基于舌/上颚微间隙下流体流动行为研究

为探讨口腔环境下流体的流动行为，采用数值方法与流变试验深入研究舌/上颚微间隙下流体流量的影响因素. 建立舌/上颚微间隙的简化模型及Reynolds方程，通过数值方法获取微间隙下流量变化；在DHR-2流变仪上研究非牛顿流体的黏度与剪切率的变化，探讨牛顿流体和非牛顿流体的流量影响. 结果表明:牛顿流体流量平方的倒数同载荷和黏度比值和时间均呈线性函数关系；所制备的非牛顿流体近似为幂律流体，其黏度随脂肪含量的增加而增大，而非牛顿流体流量率先高于后低于等效牛顿流体，其研究结果将为特定人群功能产品的研发提供技术支持.      

Computational Modelling of Non-Newtonian Effects on Flow in Channels with Moving Wall Indentations

Non-Newtonian effects in a channel with moving wall indentations are assessed numerically by a finite volume method for solving the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and using a power-law model exhibiting shear thinning viscosity and Casson's model as the constitutive equations for the non-Newtonian fluid. The computations show that for a non-Newtonian fluid, there are differences in the velocity profiles and in the structure and size of the reversed flow regions as compared with the corresponding Newtonian fluid. The comparison of non-Newtonian and Newtonian wall shear stress reveals a slight decrease in the magnitude on the average for the non-Newtonian case, eventually resulting in the strength of the “wave train” being slightly weaker than those corresponding to a Newtonian fluid.     

Multiphase non‐Newtonian effects on pulsatile hemodynamics in a coronary artery

Hemodynamic stresses are involved in the development and progression of vascular diseases. This study investigates the influence of mechanical factors on the hemodynamics of the curved coronary artery in an attempt to identify critical factors of non‐Newtonian models. Multiphase non‐Newtonian fluid simulations of pulsatile flow were performed and compared with the standard Newtonian fluid models. Different inlet hematocrit levels were used with the simulations to analyze the relationship that hematocrit levels have with red blood cell (RBC) viscosity, shear stress, velocity, and secondary flow. Our results demonstrated that high hematocrit levels induce secondary flow on the inside curvature of the vessel. In addition, RBC viscosity and wall shear stress (WSS) vary as a function of hematocrit level. Low WSS was found to be associated with areas of high hematocrit. These results describe how RBCs interact with the curvature of artery walls. It is concluded that although all models have a good approximation in blood behavior, the multiphase non‐Newtonian viscosity model is optimal to demonstrate effects of changes in hematocrit. They provide a better stimulation of realistic blood flow analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non-Newtonian flow in microporous structures under the electroviscous effect

Single phase non-Newtonian microporous flow combined with the electroviscous effect is investigated in the pore-scale under conditions of various rheological properties and electrokinetic parameters. The lattice Boltzmann method is employed to solve both the electric potential field and flow velocity field. The simulation of commonly used power-law non-Newtonian flow shows that the electroviscous effect on the flow depends on both the fluid rheological behavior and pore surface area ratio significantly. For the shear thinning fluid with power-law exponent n < 1, the fluid viscosity near the wall is smaller and the electrovicous effect plays a more important role compared to the Newtonian fluid and shear thickening fluid. The high pore surface area ratio in the porous structure increases the electroviscous force and the induced flow resistance becomes important even to the flow of Newtonian and shear thickening fluids.     

GPU accelerated simulations of three-dimensional flow of power-law fluids in a driven cube

Newtonian fluid flow in two- and three-dimensional cavities with a moving wall has been studied extensively in a number of previous works. However, relatively a fewer number of studies have considered the motion of non-Newtonian fluids such as shear thinning and shear thickening power law fluids. In this paper, we have simulated the three-dimensional, non-Newtonian flow of a power law fluid in a cubic cavity driven by shear from the top wall. We have used an in-house developed fractional step code, implemented on a Graphics Processor Unit. Three Reynolds numbers have been studied with power law index set to 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. The flow patterns, viscosity distributions and velocity profiles are presented for Reynolds numbers of 100, 400 and 1000. All three Reynolds numbers are found to yield steady state flows. Tabulated values of velocity are given for the nine cases studied, including the Newtonian cases.     

Dynamic scaling of unsteady shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid flows in a large-scale model of a distal anastomosis

Dimensional analysis has been applied to an unsteady pulsatile flow of a shear-thinning power-law non-Newtonian liquid. An experiment was then designed in which both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids were used to model blood flow through a large-scale (38.5 mm dia.), simplified, rigid arterial junction (a distal anastomosis of a femorodistal bypass). The flow field within the junction was obtained by Particle Imaging Velocimetry and near-wall velocities were used to calculate the wall shear stresses. Dimensionless wall shear stresses were obtained at different points in the cardiac cycle for two different but dynamically similar non-Newtonian fluids; the good agreement between the measured dimensionless wall shear stresses confirm the validity of the dimensional analysis. However, blood exhibits a constant viscosity at high-shear rates and to obtain complete dynamic similarity between large-scale experiments and life-scale flows, the high-shear viscosity also needs to be included in the analysis. How this might be done is discussed in the paper.     

Performance modeling and analysis of blood flow in elastic arteries

Nomenclature　　τ　　wallshearstressγshearrateτy yieldstressηc Cassonviscosityktheconsistencyindexnnon_Newtonianindexτp shearstressofthepthelementωangularvelocityRvessel’sradiusCwavespeedM　　magneticparameter (Hartmannnumber)u,w　velocitycomponentinther_andz_directions,respectivelyP　　pressureα　　unsteadinessparameter k , R meanparametersTp relaxationtimeofthepthelementρ densityIntroductionTheimportancetoatherogenesisofarterialflowphenomenasuchasflowseparation ,recirculationands…     

The influence of flow-induced non-Newtonian fluid properties on turbulent drag reduction

Friction factors and velocity profiles in turbulent drag reduction can be compared to Newtonian fluid turbulence when the shear viscosity at the wall shear rate is used for the Reynolds number and the local shear viscosity is used for the non-dimensional wall distance. On this basis, an apparent maximum drag reduction asymptote is found which is independent of Reynolds number and type of drag reducing additive. However, no shear viscosity is able to account for the difference between the measured Reynolds stress and the Reynolds stress calculated from the mean velocity profile (the Reynolds stress deficit). If the appropriate local viscosity to use with the velocity fluctuation correlations includes an elongational component, the problem can be resolved. Taking the maximum drag reduction asymptote as a non-Newtonian flow, with this effective viscosity, leads to agreement with the concept of an asymptote only when the solvent viscosity is used in the non-dimensional wall distance.     

Frottements et pertes de pression des fluides non newtoniens dans des conduites non circulaires

The study of fluid flow in a duct requires characteristic parameters of the flow and dimensionless numbers to correlate and compare experimental results. For Newtonian fluids in simple configurations, the definition of the Reynolds number is quite standard, but for non-Newtonian fluid flows in ducts with arbitrary shape of cross section, the dependence of the apparent viscosity with the shear rate requires a generalization of this dimensionless number. This note proposes a general method valid for a large class of non-Newtonian fluids and for all duct shapes. An application is developed for a viscoelastic flow through a rectangular duct. Results obtained in the present investigation are in a good agreement with available correlations. To cite this article: M. Mahfoud et al., C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

Non-Newtonian viscous oscillating free surface jets, and a new strain-rate dependent viscosity form for flows experiencing low strain rates

A model for oscillating free surface jet flow of a fluid from an elliptical orifice, together with experimental measurements, can be exploited to characterize the elongational viscosity of non-Newtonian inelastic fluids. The oscillating jet flow is predominantly elongational, with a small strain that oscillates rapidly between large and zero strain rates. We find that to reproduce the experimentally observed steady oscillating jet flow in model simulations, the assumed form of the non-Newtonian viscosity as a function of strain rate must have zero gradient, i.e., be Newtonian, at zero strain rate (a behavior exhibited, in general, by real inelastic fluids). We demonstrate that the Cross, Carreau, Prandtl-Eyring, and Powell-Eyring forms, although they have finite viscosity at zero strain rate, have either nonzero or even unbounded gradient at zero, and hence are unable to model oscillating jet behavior. We propose a new non-Newtonian viscous form which has all of the desirable features of existing forms (high and low strain rate plateaus, with adjustable location and steepness of the transition) and the additional feature of Newtonian behavior at low strain rates. Received: 7 February 2000 Accepted: 31 October 2000     

Numerical simulation of pulsatile non-Newtonian flow in the carotid artery bifurcation

Both clinical and post mortem studies indicate that, in humans, the carotid sinus of the carotid artery bifurcation is one of the favored sites for the genesis and development of atherosclerotic lesions. Hemodynamic factors have been suggested to be important in atherogenesis. To understand the correlation between atherogenesis and fluid dynamics in the carotid sinus, the blood flow in artery was simulated numerically. In those studies, the property of blood was treated as an incompressible, Newtonian fluid. In fact, however, the blood is a complicated non-Newtonian fluid with shear thinning and viscoelastic properties, especially when the shear rate is low. A variety of non-Newtonian models have been applied in the numerical studies. Among them, the Casson equation was widely used. However, the Casson equation agrees well only when the shear rate is less than 10 s-1. The flow field of the carotid bifurcation usually covers a wide range of shear rate. We therefore believe that it may not be sufficient to describe the property of blood only using the Casson equation in the whole flow field of the carotid bifurcation. In the present study, three different blood constitutive models, namely, the Newtonian, the Casson and the hybrid fluid constitutive models were used in the flow simulation of the human carotid bifurcation. The results were compared among the three models. The results showed that the Newtonian model and the hybrid model had verysimilar distributions of the axial velocity, secondary flow and wall shear stress, but the Casson model resulted in significant differences in these distributions from the other two models. This study suggests that it is not appropriate to only use the Casson equation to simulate the whole flow field of the carotid bifurcation, and on the other hand, Newtonian fluid is a good approximation to blood for flow simulations in the carotid artery bifurcation.     

Peristaltic motion of a third-order fluid in a planar channel

In order to determine the characteristics of the peristaltic transport of shear thinning non-Newtonian materials, the motion of a third-order fluid in a planar channel having walls that are transversely displaced by an infinite, harmonic traveling wave of large wavelength and negligibly small Reynolds number was analyzed using a perturbation expansion in terms of a variant of the Deborah number. Within the range of validity of this analysis, we found the pumping rate of a shear-thinning fluid is less than that for a Newtonian fluid having a shear viscosity the same as the lower-limiting viscosity of the nonNewtonian material. Also, the space of variables for which trapping of a bolus of fluid occurs is reduced for the shear-thinning fluid investigated here.     

A Two-Layer Mathematical Model of Blood Flow in Porous Constricted Blood Vessels

In this paper, we discussed a mathematical model for two-layered non-Newtonian blood flow through porous constricted blood vessels. The core region of blood flow contains the suspension of erythrocytes as non-Newtonian Casson fluid and the peripheral region contains the plasma flow as Newtonian fluid. The wall of porous constricted blood vessel configured as thin transition Brinkman layer over layered by Darcy region. The boundary of fluid layer is defined as stress jump condition of Ocha-Tapiya and Beavers–Joseph. In this paper, we obtained an analytic expression for velocity, flow rate, wall shear stress. The effect of permeability, plasma layer thickness, yield stress and shape of the constriction on velocity in core & peripheral region, wall shear stress and flow rate is discussed graphically. This is found throughout the discussion that permeability and plasma layer thickness have accountable effect on various flow parameters which gives an important observation for diseased blood vessels.     

Numerical study of electroosmotic micromixing of non-Newtonian fluids

Biofluids which exhibit non-Newtonian behavior are widely used in microfluidic devices which involve fluid mixing in microscales. In order to study the effects of shear depending viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids on characteristics of electroosmotic micromixing, a numerical investigation of flow of power-law fluid in a two-dimensional microchannel with nonuniform zeta potential distributions along the channel walls was carried out via finite volume scheme. The simulation results confirmed that the shear depending viscosity has a significant effect on the degree of mixing efficiency. It was shown as the fluid behavior index of power-law fluid, n, decreases, more homogeneous solution can be achieved at the microchannel outlet. Hence, electroosmotic micromixing was found more practical and efficient in microscale mixing of pseudoplastic fluids rather than those Newtonian and dilatant ones. Furthermore, it was found that increase in Reynolds number results in lower mixing efficiency while electroosmotic forces are kept constant.     

Theoretical prediction of the mass transfer coefficients in bubble columns operating in churn-turbulent flow regime. Study in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids under different operation conditions

 A comprehensive experimental study of the volumetric transfer coefficient k _L a with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in bubble columns using CO₂ as gas phase is the objective of this work. The evaluation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the bubble columns and delineated the different hydrodynamic regimes considering column geometry, gas flow, liquid height and type of fluid (Newtonian and non-Newtonian) suggest a general applicability of the proposed model. An explanation about of the k _L a values in non-Newtonian fluid is offered take into account shear rate, column geometry, viscosity and results reported in the literature previously. Received on 31 July 1999     

Normal stress effects in viscoelastic fluid lubrication

Non-Newtonian flow effects are evaluated in a slider-bearing configuration. The material model taken is that of the Coleman—Noll second-order fluid. An explicit result is given for the portion of the bearing load supported by the non-Newtonian normal stresses as well as that portion resulting from the usual lubrication theory (Newtonian effect). Particular attention is given to the non-Newtonian effect of a high-polymer additive applied to a Newtonian base stock. The non-Newtonian effect has a particular dependence on the bearing geometry as well as a dependence on the relaxation time of the addtive and the amount by which the additive increases the viscosity. The strength of the non-Newtonian effect is assessed in realistic conditions of bearing operation. We find that under certain conditions the non-Newtonian effect could provide a significant load-supporting capability. However, with slight changes in the conditions of the bearing operation, the non-Newtonian load support is negligible. These results are interpreted and qualified with respect to the limitations of the second-order theory, which does not include shear thinning effects.     

Displacement of a Newtonian fluid by a non-Newtonian fluid in a porous medium

This paper presents an analytical Buckley-Leverett-type solution for one-dimensibnal immiscible displacement of a Newtonian fluid by a non-Newtonian fluid in porous media. The non-Newtonian fluid viscosity is assumed to be a function of the flow potential gradient and the non-Newtonian phase saturation. To apply this method to field problems a practical procedure has been developed which is based on the analytical solution and is similar to the graphic technique of Welge. Our solution can be regarded as an extension of the Buckley-Leverett method to Non-Newtonian fluids. The analytical result reveals how the saturation profile and the displacement efficiency are controlled not only by the relative permeabilities, as in the Buckley-Leverett solution, but also by the inherent complexities of the non-Newtonian fluid. Two examples of the application of the solution are given. One application is the verification of a numerical model, which has been developed for simulation of flow of immiscible non-Newtonian and Newtonian fluids in porous media. Excellent agreement between the numerical and analytical results has been obtained using a power-law non-Newtonian fluid. Another application is to examine the effects of non-Newtonian behavior on immiscible displacement of a Newtonian fluid by a power-law non-Newtonian fluid.     

Bubble stability in a class of non-Newtonian fluids with shear dependent viscosities

Using elementary dynamical systems theory we delineate the locally asymptotically stable, stable, and unstable equilibrium states of a spherical vapor bubble immersed in an unbounded non-Newtonian fluid with shear dependent viscosity; stability results for the equilibrium states of bubbles immersed in a Newtonian fluid are obtained as special cases.     

Non-modal instabilities of two-dimensional disturbances in plane Couette flow of a power-law fluid

Instabilities of fluid flows have traditionally been investigated by normal mode analysis, i.e. by linearizing the equations of flow and testing for unstable eigenvalues of the linearized problem. However, the results of eigenvalue analysis agree poorly in many cases with experiments, especially for shear flows. In this paper we study the instabilities of two-dimensional Couette flow of a polymeric fluid in the framework of non-modal stability theory rather than normal mode analysis. A power-law model is used to describe the polymeric liquid. We focus on the response to external excitations and initial conditions by examining the pseudospectra structures and the transient energy growths. For both Newtonian and non-Newtonian flows, the results show that there can be a rather large transient growth even though the linear operator of Couette flow has no unstable eigenvalue. The effects of non-Newtonian viscosity on the transient behaviors are examined in this study. The results show that the “shear-thinning/shear-thickening” effect increases/decreases the amplitude of responses to external excitations and initial conditions.     

An investigation on internal thermal flow of non-Newtonian fluid

In the present paper an unsteady thermal flow of non-Newtonian fluid is investigated which is of the fiow into axisymmetric mould cavity. In the second part an unsteady thermal flow of upper-convected Maxwell fluid is studied, For the flow into mould cavity the constitutive equation of power-law fluid is used as a rheological model of polymer fluid. The apparent viscosity is considered as a function of shear rate and temperature. A characteristic viscosity is introduced in order to avoid the nonlinearity due to the temperature dependence of the apparent viscosity. As the viscosity of the fluid is relatively high the flow of the thermal fluid can be considered as a flow of fully developed velocity field. However, the temperature field of the fluid fiow is considered as an unsteady one. The governing equations are constitutive equation, momentum equation of steady flow and energy conservation equation of non-steady form. The present system of equations has been solved numerically by the splitting differen