Three-crystal X-ray polarimeter,collimator and spectrometer

The properties of the three-crystal devices with the third crystal in crossed position and partly crossed position are discussed. The term crossed position was introduced to designate such arrangement which may be derived from the triple-crystal diffractometer by rotation of the third crystal about the incident central beam through a certain angle. The properties of these devices when used as an X-ray polarimeter, collimator and spectrometer are analysed.The authors would like to express their gratitudes to Prof. J.Bakovský, Dr. A.Fingerland and Ing. O.Renner for valuable discussions on this work.     

Determination of parameters in equation for ferromagnetic resonance of ferrites

The paper describes a new method for determining the parameters in the equation for ferromagnetic resonance — the internal effective field, the spectroscopic splitting factor and the saturation magnetization in polycrystalline magnetically isotropic ferrites. Relations are derived for calculating these parameters by means of the values of the resonance external static fields, which are obtained by measuring on samples having different geometrical shapes and differently arranged static and microwave magnetic fields. The advantages and disadvantages of the method and remarks on the experimental method are given. The paper ends with an example of measurement.

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: , . , . . .

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The determination of the saturation magnetization of ferrites by the method described here was reported on at the Seminary on Ferrites in Microwave Technique, held by the Institute of Technical Physics, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, and the Research Institute of Communications Engineering of A. S. Popov, on November 25, 1959.     

Radiation effects in the production and decay of ψ mesons by leptons

A new expression _e is obtained for resonance in the reaction e⁺e^– ar ^+– with allowance for the radiative corrections, which also contain the emission of hard photons by the final leptons and the final value of the energy resolution E. An expression is obtained for the total probability of radiative lepton decay. A numerical analysis of the experimental data is made for the reaction ^+–, and the parameters e⁺e^– (3, 1) e⁺e^–, and _e ² /, _e, and are determined for (3, 1) resonance-with allowance for the radiative corrections.This paper was read (November 17–21, 1975) at a session on high-energy physics of the Department of Nuclear Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 29–34, March, 1977.     

БЕТАТРОННЫЕ КОЛЕБАН ИЯ В УСКОРИТЕЛЕ С ОБЩИМ ПОЛЕМ I

, . . . , , . , . , . .

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Betatron oscillations in an accelerator with a general field I

The paper gives a linear theory of equilibrium trajectories in an accelerator with a generalized magnetostatic field, the components of which are defined on a general rotation surface. Equations of motion of the particles in natural coordinates are derived with respect to the change in energy and dissipative force. A system of equilibrium trajectories is found in the general form. Conditions for the field components on the reference surface, necessary for the existence of equilibrium trajectories, for the conservation of their geometric similarities and for maintaining the constancy of the frequencies of the betatron oscillations, are derived. A condition is also derived which must be satisfied by the reference surface in order to conserve constant circular frequency of the particles. It is seen that it is not possible to find a field for an accelerator with an exactly constant circular frequency and with constant frequencies of the betatron oscillation in the relativistic energy region. An ultra-relativistic cyclotron with such properties is realizable.

     

НИЗКОЧАСТОТНЫЕ КОЛЕ БАНИЯ ПРЯМОУГОЛЬНЫХ ПЛАСТИНОК ADP

- — . , - NH₄H₂PO₄,- ADP. ; - .     

Logically independent von Neumann lattices

Three definitions of logical independence of two von Neumann latticesP₁,P₂ of two sub-von Neumann algebras ₁, ₂ of a von Neumann algebra are given and the relations of the definitions clarified. It is shown that under weak assumptions the following notion, called logical independence is the strongest:A B 0 for any 0 A P₁, 0 B P₂. Propositions relating logical independence ofP₁,P₂ toC ^*-independence,W ^* independence, and strict locality of ₁, ₂ are presented.     

Bemerkung über die Reziprozität beim Durchgang des Lichtes Durch Leitfähige Schichten

Zusammenfassung Im vorliegenden Artikel wird die Durchlässigkeit eines beliebigen Systems homogener oder inhomogener Schichten mit beliebiger Leitfähigkeit bei senkrechtem Einfall einer elektromagnetischen Welle untersucht. Es wird bewiesen, da\ das Verhältnis der Durch-lässigkeiten beim Auftreffen der Welle von der einen und von der anderen Seite lediglich von den Leitfähigkeiten der Medien auf beiden Seiten des Systems abhängt. Falls die Leitfähigkeiten beider Medien gleich sind, sind auch die Durchlässigkeiten in beiden Richtungen gleich.

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. , . , .

     

The thickness dependence of the domain structure of magnetoplumbite

The changes in domain structure as a function of the thickness of the crystal are studied on artificial magnetoplumbite crystals. The thickness dependence of the width of the domains is also studied; up to thicknesses of about 10 it follows the theoretical halfpower law. Above 10 the exponent is 0·633. The energy density of the Bloch walls=4·82 erg cm^–2 and the exchange constantA=0·66×10^–6 erg cm^–1 are calculated on the basis of the above measurements.

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. , 10 . 0,633. = =4,82 erg m^–2 =0,66.10^–6 erg cm^–2.

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We thank Z. Málek and V. Janovec for discussions and some remarks.     

On the spectrum of Schrödinger operators with a random potential

We investigate the spectrum of Schrödinger operatorsH of the type:H =–+q _i ()f(x–x _i + _i ())(q _i () and _i () independent identically distributed random variables,i ^d ). We establish a strong connection between the spectrum ofH and the spectra of deterministic periodic Schrödinger operators. From this we derive a condition for the existence of forbidden zones in the spectrum ofH . For random one- and three-dimensional Kronig-Penney potentials the spectrum is given explicitly.     

On the photo-electroluminescence of ZnS-Cu

The influence of weak ultra-violet irradiation on the brightness waves of electroluminescence is investigated for two types of ZnS-Cuphosphors. The observed effects (increase in brightness in the primary peak and its phase shift, the disappearance of the secondary peak) are explained on the basis of present-day conceptions on electroluminescence.

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ZnS-Cu

ZnS-Cu. ( , ) .

     

Magnetization coils without iron core for high field intensities

A new theory of rectangular coils without an iron core is described which amends the old one of Fabry and Bitter. It enables us to compute field intensities in coils having very small openings, which the old theory could not do.

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, , , .

     

Усовершенствование рентгенометрическо го метода определения дефекто в решетки третьего ро да в поликристаллическ их и порошкообразных материалах

, . .     

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ПАРАМАГН ИТНОГО РЕЗОНАНСА ДЛЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ РЕАКЦИЙ СВОБОДНЫХ РА ДИКАЛОВ

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The use of paramagnetic resonance in studying the reactions of free radicals

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, .     

The influence of a small electric perturbation on the electroluminescence curve of ZnS-Cu

The influence of a small electric perturbation of variable phase on the brightness wave of alternating electroluminescence of ZnS-Cu is investigated. The results are compared with the model described in [1]. The increase in the number of ionized activators after switching on the electric field is studied and is found to reach equilibrium. after about 50 to 150 sec.

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ZnS-Cu

ZnS-Cu. , [1]. , 50–150 s.

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In conclusion the author thanks M. Mokonová for cooperation in evaluating the results of measurement.     

A contribution to direct processes in the Co59(p,n) reaction forE p ∼ 6·5 MeV

Nuclear emulsions were used to study the energy spectrum and forward-backward asymmetry of neutrons from the Co⁵⁹(p,n) reaction forE _p 6·5 MeV. It was found that the decay of the compound nucleus makes a maximum contribution of 50% to the reaction yield. Energies of some excited states of the Ni⁵⁹ nucleus were also determined.

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Co⁵⁹(p,n) E _p 6,5 MeV

- Co⁵⁹(p,n) E _p 6,5 MeV. , 50%. , Ni⁵⁹.

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The authors would like to thank all those who helped in this work, particularly all members of the cyclotron group of the Nuclear Research Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, who so willingly helped with the irradiation, and H. Koutová from the Faculty of Technical and Nuclear Physics, who carefully measured the emulsions. Our thanks are also due to R. Krejová from the Faculty of Technical and Nuclear Physics for developing the emulsions and J. Kopecký from the Nuclear Research Institute for providing the cobalt target.     

On the zigzagging causility model of EPR correlations and on the interpretation of quantum mechanics

Being formalized inside the S-matrix scheme, the zigzagging causility model of EPR correlations has full Lorentz and CPT invariance. EPR correlations, proper or reversed, and Wheeler's smoky dragon metaphor are respectively pictured in spacetime or in the momentum-energy space, as V-shaped, A-shaped, or C-shaped ABC zigzags, with a summation at B over virtual states |B B|. An exact correspondence exists between the Born-Jordan-Dirac wavelike algebra of transition amplitudes and the 1774 Laplace algebra of conditional probabilities, where the intermediate summations |B) (B| were over real hidden states. While the latter used conditional (or transition) probabilities (A|C) = (C|A), the former uses transition (or conditional) amplitudes A|C = C|A*. The formal parrallelism breaks down at the level of interpretation because (A|C) = |A|C|². CPT invariance implies the Fock and Watanabe principle that, in quantum mechanics, retarded (advanced) waves are used for prediction (retrodiction), an expression of which is | U | = | U = U|, with | denoting a preparation, | a measurement, and U the evolution operator. The transformation | = |U or | = |U^–1 exchanges the preparation representation and the measurement representation of a system and is ancillary in the formalization of the quantum chance game by the wavelike algebra of conditional amplitude. In 1935 EPR overlooked that a conditional amplitude A|C = A|BB|C between the two distant measurements is at stake, and that only measurements actually performed do make sense. The reversibility A|C = C|A* implies that causality is CPT-invariant, or arrowless, at the microlevel. Arrowed causality is a macroscopic emergence, corollary to wave retardation and probability increase. Factlike irreversibility states repression, not suppression, of blind statistical retrodiction—that is, of final cause.Dedicated to Professor David Bohm, proponent of the EPRB version of nonseparability.     

Analytic study of power spectra of the tent maps near band-splitting transitions

Successive band-splitting transitions occur in the one-dimensional map x_i+1=g(x_i),i=0, 1, 2,... withg(x)=x, (0 x 1/2) –x +, (1/2 <x 1) as the parameter is changed from 2 to 1. The transition point fromN (=2ⁿ) bands to 2Nbands is given by=(2)^1/N (n=0, 1,2,...). The time-correlation function _i=x_ix₀/(x₀)²,x_i x_i–x_i is studied in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Frobenius-Perron operator of the map. It is shown that, near the transition point=2, _i–[(10–42)/17] _i,0-[(102-8)/51]_i,1 + [(7 + 42)/17](–1)ⁱe^–yi, where2(–2) is the damping constant and vanishes at=2, representing the critical slowing-down. This critical phenomenon is in strong contrast to the topologically invariant quantities, such as the Lyapunov exponent, which do not exhibit any anomaly at=2. The asymptotic expression for _i has been obtained by deriving an analytic form of _i for a sequence of which accumulates to 2 from the above. Near the transition point=(2)^1/N, the damping constant of _i fori N is given by _N=2(^N-2)/N. Numerical calculation is also carried out for arbitrary a and is shown to be consistent with the analytic results.     

Theory of moving striations in plasma of D-C discharge I. Basic equation and its general solution

As a base for the theory of moving striations a partial integro-differential equation (26) is derived from the equations of continuity (1), (2), the Laplace-Poisson equation (3) and relation (4) between the electric field and the temperature of the electrons. Apart from the processes necessary for the actual formation of striations according to [1] and for the amplification of the wave of stratification according to [2], the equation also includes the processes defining the Debye length of the electrons, the influence of the axial electric field and of its local deflections on the motion of current carriers and the direct influence of the deviations in concentration of the electrons on the rate of production of current carriers. In deriving the equation the main attention is paid to the physical sense of the mathematical operations applied. The general solution is found by the method of the two-sided Laplace transformation and is described by triple integral convolution (42).

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I.

(1), (2), - (3) (4) (26). , , [1], , [2], , , . . (42).

     

On the determination of the position of the energy level of surface recombination centres

A detailed analysis of the dependence of the surface recombination velocitys on the surface potential _s leads to the conclusion that the position of the surface recombination level with respect to the centre of the energy gapE _t -E _i does not coincide with the valueq _s *, while the surface recombination velocitys decreases to half its maximum value. The difference between the two quantities is negligible only when the width of the curves( _s ) between the points corresponding to the valuess=1/2s _max is greater than 8kT.

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s _s , E _t -E _{i s} , s . , s( _s ) , s=1/2s _max, 8kT.

     

Homogenität,Kovarianz und Relativität

Zusammenfassung Es werden zwei Begriffe: Homogenität des Raumzeitkontinuums und Kovarianz der Gleichungen, wie sie in der Relativitätstheorie gebraucht werden, definiert und erläutert. Es wird gezeigt, doss die beiden Begriffe wesentlich verschieden sind und in Form nichtäquivalenter mathematischer Bedingungen ihren Ausdruck finden. Trotzdem werden beide Begriffe sowohl von Einstein, als auch in der Literatur über Relativitätstheorie mit einem und demselben Wort Relativität bezeichnet. Der Missgebrauch des Wortes Relativität bedeutet nicht nur einen terminologischen Fehler, sondern spricht auch von einem ungenügenden Verständnis der Grundidee der Relativitätstheorie, besonders der sog. allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. Versteht man unter Relativität Homogenität des Raumes, so ist in der sog. allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie überhaupt keine Relativität vorhanden. Versteht man dagegen unter Relativität Kovarianz der Gleichungen, so steckt in jener Theorie nicht mehr Relativität, wie z. B. in den unrelativistischen Bewegungsgleichungen, welche ebensogut eine allgemein-kovariante Formulierung gestatten (Lagrangesche Gleichungen 2-ter Art). Die Bezeichnung allgemeine Relativitätstheorie ist daher irrefuhrend. Die geniale Theorie Einsteins ist eine reine Gravitationstheorie. , No 4, . 131, 1955. (RhilosophischeFragen No 4, S. 131, Moskau 1955. Ins Deutsche über setzt vom Verfasser).