紫外分光光度法测定油田污水中聚丙烯酰胺残留量

聚合物驱采油污水是随油田聚合物驱油技术的应用而出现的一种新型采油污水。它除含有石油烃类、无机盐、固体颗粒等物质外,还含有大量残余的聚丙烯酰胺。由于聚丙烯酰胺结构单元中含有酰胺基,易形成氢键,使其具有良好的水溶性和高的化学     

大蒜汁在油田腐蚀介质中的缓蚀作用

本文利用失重法研究了大蒜汁在“碳钢－盐酸”、“碳钢－油田注水”以及分别进行充CO2或H2S“碳钢－油田注水”体系中的缓蚀效果,通过扫描电镜形貌观察和电化学测试初步探讨了缓蚀作用机理。结果发现,大蒜汁在酸性溶液中具有良好的缓蚀效果,在80℃下的15%盐酸溶液中缓蚀效率最高可达95.4%,缓蚀率随着酸浓度的增加而逐渐降低。大蒜汁在三种油田注水中也有一定的缓蚀作用,缓蚀效率在42%到64%之间。采用大蒜缓蚀的金属表面覆盖有一层致密的薄膜,动电位极化测试显示为吸附成膜。     

一种测定油田含油污水中二氧化硅含量的方法

公开号:CN101368902公开日:2009.02.18申请人:辽河石油勘探局摘要本发明涉及油田化工样品分析的方法,尤其是一种测定油田含油污水中二氧化硅含量的方法。该方法基于钼酸盐与硅酸盐反应显色原理,在屏蔽油田含油污水中溶解的有机杂质对测定的干扰后,应用分光光度计比色分析油田污水中二氧化硅的含量:首先,以标准物质建立标准曲线,然后取适量的含油污水于比色管中加入盐酸、草酸溶液,用蒸馏水稀释即成空白溶液,测试时取污水样加入钼酸铵溶液,草酸溶液,以空白试验溶液作参比,测定吸光度,最后利用标准曲线和测定吸光度计算污水中二氧化硅含量值。该方法快捷、简单能有效屏蔽含油污水中有机杂质对测定的干扰,解决了含油污水测定的问题,为抽油锅炉合理使用污水提供了可靠保证。一种测定油田含油污水中二氧化硅含量的方法     

CDJZ稠油降粘剂在吉林油田的应用研究

在本文中,报告了我们针对吉林油田稠油的特点,用成都川大金钟科技有限公司生产的CDJZ稠油降粘剂对该油田油样进行了试验室评价和现场试验的应用研究,结果表明,CDJZ降粘剂对吉林油田的稠油有很高的降粘率,现场采油提高了原油产量,从而极大地降低了生产成本,有较好的经济效益和社会效益。此外,文中还对该降粘剂的降粘机理也进行了初步的讨论。     

纳米聚硅材料在油藏注水井中降压增注的室内研究

应用聚硅纳米材料在油田注水井中降压增注的室内实验表明，纳米聚硅材料能够改变岩石润湿性、提高水相相对渗透率，一同时说明聚硅材料易吸附于岩石表面能改变界面性质，其强憎水特性能够驱替吸附在孔隙内表面的水膜，扩大孔径．所以纳米聚硅材料能降低注水压力，提高注水量，具有较好的经济效益．     

电感耦合等离子体原子光谱法间接测定油田污水中硫离子

油田水驱采出污水中硫元素的含量较高,各区块中的还原性物质硫化物是曝氧工艺除去的主要元素,其对聚合物粘度的影响较大,直接影响原油采收率,是油田水驱污水处理和配聚用水处理的主要对象。本研究建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定Fe2 间接测定水驱污水中S2-的方法。通过加入过量Fe2 ,使S2-生成FeS沉淀,用脱脂棉过滤,以ICP-AES测定滤液中剩余的Fe2 ,差减法间接测定污水中S2-的含量。本法简便、准确快速,线性范围宽,回收率在96.9%~98.7%之间,相对标准偏差为2.15%。并对南阳油田实际污水中还原性硫离子进行了测定。     

离子液体处理含油污水实验研究

合成出了适合于含油污水处理的憎水性离子液体,研究了离子液体对含油污水的处理条件。当离子液体与含油污水体积比为1∶5,pH值为5,处理15min后,水中油的去除率为95.6%,COD_Cr的去除率为93.5%,表明应用离子液体可以有效地去除油田采出水中的有机物。同时考察了再生离子液体对除油效果的影响,其五次平行实验的除油率达95.4%,COD_Cr去除率为93.2%,表明离子液体可以回收利用。在此基础上,分析了离子液体对含油污水处理的作用机理。     

氧对三元复合体系性质影响机理研究

氧对油田采出污水中所含厌氧细菌具有杀菌作用,它同时也对三元复合体系中聚合物分子链具有降解作用.针对大庆油田采用曝氧污水配制三元复合体系过程中遇到的问题,通过建立曝、厌氧实验条件,作者对大庆杏南油田污水配制三元复合体系的黏度、界面张力性质进行了实验研究,并就杀菌剂对三元复合体系黏度和界面张力性质影响进行了评价.结果表明,曝氧污水配制的三元复合体系黏度要高于厌氧污水三元复合体系黏度,曝氧污水三元复合体系与曝氧原油之间的界面张力最低,杀菌剂可以在一定程度上改善三元复合体系黏度和界面张力性质.     

FeS膜的离子性对基体金属腐蚀的影响

本文采用动电位扫描法研究了Ａ３钢在油田污水中的腐蚀速度，以及Ｓ＾２－对腐蚀速度的影响，通过测膜电位曲线的方法，研究了ＦｅＳ膜的离子选择性，阐述了ＦｅＳ膜的离子选择性对基体金属腐蚀行为的影响。研究表明，金属表面的ＦｅＳ膜是一种双极结构膜，促进腐蚀。     

空气氧化Fe2+动力学及含铁污水处理技术研究

从动力学角度研究空气氧化Fe~(2+)离子的化学反应机理,主要探究溶液矿化度、pH和曝气方式对Fe~(2+)氧化速率的影响,在40℃实验温度下建立动力学模型.实验表明,pH对处理含铁污水有重要作用.并通过模拟高含铁(c(Fe~(2+))≥100 mg/L)和含铁含HCO■两种常见油田酸性污水并做处理研究,得到处理含铁污水的可行方法.处理结果表明,对于高含铁污水可通过加碱方法改性,pH提高到9时Fe~(2+)含量接近0;含铁含HCO■污水可通过定量曝气比V_(G/L)方法将pH提高到预期范围,并利用溶解氧延迟氧化Fe~(2+),该氧化模式为二级动力学反应.     

聚硅硫酸铝在中原油田注水处理中的应用

用硅酸钠和硫酸铝制备了聚硅硫酸铝 (PASS)混凝剂 ,应用于中原油田废水的混凝处理 .考察了硅铝配比、熟化时间、水样pH值和温度等因素对混凝性能的影响 ,并与聚合硫酸铁 (PFS)、聚合氯化铝 (PAC)进行比较 .结果表明PASS在降低悬浮物 (SS)和总铁量、增大絮凝体的直径、加快沉降速度等方面均优于PFS和PAC ,在常温下的混凝性能尤其显著 .     

Matrix effect in high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry analysis of antibiotics in environmental water samples

This paper describes the matrix effect during the analysis of ten antibiotic compounds in water by SPE followed by HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS. The target analytes were tetracycline, oxytetracycline (tetracyclines), sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine (sulfonamides), erythromycin‐H₂O, roxithromycine, spiramycin (macrolides), ofloxacin, and norfloxacin (quinolones). The matrix effect was examined for internal standards and the target analytes in five different water matrixes, with signal suppression being increased in the order: ultrapure water, tap water, river water, sewage effluent, and sewage influent. A combined application of the internal standards and matrix‐matched extract calibration was shown to be successful in compensating the matrix effect for the analytes. The procedural recovery of the target compounds in sewage effluents and influents was higher than in river water samples, which was further enhanced by sample acidification to pH 2. The validity of the internal standard based matrix‐matched calibration approach was verified by the standard addition method.     

Energy Properties and Biomass Yield of Miscanthus x Giganteus Fertilized by Municipal Sewage Sludge

The application of municipal sewage sludge as fertilizer in the production of non-food energy crops is an environmentally and economically sustainable approach to sewage sludge management. In addition, the application of municipal sewage sludge to energy crops such as Miscanthus x giganteus is an alternative form of recycling nutrients and organic material from waste. Municipal sewage sludge is a potential source of heavy metals in the soil, some of which can be removed by growing energy crops that are also remediation agents. Therefore, the objective of the research was to investigate the effect of municipal sewage sludge applied at three different rates of 1.66, 3.22 and 6.44 t/ha on the production of Miscanthus. Based on the analyses conducted on the biomass of Miscanthus fertilized with sludge from the wastewater treatment plant in three fertilization treatments, it can be concluded that the biomass of Miscanthus is a good feedstock for the process of direct combustion. Moreover, the application of the largest amount of municipal sewage sludge during cultivation had no negative effect on the properties of Miscanthus biomass. Moreover, the cellulose and hemicellulose content of Miscanthus is ideal for the production of second-generation liquid biofuels. Fertilizer treatments had no effect on the content of cellulose and lignin, while a significant statistical difference was found for hemicellulose.     

Sequential Extraction of Copper and Zinc from Sewage Sludges. Use of Organic Solvents

Abstract

Sequential extraction procedures were used to evaluate the bioavailability of metals from two sewage sludges after application in soils. Organic solvents were used prior to sequential extraction to evaluate the influence of oil and waxes on heavy metals extractability.

The preliminary results showed that a extraction of oil and waxes present in the sewage sludges by n-hexane followed by acetone increased the accessibility of Cu and Zn and did not remove substantial metal amounts.     

Maleic anhydride-styrene-1,4-di(4-isopropenylphenoxy)butane terpolymer as a sorbent for recovery of UO 2 2+ ions from aqueous solutions

Maleic anhydride-styrene-1,4-di(4-isopropenylphenoxy)butane terpolymer was tested as sorbent for treatment of aqueous solutions, including oil-field brines, to remove uranium salts.     

灰中酸性成分对灰熔融温度的影响

搜集并统计了世界129种典型煤种、城市污水污泥及污泥/煤混烧灰样的灰成分及灰熔融特征温度等相关数据,研究灰中酸性成分SiO2、Al2O3、TiO2和P2O5对灰熔融特性的影响。结果表明,Al2O3是决定灰熔点的主要因素,酸性金属氧化物SiO2、Al2O3和TiO2形成的耐熔矿物质石英、偏高岭石、莫来石、金红石等可提高灰熔点。非金属氧化物P2O5与污泥和污泥/煤的灰熔点FT二次拟合很好且明显降低熔点,污泥灰中P2O5含量显著高于煤灰是导致其熔点明显低于煤的重要原因。     

Preparation of a sewage sludge laboratory quality control material for butyltin compounds and their determination by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry

The characterisation of a laboratory quality control material (QCM) for dibutyltin (DBT) and tributyltin (TBT) in sewage sludge is described. The reference values were determined by the use of two different types of isotope-dilution mass spectrometry: gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To avoid possible analytical errors such as non-quantitative extraction and species degradation during sample preparation, different extraction methods were tested (microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction and mechanical stirring). The reference values were based on the unweighted means of results from the homogenisation and characterisation studies. The reference values obtained were 1,553 ± 87 and 534 ± 38 ng Sn g^-1 for DBT and TBT, respectively. In the uncertainty budget estimation, the sample inhomogeneity and between-method imprecision were taken into account. The concentrations of DBT and TBT in QCM are similar to those in the harbour sediment certified reference material PACS-2. Likewise, the levels of DBT and TBT are in the range of these compounds normally present in sewage sludge worldwide. In the future, the QCM will be used for an intercomparison study on DBT and TBT in sewage sludge, and as a day-to-day QCM during studies concerning the application of sewage sludge as an additive to artificial soil or as a raw material in civil engineering construction.     

Sewage sludge ash as an alternative low-cost oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion

In this paper, novel low-cost oxygen carriers containing Fe₂O₃ are evaluated for use in chemical looping combustion. Sewage sludge ashes and reference samples were prepared and used in cyclic reduction and oxidation experiments in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG). A gaseous (3 % H₂) fuel and a solid fuel (hard coal) were tested. Three-cycle CLC tests were carried out in the 600–800 °C temperature range and long-term testing was performed at 950 °C. A reactivity study showed that the natural sewage sludge ash sample was stable during the cycling TG tests when hydrogen was used as a fuel at all of the temperatures investigated. Strong temperature effects on the oxygen transport capacity were observed. An one-cycle test at 900 °C showed also that the sewage sludge ash successfully reacted with coal. The oxygen released was fully used for coal combustion, with appreciable reaction rate at temperature of ~750–800 °C, that is significantly lower than that obtained for pure Fe₂O₃-based oxygen carrier. The oxidation reaction was much faster than the reduction reaction. Moreover, the sewage sludge ash showed a low tendency toward agglomeration in the cyclic test, which was superior to the behavior of synthetic materials. The sewage sludge ash exhibited also high mechanical strength, an attrition index of 1 % and a high-temperature resistance of 1,170 °C in a reducing atmosphere. We conclude that sewage sludge ash can be effectively used as a low-cost, valuable oxygen carrier in practical application in chemical looping combustion technology for power generation.     

一种煤与两种城市污水污泥混合热解的热重分析

采用热重分析法对一种煤和两种城市污水污泥（S1和S2）及其混合物进行了热解实验研究,揭示了煤和污泥在氮气中的热解特性及污泥对煤热解特性的影响。煤和污泥的热解特性参数不同,主要表现在总失重率、失重速率及挥发分析出温度区间等。煤与污泥S1混合有助于增加样品的热解总失重率,提高失重速率;污泥S1与煤的挥发分析出区间部分重合,污泥灰中含的无机物对煤的热解起到催化效果;煤和S2污泥混合后热解反应过程中无明显相互作用;煤与城市污水污泥混合物的相互作用与样品特性和混合比例有关。     

Investigation of extraction procedures and HPLC-DAD/MS for the determination of the brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) in environmental samples

A method for the determination of the novel brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropylether), 1,1′-(isopropylidene)bis[3,5-dibromo-4-(2,3-dibromo-propoxy)-benzene] (TBBPA-dbpe), was developed. Technical TBBPA-dbpe was purified and the results of a thorough physical characterisation are reported. The application of APCI-MS is discussed and the fragmentation patterns are described. Quantification of TBBPA-dbpe was done by HPLC-DAD using external calibration. The validation of the method was accomplished using sediment and sewage sludge samples spiked with defined amounts of authentic TBBPA-dbpe. The average recovery rates of TBBPA-dbpe from spiked samples ranged from 35 to 91% (sediment) and from 57 to 98% (sewage sludge) depending on the respective extraction method. Pressurised fluid extraction (PFE) and fluidised bed extraction were superior to classical Soxhlet and sonication procedures and yielded recovery rates between 90 and 98% with relative standard deviations of 2%. The limits of detection (DTC), identification (ID) and determination (DTM) using HPLC-DAD were 10, 21 and 30 ng g⁻¹ in sediment and 22, 44 and 72 ng g⁻¹ in sewage sludge, respectively.