Five Years of Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction

Abstract: The present article offers a historical overview and a comprehensive collection of publications devoted to dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), including modifications made to it and techniques derived from it. The principle of DLLME is discussed, as are the detection techniques employed, their applications, and milestones in the development of DLLME. The applications and the most important parameters of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and related techniques are summarized in a table.     

New Liquid Metal Experimental Loop

In this paper we report the rebuilding of liquid metal experimental loop （LMEL） to avoid loop danger in running. In the new loop, We have eliminated the hidden trouble of the inherent safety in the former loop, obtained more stable magnetic field region, upgraded the reliability of the data acquisition and processing. New LMEL can provide the more extensive experiments on MHD effects and their thermal-hydraulics on the liquid metal divertor and the liquid metal blanket.     

Structural Characteristics of Liquid Sn

We investigate the structural properties of liquid Sn. With the help of the internal friction (tanФ) method, it is found that a peak appears in the tan Ф - T curve, suggesting that an anomalous discontinuous temperatureinduced structure change may take place in liquid Sn. From the experimental data of pair distribution functions, we calculate the viscosity η and the excess entropy S and it is found that there are a peak of viscosity in the η-T curve and a bend of excess entropy in the S - T curve, which give a positive support to the appearance of the internal-friction peak in the tan Ф- T curve.     

Steady States of a Plug Flow Reactor Operating on a Heterogeneous Liquid−Liquid System

A plug flow reactor operating on a heterogeneous liquid?liquid system in which an exothermic bimolecular reaction takes place is modeled. The effect of the main governing parameters (Peclet and Damkheler numbers and a dimensionless parameter P characterizing mass transfer between the liquid phases) on the thermal modes of the reactor is examined. Depending on the values of these parameters, one or three steady states can be realized in the reactor. It is established that, with increasing parameter P, the region of multiplicity of steady states expands and shift toward lower values of the Damkohler number. The phenomenon of hysteresis is observed in the region of multiplicity of steady states.     

Holographic Reversed-Mode Polymer-Stabilized Liquid Crystal Grating

We demonstrate the “reversed-mode“ polymer-stabilized liquid crystal device. The incidence light goes through the film without the applied voltage and is diffracted with it. Because of relatively high liquid crystal percentage of 94%, the operating voltage of the device is less than 20 V. We explain this phenomenon using the molecular orientation model and the refractive index profile. The device can be used as display, optical switch, optical modulator and especially optical cross-connect deflector.     

Flow Analyses of Liquid Metal First Wall

In fusion reactor design, first wall is one kind of plasma-facing components (PFCs),which will be irradiated by high energy neutrons and other particle, as well as work under high plasma heat flux. They should be considered carefully. Many experiments and     

A Possible Liquid–Liquid Transition in a Ga–In Melt Introduced into an Opal Matrix

Physics of the Solid State - The temperature evolution of the Ga94In6 liquid alloy introduced into an opal matrix has been studied by the NMR method in the temperature range 300–155 K. The...     

Stability of the Landau–Fermi Liquid Theory

The stability of the Landau–Fermi liquid theory is investigated. It has been shown that if the interaction function of the Fermi system is a finite function of the angle between the momenta of two particles at the Fermi surface, then the liquid can be stable. We have shown that the absolute value of the expansion coefficients of the interaction functions in Legendre polynomials are decreasing function of the coefficients indices. We solve the stability condition for one photon exchange (OPE) in an electron gas. The results show that we must use the massive boson propagator (higher order corrections to the photon propagator). Similar to previous works (Abrikosov et al. in Method of Quantum Field Theory in Statistical Physics, Pergamon, Elmsford, 1965), our result is proportional to g ². The density and temperature dependence of results is occulted in the effective mass of the system.     

Mutual Diffusion in Liquid Rubidium–Bismuth Alloys

The mutual diffusion in rubidium–bismuth melts was investigated using a gammaray attenuation technique. The concentration dependence of the interdiffusion coefficient has two maxima in the vicinity of 25 and 50 at.% Bi. The analysis based on Darken’s relation shows that this feature is connected to a tendency for the formation of associated complexes in the liquid alloys.     

Near-Field Birefringence Response of Liquid Crystal Molecules in Thickness Direction of Liquid Crystal Thin Film Orientated by Shear Force

Information of molecular orientation in nematic liquid crystal （LC） is attractive and important for applications in the field of display devices. We demonstrate a novel method using a birefringence scanning near-field optical microscope （Bi-SNOM） with a probe which is inserted into the LC thin film to detect the molecular orientation from its birefringence responses in the thickness direction of the LC thin film. The probe is laterally vibrated when going forward into the LC thin film, and the retardation and azimuth angle are recorded as the probe going down. Firstly, the thickness of the LC thin film is measured by the shear force detection. Since the shear force acts as a stimulation to reorientate the LC molecules above the substrate surface, we can detect the molecular orientation caused by a polyimide alignment substrate and the effect to molecular orientation caused by vibration of fibre probe. As a result, the orientation profiling of the LC film in depth direction is obtained in both the cases that the direction of probe vibrating is vertical/parallel to the rubbing direction of the alignment film. Furthermore, the thickness of completely orientated layers just above the substrate surface can also be obtained by either vibrating probe or no-vibrating probe. Ultimately, the LC thin film can be modelled in thickness direction from all the results using this method.     

Multi-channel Associative Memory Using Liquid Crystal Photoelectric Switches

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Quantum Mechanical Nature in Liquid NMR Quantum Computing

The quantum nature of bulk ensemble NMR quantum computing-the center of recent heated debate,is addressed.Concepts of the mixed state and entanglement are examined,and the data in a two-qubit liquid NMR quantum computation are analyzed.the main points in this paper are;i) Density matrix describes the “state“ of an average particle in an ensemble.It does not describe the state of an individual particle in an ensemble;ii) Entanglement is a property of the wave function of a microscopic particle(such as a molecule in a liquid NMR sample),and separability of the density matrix canot be used to measure the entanglement of mixed ensemble;iii) The state evolution in bulkensemble NMR quantum computation is quantum-mechanical;iv) The coefficient before the effective pure state density matrix,ε,is a measure of the simultaneity of the molecules in an ensemble,It reflets the intensity of the NMR signal and has no significance in quantifying the entanglement in the bulk ensemble NMR system.The decomposition of the density matrix into product states is only an indication that the ensemble can be prepared by an ensemble with the particles unentangeld.We conclude that effective-pure-state NMR quantum computation is genuine,not just classical simulations.     

A New Model for Microstructure of Liquid Metals

A nanocrystalline model for microstructures of liquid metals is constructed. According to the nanocrystalline model, the intensity curves of x-ray diffraction (XRD) on liquid Cu, A1 and Al65Cu20Fe15 alloy are derived by broadening the XRD peaks of these metals in some crystal structures. These broadening intensity curves are     

Short-Range and Medium-Range Order in Liquid Cu-Ni Alloy

The liquid structure of the Cu70Ni30 alloy has been investigated using a θ-θ high-temperature x-ray diffractometer.At all temperatures above its liquidus,a distinct pre-peak has been found around a scattering vector magnitude of 13.5nm^-1.The height of the pre-peak decreases gradually with increasing temperature but it clearly exists up to a temperature of 1400℃.This behaviour indicates that stable medium-range order atomic clusters exist in the melt.It is concluded that the short-range order atomic clusters of the liquid Cu70Ni30 alloy mainly consist of Cu atoms with centred Ni atoms.The appearance of the pre-peak in the structure factor of the liquid Cu70Ni30 alloy is caused by the interaction between centred Ni atoms locating in the neighbouring atomic clusters.     

Fast Liquid Phase Epitaxial Growth for Perovskite Single Crystals

Semiconductors grown by the solution-processed method have shown low-cost,facile fabrication process and comparable performance.However,there are many reasons why it is difficult to achieve high quality films.For example,lattice constant mismatch is one of the problems when photovoltaic devices made of organ metallic perovskites.In this work,MAPbBr^{MA=CH3NH3^+}perovskites single crystals grown on the surface of MAPbBr2.5 CI0.5 perovskites single crystals via liquid epitaxial growth method is demonstrated.It is found that when the lattice constants of the two perovskite single crystals are matched,another crystal can be grown on the surface of one crystal by epitaxial growth.The whole epitaxy growth process does not require high heating temperature and long heating time.X-ray diffraction method is used to prove the lattice plane of the substrate and the epitaxial grown layer.A scanning electron microscope is used to measure the thickness of the epitaxial layer.Compared with perovskite-based photodetectors without epitaxial growth layer,perovskite-based photodetectors with epitaxial growth layer have lower dark current density and higher optical responsibility.     

Resonant Response of Rectangular/kFM Cantilever in Liquid

Dynamic characteristics of atomic force microscopy （AFM） cantilevers can be influenced by their working media. We perform an experimental study on the resonant responses of rectangular AFM cantilevers with different sizes immersed in various viscous fluids. The measured resonance frequencies in liquids are used to valldate several theoretical models. Comparison shows the analytical model proposed by Sader [J. Appl. Phys. 84 （1998） 64] can give the best agreement with the experimental results with the maximum relative error nearly 16% for all the cantilevers in different liquids. The ratio between the resonant frequencies in air and water is almost independent of the cantilever length, which is consistent with the theoretical analyses.     

Ternary Eutectic Growth in a Highly Undercooled Liquid Alloy

The crystal nucleation and growth mechanism during the formation of Ag42.4 Cu21.6 Sb36 ternary eutectic are investigated under substantial undercoo]ing conditions. The x-ray diffraction analysis shows that the solidified eutectic phases are not invo]ved (Ag) within a wide undercooling range of 6-114 K. This indicates that under high undercooling condition, the phase constitution of Ag-Cu-Sb eutectic is different from that in the equilibrium phase diagram. With the increase of undercoo]ing, the crystalline morpho]ogy of Ag42.4 Cu21.6 Sb36 alloy transforms from the mixed structure of primary θ(Cu2Sb), two pseudobinary eutectics and (ε θ Sb) ternary eutectic into a unique (ε θ Sb) ternary eutectic. The calculated results indicate that θ(Cu2Sb) is the leading nucleating phase among the three eutectic phases. In addition, the growth morpho]ogy of primary ε(Ag3Sb) compound in Ag60Cu6Sb34 alloy exhibits the characteristics of solid solution and its orthorhombic dendrite grows along the (111) directions.