均匀背景中的动态小目标光谱数据获取方法研究

光谱是一种可以表征物质特性的光学信息,利用光谱成像仪可以获取处于视场范围内的物质的光谱图像,成熟的光谱成像技术均需要通过多次采集才能够获取完整的光谱图像数据立方体,相应系统的时间分辨率比较低,不适用于动态目标的光谱获取。快照式光谱成像在动态目标光谱成像方面具有较大的优势,其中编码孔径快照光谱成像技术是一种将压缩感知计算方法融入到光谱成像过程和图谱重构过程中的光谱成像技术,在采样过程中完成数据压缩,具有高通量优势,可以利用单次曝光的混叠数据,重构出目标光谱数据立方体,实现快照式成像,使得对动态的目标进行监测成为可能。实现监测需要目标的信息满足稀疏性的假设,实际目标很难满足这样的条件,重构误差比较大,不利于对动态的小目标进行监测和识别。针对均匀背景中动态小目标的光谱数据获取,提出一种双色散通道的编码孔径光谱成像方法,系统由两个通道组成,每个通道均包含一个光谱仪,其色散方向互相垂直,并共用一个前置望远镜系统和编码孔径。该系统可以实时观测均匀背景区域中的动态小目标。由于两个通道的色散方向互相垂直,可以从背景中分离出小目标的位置和相对应的编码。假设目标出现在视场中前后,背景的辐射特性变化很小,利用目标出现前的数据计算出背景光谱;目标出现后,通过帧间差分运算,消除背景辐射的影响,提取出目标位置对应色散区域中数据,利用约束最小二乘算法,重构运动小目标的光谱数据立方体。进行光谱数据重构,进行背景光谱补偿后,获得完整的动态小目标光谱数据。文章对成像过程建立了数学模型,并对重构方法进行了仿真验证,结合编码孔径的统计特征,使目标随机出现在不同的位置,统计重构光谱的峰值信噪比概率分布,并调整目标尺寸,分析目标尺寸对重构精度的影响,最后与编码孔径成像系统的两步软阈值迭代算法重构结果进行了对比。结果表明,这种方法在均匀背景中,采用随机编码矩阵进行编码,目标尺寸小于5×5个像元时,相对于编码孔径成像系统,提高了目标的信息重构精度和概率,并且极大的减小了运算量,可以实现对运动目标的实时监测。     

压缩感知光谱成像技术的编码孔径与探测器匹配优化

编码孔径光谱成像仪在实际应用中存在着编码模板与探测器分辨率不匹配从而降低系统分辨率的问题。针对该问题进行了两种情况分析,并通过数学理论建模给出了相应的解决方案。对于编码模板分辨率高于探测器分辨率这一情况,提出引入邻域嵌入超分辨技术的方法,实现了基于压缩感知的超分辨光谱成像。对于编码模板分辨率低于探测器分辨率这一情况,提出区块阈值划分的编码孔径,将编码微元按照区块阈值重新划分并进行灰度分级,从而实现低分辨率编码模板的高分辨率编码孔径。利用梯度投影稀疏重构(GPSR)算法进行数据立方体重建,实验结果表明:运用基于超分辨理论的编码孔径快照光谱成像系统所测得的光谱图像更精准,内容更丰富;采用基于区块阈值划分的编码孔径的编码孔径快照光谱成像系统具有更高的空间分辨率和光谱分辨率。结果证实优化后的编码孔径快照光谱成像系统,其分辨率和成像质量大幅度提升,并实现了高分辨率元件的100%利用。     

自适应双树复小波遥感图像复原

由于遥感图像先验知识难以获取,提出了一种自适应的双树复小波迭代收缩复原算法。该算法根据模糊程度和噪声程度估计正则化参数,并利用经验公式计算收缩阈值。在实际应用中,算法能有效解决两步迭代算法使用固定参数的缺点,从而达到提高图像复原质量的目的。实验表明:相对于两步迭代算法,该算法复原图像的峰值信噪比提高0.64~12.23dB,收敛速度提高1.4~16倍;同时,算法在提高图像复原质量、抑制噪声干扰及减少计算时间方面优势明显。     

电子式多狭缝组合编码高光谱成像系统

编码孔径光谱成像系统利用空间光调制器对目标信息进行编码,将信号映射到二维探测器面阵上,形成空间和光谱混叠信息,通过重构算法恢复出光谱数据立方体。由于该系统的色散仅仅发生在水平方向上,为了提高编码的效率,提出只在一个方向上具有编码效果的多狭缝组合编码。与目前采用的二维随机编码比较,在取得相同重构结果的前提下,多狭缝组合编码形式简化了数学模型的建立和分析,降低了编码复杂度。在此基础上,利用液晶光阀的开关特性实现实际系统编码,结合PGP(棱镜-透射光栅-棱镜)分光组件搭建光谱成像系统,进行了不同采样率下的实验,得到了高精度的恢复结果,验证了系统编码的可行性,为编码光谱成像系统领域提供了新思路。     

推扫误差对计算光谱成像数据重构的影响分析

计算光谱成像技术利用计算方法改变传统成像方式,在光路中引入编码模板实现正变换,最后通过逆变换获得目标光谱数据立方体。介绍了一种推扫式编码孔径计算光谱成像仪的成像原理,在实际应用中,其推扫速度与帧频的匹配误差会影响光谱数据重构的准确性。在建立了推扫模型的基础上,得到了重构数据的误差项,分析了匹配误差对光谱数据重构的影响,并引入光谱二次导数误差和strehl比分别作为复原光谱和空间图像的评价参数,进行了数据仿真分析,结果表明,当一组完整数据的累积误差超过一个像元时,明暗变化剧烈的区域恢复结果比较差,而对比较均匀的区域影响不大;累计误差不超过0.5个像元时,各通道的strehl比均在0.9以上,并且光谱能量越低的通道strehl比越小,因此编码模板的行列数越多平台的稳定性要求越高。     

基于编码孔径的一维光谱压缩方法研究

在研究现有光谱压缩概念和方法的基础上,提出一种新型的压缩方法。不同于各种基于软件算法的光谱压缩,提出一种利用编码孔径的硬件实现方法。在光学系统中加入编码孔径对光谱进行光学压缩,可以实现光谱数据的瞬时编码,经编码孔径压缩的光谱可以通过与编码形式对应的解码算法重建。在此基础上研究了编码解码的具体形式。提出基于小波变换和缺陷矩阵理论的两种编码板形式,以及基于小波逆变换和稀疏矩阵梯度投影的迭代算法的解码重建算法。用实物光谱进行模拟,比较不同的编码形式的压缩比和保真度。提出存在采用低采样频率压缩编码还原具体光谱信息的可能性,并总结了压缩编码的一般原则。     

高光谱遥感图像微分域三维混合去噪方法

高光谱遥感图像是一种三维数据,由二维空间信息和一维光谱信息组成。普通的对二维静态图像或一维光谱信息去噪的算法忽视了高光谱图像强烈的谱间相关性和图谱合一的特点,无法取得令人满意的效果。同时现代的高光谱遥感图像噪声级别相对较低,噪声方差随波段不同而不同。针对以上特点,提出一种微分域三维混合去噪方法。首先将高光谱遥感图像变换到光谱微分域,使细微的噪声变得显著。然后在微分域中,对二维空间域采用基于小波的非线性阈值去噪BayesShrink算法。为克服噪声方差不同的特点,对光谱维不再采用小波阈值去噪方法,而采用Savitzky-Golay滤波进行平滑。最后对微分域去噪平滑处理后的图像进行光谱积分,并进行积分修正,消除光谱积分中引入的积累误差。对信噪比为600∶1的机载可见红外成像光谱仪数据(AVIRIS)实验表明,该算法能有效地降低噪声,将信噪比提高到2 000∶1以上。     

哈达码变换光谱成像仪数据复原算法

从哈达码变换光谱成像仪成像原理出发,对其光谱成像过程进行数学建模,分析了哈达码模板调制引起光谱信息混叠和空间信息混叠的原因,提出了一种根据光谱偏移量去除混叠的算法.采用自行研制的哈达码变换光谱成像仪进行了目标数据采集,用提出的去混叠算法对目标数据进行复原,得到目标的三维数据立方体,有效去除了空间信息混叠和光谱信息混叠,验证了算法的正确性.     

一种基于中值滤波和统计学的拉曼光谱spike剔除算法

拉曼光谱是一种已广泛应用于化学、生物学和物理学的技术。然而拉曼光谱仪的电荷耦合器件很容易受到宇宙射线的影响,从而产生随机的窄带宽、高强度的spike。在真实样品中出现概率较低,约为千分之一,但一旦出现将严重降低信号对比度。该研究提出一种实用的spike剔除算法。该算法对中值滤波后的数据与原始数据作差,得到偏差数据。用分位数的方法将偏差数据从小到大排序,取中间99%数据作为真实数据作高斯分布拟合。根据spike强度高,稀疏的特性,以光谱中高强度数据的出现概率作为阈值标准剔除spike。最后以中值滤波结果带入原始数据代替spike,从而最大程度还原样本原始信息且不需任何调试参数。以加入不同强度spike的拉曼光谱作为验证对象,实验结果表明本算法对spike检测与去除的灵敏度可以高达99.5%。本算法同时适用于一维拉曼光谱、二维拉曼图像和三维拉曼数据立方体,且算法表现随着维度的增加而提高,一维spike剔除算法能检测超过最大峰强度40%的spike,而在三维拉曼数据立方体中,超过峰值20%的spike即能被检测出。用该算法对40 000条真实拉曼光谱进行处理,可以在不扭曲真实信号的情况下有效地剔除spike,进一步证明了算法的实用性。     

高分辨率傅里叶变换成像光谱仪光谱重建并行算法

高分辨率傅里叶变换成像光谱仪具有高空间分辨率和高光谱分辨率的特点,但光谱重建时间冗长。通过对傅里叶变换光谱重建流程分析,为研制的1024pixel(光谱维)×1024piexl(像宽)×1024piexl(像高)高分辨率紫外傅里叶变换成像光谱仪的数据立方体反演,设计了一种并行优化算法。实验表明,在6核处理器上对512M和2G的数据立方体进行变换,时间分别只需88.33s和489.75s,加速比分别为3.70和3.04,大幅度提高了运算效率。如将该算法应用到更多内核处理器上,可得到更高的加速比和更少的运算时间。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.