Study of the parameters of a difference image in the presence of a linear phase shift

The spatial filtering in the localization range of the holographic lateral shearing interferograms of a solid object shows that the effect of the subtraction of the compared original data arrays is realized in the presence of a filtering aperture in the center of a dark fringe [1, 2]. Methods for the holographic subtraction of the images involving the detection and spatial filtering in the Fourier plane of the optical system are proposed and realized in [3–5]. Thus, the difference data can be reconstructed with a narrow (unexpanded) laser beam. However, a relatively high level of speckle noise in the difference image is caused by the spatial filtering with a small aperture (laser beam) in the minimum of the superposition field in the Fourier hologram plane. The detection of double-exposed Fourier holograms with a linear phase shift and the effect of the size of the filtering reconstructing beam on the resolution of the difference image are studied. In addition, the application of the multiple exposure for the broadening of the interference maxima is analyzed.     

Application of the holographic carrier fringe and FFT technique for deformation measurement

This paper describes a holographic system based on the use of fibre optics and automatic spatial carrier fringe pattern analysis. Carrier fringes are generated by simply translating the object beam between two exposures. Single-mode optical fibres are used to transfer both the object and reference beams. The fast Fourier transform method is used to process the interferograms: it extracts phase from fringe patterns resulting from the interference of tilted wavefronts. The method is illustrated by measuring the deformation of an arbitrarily clamped, uniformly loaded circular plate. The results are given for the perspective plot of the out-of-plane deformation field, the maps of wrapped and unwrapped phase, and a contour map of the unwrapped phase.     

Interference-pattern image formation in an optical system with a random phase screen in the space-frequency plane

The process of interference-pattern image formation in an optical system with a random phase screen in the space-frequency plane is analyzed. It is shown that an optical system of this kind can function, under certain conditions, as a shearing interferometer, which determines the dependence of contrast of the average intensity fringes in the interference pattern image on the normalized correlation function of the random phase screen complex transmittance. The dependence of the fringe contrast on the pattern period and aperture of the field of view is established, as well as dependence of the optical transfer function of the system under study on spatial coherence of the light in the pupil of the system with the random phase screen.     

散斑剪切干涉条纹特性的实验研究

本文通过位移位相存在的真实性实验、小孔滤波的必要性实验、位移梯度的解相关性实验,证实了散斑剪切于涉术的条纹是由物体变形所引起的“位移位相”和“位移微分位相”以及由位移和位移微分共同决定的“附加位相”之和的余弦条纹。实验证实这种余弦条纹的分布,随着滤波孔的位置而变化,它的衬比随着位移和位移梯度的增大而下降。特别是,当在象面上一点相遇的两个物点的象面散斑位移之差的模值大于散斑的直径时,两者相遇的象点上的条纹消失。     

A CCD-based polarization interferometric technique for testing waveplates

A CCD-based polarization interferometric technique is developed to test waveplates. A Babinet compensator is used to produce interference fringes for polarized input and the retardance introduced by the waveplate when inserted in the optical beam is calculated from the fringe shifts using the phase matching technique. A theoretical model is fitted with the observed fringe shifts to get an accuracy of 0.5° in the retardance calculation. The experimental set-up and the measurement of retardance for zero-order and high-order quarter waveplates are discussed. The retardance calculation for a zero-order waveplate is found to be more accurate than the high-order waveplate. This technique can also be used to measure an arbitrary amount of retardance produced by any birefringent waveplate and also to determine its optic axis direction.     

Improved formula of wavefront reconstruction from a radial shearing interferogram

A radial shearing (RS) interferogram obtained by the carrier fringe method is essentially the combination of radial and lateral shearing. The previous phase reconstruction algorithm neglects the effect of lateral shearing on the obtained RS interferogram. A mathematical formula for wavefront reconstruction from an RS interferogram is deduced. If the phase difference of the tested wavefront phase, the RS ratio s, and the laterally sheared amount x(0) in the x direction and y(0) in the y direction, respectively, have been determined, the tested wavefront phase can be precisely reconstructed using this formula. The result of simulation analysis and experiment shows that the formula is correct and more accurate.     

Multi-directional lateral shearing interferometer based on rotatable prism pairs

The common camera lens usually includes the spherical glass/plastic lens and aspheric glass/plastic lens. However, spherical/aspheric shape measurement is still a key problem in the process of optical lens fabrication. At present, the in-process measurement of spherical/aspheric shape is conducted mainly by the probe-contacting method. But after a long time, its probe could be scratched severely and cause some big errors. Laser shearing interferometry is a good substitute to some degree. Nevertheless, it is not convenient for general shearing interferometer to carry out the in-process measurement because it is only suitable for certain kind of spherical/aspheric with respect to aperture or asperity. Here a new lateral shearing interferometer is proposed to solve the described problems. It is based on two Jamin plates and rotatable prism pairs which are used not only for shearing displacement and direction, but also for fringe period and tilt degree, in order to meet requirements of various spherical/aspheric shapes or asperities. The new interferometer features a simple optical structure and two symmetric light paths, which makes its system with minimal error. The relation between shearing displacement, fringe period and prism angle of rotation is given in this paper. And the error source is primarily from the manufacture errors of prisms and plates. The final experiments show that one can achieve good-quality fringe patterns according to the requirement of measurement, concerning the shearing direction, shearing displacement, fringe period, tilt degree, etc.     

Automatic Analysis of the Phase Object Using Projection Moire Deflectometry

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非平行光干涉照明显微镜三维形貌检测研究

为实现表面微观形貌快速而较简单的检测, 一种使用非平行光干涉照明的光学显微三维形貌检测方法被提出。该方法使用空间光调制器对激光光束进行衍射, 选取光强相近的2个衍射级通过显微物镜, 双光束干涉可得到周期接近图像分辨率、相位可精确调节的照明条纹, 被测样本的三维形貌可通过拍摄4帧等相位差的条纹照明图像来计算得到。该方法不需借助干涉物镜产生条纹, 不需要轴向扫描装置记录条纹变化, 相位调节精确, 成像直观。此外, 该方法所产生干涉条纹的相位随坐标线性变化, 不需对条纹周期进行修正。因为照明条纹参数调节光路独立于显微成像光路, 系统装置具有光路简洁、易于调节的优点。为验证所提出三维检测精度, 以粗糙度100 nm的粗糙度对比模块和硅片为被测样品进行了三维轮廓重建实验, 实验结果显示, 所提出方法轴向重复性测量精度为8.6 nm(2σ)。     

Mitigation of Diffraction Fringe in Quasi-Far Field Pattern Using an Edge-Shaped Plate

A new concept is developed for improving the laser intensity distribution in quasi-far field using geometrical optics of a continuous phase (so-called edge-shaped plate). The diffraction fringe on a quasi-far field beam pattern of a well collimated He-Ne laser beam 5 cm in diameter is mitigated by the insertion of an edge-shaped plate with a super-Gaussian (n=40) surface profile. A diffraction code using Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integration was developed to calculate diffraction patterns of aspherical optical elements. The measured beam profile is in good agreement with the calculated beam pattern.     

Coherent gradient sensing microscopy (micro-CGS): A microscale curvature detection technique

Micro-CGS, a full-field, real-time, micro-interferometric technique for quantitative imaging is introduced. Micro-CGS extends the capabilities of the large-scale shearing interferometric technique of Coherent Gradient Sensing (CGS) in the micro-scale. The experimental setup is detailed and resulting interferograms are shown. A digital image processing program is created to compute specimen curvature from recorded fringe patterns. The experimental method is validated by the successful measurement of the curvature of 30 μm glass microspheres.     

Whole field surface roughness measurement by laser speckle correlation technique

This paper describes a speckle correlation technique for the determination of surface roughness, ranging from 1.6 to 50 μm. Instead of moving the laser beam, the specimen is rotated to achieve angular speckle correlation (ASC) in the far-field plane. The technique is simple and requires minimum optical alignment. The experimental results show a good agreement with the standard specimen of known roughness. An error analysis on the experiment has been carried out. Together with the theoretical curves, the roughness values can be easily related to the change of incidence angle at a particular visibility of the correlation fringes between two speckle patterns.     

Improvement for optical mechanics method of coherent gradient sensing

Coherent gradient sensing (CGS) is double grating lateral-shearing interferometric technique with the simplicity of the optical set-up, non-contact, real-time, full-field optical information and variable resolution, which has shown many applications in the study of quasi-static as well as dynamic crack-tip field in both homogeneous and composite materials. It can be used both in a reflection mode (for opaque materials) and in a transmission mode (for transparent materials). The accuracy of the fringe order in the CGS interference image will deeply influence the precision of experimental study. Because of the difference in the optical principle from other optical methods, the fringe order of CGS cannot be obtained through the phase-shift technology. In this paper, a kind of modified CGS method is introduced and analyzed, which can accurately obtain the fringe order of random position in the CGS interference image. This method does not need additional optical set-up and complicated image processing techniques, but only needs several (greater than two) CGS interference images under different loadings. Static fracture experiments show that this method can evidently improve the precision of the CGS method.     

Target-in-the-loop high-power adaptive phase-locked fiber laser array using single-frequency dithering technique

We present a theoretical and experimental study of a target-in-the-loop (TIL) high-power adaptive phase-locked fiber laser array. The system configuration of the TIL adaptive phase-locked fiber laser array is introduced, and the fundamental theory for TIL based on the single-dithering technique is deduced for the first time. Two 10-W-level high-power fiber amplifiers are set up and adaptive phase locking of the two fiber amplifiers is accomplished successfully by implementing a single-dithering algorithm on a signal processor. The experimental results demonstrate that the optical phase noise for each beam channel can be effectively compensated by the TIL adaptive optics system under high-power applications and the fringe contrast on a remotely located extended target is advanced from 12% to 74% for the two 10-W-level fiber amplifiers.     

Measurements of complex degree of spatial coherence at the end face of an optical fiber

The phase and modulus of the complex degree of spatial coherence at the exit end face of an optical fiber are measured with the help of a real-time data processing computer. Interference fringes produced by superimposing wavefronts of the image of the end cross-section are scanned by a linear photodiode array to calculate the one dimensional value of spatial coherence. Evolution of phase measured at the different positions in the fringe pattern reveals that the phase is intimately related to modal structures of the propagating field in an optical fiber supporting a small number of guided modes.     

Real-time recognition of microscopic phase objects

A method of image enhancement and real-time input of 3-D, microscopic phase objects into a coherent optical pattern recognition system is described. The method consists of directing a low-power laser beam into a microscope objective to produce a real, magnified, coherent image of the specimen under test. The image plane is followed by two successive Fourier transform (FT) planes. In the first FT plane, low and high frequency spatial filters, one of which is photographically produced, are used as pre-processing filters to enhance the image quality. The enhanced signal is imaged from the first FT plane to the second FT plane which contains a matched spatial filter used for specimen identification. The system does not require an expensive incoherent-to-coherent light transducer and in addition, is capable of utilizing both phase and amplitude information from 3-D objects. Examples of results are given.     

Generalised phase contrast: microscopy,manipulation and more

Generalised phase contrast (GPC) not only leads to more accurate phase imaging beyond thin biological samples, but serves as an enabling framework in developing tools over a wide spectrum of contemporary applications in optics and photonics, including optical trapping and micromanipulation, optical phase cryptography, light-efficient image projection and parallel laser beam shaping for optical landscapes. In this review, we discuss the fundamental ideas behind generalised phase contrast and present a survey of its exciting applications.     

Passage of a Gaussian Beam through a Gradient Medium

The problem of the passage of a Gaussian laser beam of light through a layer of gradient medium, whose dielectric permeability changes linearly in a direction approximately perpendicular to that of the propagation of the beam, is solved in the paraxial–optics approximation. The center of the beam in this medium propagates along a parabola, its divergence is independent of the parameter of the medium inhomogeneity, while the phase front remains approximately spherical.     

云纹干涉载频调制技术及分析

在物体变形场的测量中,云纹干涉的载频调制技术有重要作用.在云纹干涉中,对称光照明产生的衍射光沿试件栅表面的法线传播并产生干涉.通过改变照明光的入射角度,可实现变形条纹场的空间调制.通过光程差的分析说明了载波条纹产生的机理,得出了载波频率与照明光入射角度变化之间的关系式.利用三点弯曲加载结合二维载频调制实验,给出了实验结果.证明了在初始条纹较少的情况下,载频调制技术能有效地测量物体的位移场.     

基于光参量放大相位共轭特性的图像修复与增强

非线性光学相位共轭技术可将经过散射介质后产生畸变的光学波前进行修复.本文基于光参量放大(OPA)过程的光学相位共轭(OPC)特性,进行了光学相位共轭图像修复和增强的实验研究.基于大能量532 nm皮秒抽运激光和大口径非线性光学晶体KTiOPO_4(KTP)(Ⅱ类相位匹配),对经过牛奶乳浊液后已无法识别的1064 nm近红外光学图像,进行相位共轭修复,修复后的图像分辨率达12线/mm,此外,结合OPA过程的光学增益特性,实现了超过17 dB的光学图像增强,为现有三波混频光学相位共轭修复畸变所获图像增益的最大值.在此基础上,峰值信噪比较修复之前有160%的提升.考虑到光参量过程所具有的波长可调谐特性,在实际应用中,可根据需要,选择与生物组织的光学治疗窗口相匹配的成像波长,从而保证更长的穿透深度,提升生物组织成像和医学无损检测的效果.