 )电解质电池和固态电解质电池。阐述了电解质中各组成成分的作用 ,对比了这三种太阳电池的性能参数 ,并分析了这三种太阳电池的优缺点。　　Dye_sensitizeds…     

准固态聚合物电解质在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

将固态或准固态聚合物电解质应用到染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)中可以有效解决应用液态电解质遇到的封装难、稳定性差等问题,因而近年来,对固态和准固态电解质的研究引起了广泛关注.本文就准固态聚合物电解质在DSSC中应用的研究进展及存在的问题进行了综述.同时,介绍了DSSC的结构及工作原理.根据目前DSSC准固态聚合物电解质...     

向列相液晶4-氰基-4'-庚基联苯和4-氰基-4'-戊基联苯在准固态染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

将两种向列相液晶,4-氰基-4'-庚基联苯和4-氰基-4'-戊基联苯,引入到染料敏化太阳电池(DSC)用偏氟乙烯-六氟乙烯共聚物基准固态电解质中,以期提高DSC的光电转化效率.研究了液晶的引入对电解质中I-/I3-的氧化还原行为、DSC中TiO2/电解质界面的暗反应以及DSC光伏性能的影响.结果表明,尽管液晶的引入会降低电解质中I-/I3-的传输并且使得DSC中暗反应加快,但是DSC的短路电流密度却显著地提高,使DSC的光电转化效率增加.这可能是由于液晶的引入改善了DSC中的界面接触以及增加染料的光吸收引起的.     

金属锂负极溶剂化结构调控的研究进展

金属锂负极具有极高的理论比容量和极低的氧化还原电位,被认为是二次电池体系中负极材料的最终选择.但在实际应用过程中,不稳定的电极/电解液界面会造成大量的锂枝晶生长,导致容量损失乃至热失控等安全问题.调控锂离子溶剂化结构,可促进有益的固态电解质界面膜(SEI)成膜组分在电极表面优先分解,进而稳定电极界面并可诱导锂离子均匀沉积,是提升液态和准固态金属锂电池电化学性能的重要手段.本文综合评述了近年来从液态到准固态电解质中锂离子溶剂化结构调控的策略和设计原则,探讨了溶剂化结构改变对电极/电解质界面的影响,并对准固态电解质的研究前景进行了展望.     

染料敏化太阳电池用聚合物电解质

综述了本研究小组近年来用于染料敏化太阳电池中聚合物电解质的研究概况.设计合成了几类性能优良的聚合物电解质,较好地改进了液体电解质染料敏化太阳电池(DSSC)的使用稳定性,研究结果具有实际应用的价值,并提出了此领域研究今后的发展方向.     

P(VDF-HFP)基凝胶电解质染料敏化纳米TiO2薄膜太阳电池

采用循环伏安法(CV)研究了凝胶电解质中I₃-/I-氧化还原行为,凝胶电解质中I₃-/I-的表观扩散系数和相应的稳态扩散电流明显低于液体电解质.通过对阴/阳离子的结合能和孔穴阻塞作用的研究解释了凝胶电解质电导率较液体电解质发生变化的原因.制备的凝胶电解质电池具有较高的光电转换效率(6.6%),其短路电流密度(Jsc)仅比液体电解质电池低0.3-0.4 mA/cm²,电池效率也仅低约0.6%.     

Effect of single-wall carbon nanotubes on the properties of polymeric gel electrolyte dye-sensitized solar cells

A hybrid of polymer/dispersed single-wall carbon nanotubes was utilized in networking a novel composition of gel electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells. The gel is composed of polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, single-wall carbon nanotubes, and I^?/I₃ ^? as electrolyte. Formation of the less conductive polyiodide species in electrolyte was prohibited by the addition of single-wall carbon nanotubes leading to the excellent photovoltaic behavior of the cell under simulated standard illumination of the fabricated device owing to the increased open circuit voltage (0.47 V). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was employed to quantify the charge transport resistance and the electron lifetime at the TiO₂ conduction band. Charge transport resistances at the TiO₂/dye/electrolyte interface were determined for the cells consisting of the non-gel reference and our new gel electrolytes, and it was indicated that the charge recombination between injected electrons and electron acceptors (I₃ ^?) in the redox electrolyte was remarkably retarded. Electrochemical parameters obtained by the fitting showed all of the resistances increased as compared to liquid electrolyte dye-sensitized solar cells that can be related to the increase in viscosity of the gel, which hinders the ionic transportation through the electrolyte. These results were also confirmed by the electron lifetime analyses. The characteristic peak shifted to a lower frequency in the Bode phase plot for the cell containing gel electrolyte which is an indication of a longer electron lifetime in comparison with that of the cell containing very conventional liquid electrolyte.     

聚合物电解质在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用进展

染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)由于成本低、污染小、制备工艺简单而受到广泛关注。电解质在其中起到桥梁的作用,能促使染料再生、输运空穴,从而完成整个光电循环过程,是DSSC重要的组成部分。本文简要介绍了DSSC的基本结构和工作原理,指出了传统液态电解质存在的问题,综述了近年来以聚合物为基体制备的新型固态聚合物电解质、凝胶聚合物电解质以及多孔聚合物电解质在DSSC中的应用,最后对聚合物电解质在染料敏化太阳能电池中的发展做出了展望。     

Effects of water-based gel electrolyte on the charge recombination and performance of dye-sensitized solar cells

A new water-based solution of ion-conductive polymeric gel electrolyte composed of polyethylene glycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone as gel-forming substances, I^?/I₃ ^? as reversible redox couple, and various ratios of acetonitrile/water solvents was prepared and used in the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells. The effects of water on the electrochemical behavior of the prepared electrolyte solutions were examined by the cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was employed to quantify the charge-transfer resistance and the electron lifetime at the TiO₂ conduction band. The characteristic peak shifted to a lower frequency in the Bode phase plot, which is an indication of a longer electron lifetime for the cell containing more water content. Photovoltaic performance of the cells prepared by the new water-based gel electrolyte was studied. Changes in the current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics can be explained based on the effect of water on the energetics and kinetics of charge transport and charge recombination in the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). It was observed that the increase in open-circuit voltage (V _oc) and fill factor and decrease in J _SC were noticeable for cells containing water-based gel electrolyte. It was indicated that the charge recombination between injected electrons and electron acceptors (polyiodide) in the redox electrolyte was remarkably inhibited by the increase of water. The photovoltaic performance stability of the DSSC containing gel electrolyte solution including 50 wt% of water was examined, and it was shown that it is more stable than conventional cells considerably for 168 h. Energy conversion efficiency of 2.30 % was achieved, under illumination with a simulated solar light of 100 mW cm^?2.     

Photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells assembled by in-situ chemical cross-linking

Quasi-solid state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were assembled by in-situ chemical cross-linking of a gel electrolyte precursor containing liquid electrolyte. The DSSCs assembled with this cross-linked gel polymer electrolyte showed higher open circuit voltage and lower short-circuit photocurrent density than those of DSSCs with liquid electrolyte. Addition of SiO₂ nanoparticles into the cross-linked gel polymer electrolyte significantly improved the photovoltaic performance and long-term stability of the DSSCs. The optimized quasi-solid state DSSC showed high conversion efficiency, 6.2% at 100 mW cm^?2 with good durability.     

功能化多壁碳纳米管填充的凝胶电解质在染料敏化太阳能电池的应用

纯聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物(PVDF-HFP)基凝胶电解质常常受制于低离子电导率,阻碍了其在染料敏化太阳电池(dye-sensitized solar cells,DSSCs)中的应用。 而利用纳米填充可提高凝胶电解质离子电导率及凝胶电解质DSSCs的性能。 本文使用功能化的多壁碳纳米管(f-MWCNT)作为PVDF-HFP凝胶电解质的纳米填充物,通过改变f-MWCNT的质量分数来研究其对电解质的离子电导率和离子扩散的影响,进而研究其对DSSCs的转化效率和长期稳定性的增强作用。 研究发现:质量分数0.5%的f-MWCNT明显提高了PVDF-HFP凝胶电解质的离子电导率和离子扩散系数。 并且,该凝胶电解质基DSSCs的光转换效率可达5.28%,相比于未填充的PVDF-HFP凝胶电解质基DSSCs(4.01%),其效率提高了31.7%。 42 d后,该电池依然可以保持最初转化效率的86.5%。 实验结果证实了f-MWCNT在纳米填充方面的巨大潜能,为采用纳米填充物提高凝胶电解质DSSCs的性能提供参考。     

Quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells assembled with polymeric ionic liquid and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) counter electrode

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanofibers (PEDOT-NF) with high catalytic activity were synthesized and employed as a counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) was used as a gelling agent and an iodide source for making a highly conductive gel polymer electrolyte. A quasi-solid-state DSSC assembled with this PIL-based gel polymer electrolyte and PEDOT-NF counter electrode exhibited high conversion efficiency of 8.12% at 100 mW cm^− 2.     

The effects of polymer gel electrolyte composition on performance of quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells

Polymer gel electrolytes based on poly(acrylic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PAA–PEG) hybrid have been prepared and applied to developed quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). PAA–PEG hybrid was synthesized by polymerization reaction. Quasi-solid-state DSCs were fabricated with synthesized PAA–PEG electrolyte. The effects of alkali iodides LiI, KI, and I₂ concentrations on liquid electrolyte absorbency and ionic conductivity of PAA–PEG were investigated. The evolution of the solar cell parameters with polymer gel electrolyte compositions was revealed. DSCs based on PAA–PEG with optimized KI/I₂ concentrations showed better performances than those with optimized LiI/I₂ concentrations. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was employed to examine the electron lifetime in the TiO₂ electrode and quantify charge transfer resistances at the TiO₂/dye/electrolyte interface and the counter electrode in the solar cells based on the PAA–PEG hybrid gels. A maximum conversion efficiency of 4.96% was obtained for DSCs using KI based quasi-solid electrolyte under 100 mW cm⁻². Our work suggests that KI can be the promising alkali metal iodide for improving the performance of PAA–PEG hybrid gel DSCs.     

Low molecular mass organogelator based gel electrolyte with effective charge transport property for long-term stable quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells

Stable quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) were fabricated using 12-hydroxystearic acid as a low molecular mass organogelator (LMOG) to form gel electrolyte. TEM image of the gel exhibited the self-assembled network constructed by the LMOG, which hindered flow and volatilization of the liquid. The formation of less-mobile polyiodide ions such as I 3 (-) and I 5 (-) confirmed by Raman spectroscopy increased the conductivity of the gel electrolytes by electronic conduction process, which should be rationalized by the Grotthuss-type electron exchange mechanism caused by rather packed polyiodide species in the electrolytes. The results of the accelerated aging tests showed that the gel electrolyte based dye-sensitized solar cell could retain over 97% of its initial photoelectric conversion efficiency value after successive heating at 60 degrees C for 1000 h and device degradation was also negligible after one sun light soaking with UV cutoff filter for 1000 h.