以单分散交联聚甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯树脂为基质的亲水性排阻色谱固定相的合成及其在生物大分子分离中的应用

以单分散交联聚甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯树脂为基质,将该树脂经化学改性后得到亲水性良好的新型尺寸排阻色谱固定相,其表面羟基含量高达6．1mmol／g。详细评价了该改性后树脂对蛋白的质量回收率、亲水性、耐压性能及化学稳定性。用三羟甲基胺基甲烷(Tris)缓冲溶液(pH=7)为流动相,对蛋白质混合样的分离遵循体积排阻色谱分离机理。     

体积排阻色谱在蛋白质药物聚集体领域的应用

蛋白质聚集现象是生物制药行业面临的重大问题之一,对蛋白质药物有效性、安全性、质量可控性有很大影响。体积排阻色谱技术是蛋白质药物及其聚集体检测分析的标准技术,具有操作简单、分离条件温和、基本不破坏蛋白质药物结构等优点。但由于蛋白质与固定相存在非特异性相互作用,采用该法检测时存在洗脱延迟、色谱峰拖尾、基线漂移、蛋白质回收率低等问题。该文介绍了体积排阻色谱的分离原理及实际应用,并对该技术在蛋白质药物检测中存在的非特异性吸附问题及相关方法优化做了简要概述。同时列举了几种与体积排阻色谱互补的可用于蛋白质药物聚集体分析的技术。最后,对体积排阻色谱技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

高效液相色谱在生物医药研究中的应用第三讲蛋白质的反相高效液相色谱分离

近十年来,高效液相色谱(HPLC)在蛋白质分离纯化方面取得了很大的进展,并得到了广泛的应用。HPLC包括排阻色谱、离子交换色谱、亲和色谱、疏水反应色谱以及反相色谱等,几乎已在蛋白质分离各种传统方法中得到应用。这些方法在蛋白质分离中各有其地位,但到目前为止人们普遍认为反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC是分离纯化蛋白质的最有效的方法     

反相高效液相色谱法分离蛋白质的研究

采用反相高效液相色谱法考察了几种大孔硅胶烷基键合固定相在等度淋洗条件下进行蛋白质分离的色谱性能。研究了冲洗剂中有机溶剂异丙醇的浓度、离子对酸（ＴＦＡ）浓度对蛋白质保留时间的影响。探讨了蛋白质在ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ中的保留机理。结果表明,大孔硅胶（２０～３０ｎｍ）短链（Ｃ４和Ｃ８）烷基键合固定相适合蛋白质的分离。     

血清中葡萄糖的测量比对-ID-LC—MS／MS法

利用同位素稀释-液相色谱-质谱法-（ID-LC-MS／MS）准确测定血清中葡萄糖含量。以[13C6]葡萄糖为内标,用重量法准确地与血清混合,离心沉淀蛋白后在碱性条件下与1．苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑酮反应,以ZORBAXRX-SIL色谱柱分离,以乙腈-水（体积此25：75）为流动相,使用电喷雾三重四极杆串联质谱多重反应监测模式（MRM）测定,同位素稀释的括号法进行定量。采用美国NIST的血清标准物质SRM965b进行了确证,并用该方法参加JCTLM关于血清中葡萄糖含量的国际比对,测量值与均值的相对偏差分别为1．1％（A样）．1．8％（B样）,结果在等效范围内。     

疑似蛇毒液样品的纳升级超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱分析鉴定

针对5个疑似蛇毒毒液及其沾染样品,基于纳升级超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱（Nano LC-MS/HRMS）技术,结合尺寸排阻色谱分离,建立了一种蛋白质种类及物种归属的严格鉴定方法。5个样品经尺寸排阻色谱分离后均得到3个洗脱峰,分别冻干后以胰蛋白酶进行溶液内酶解处理并进行液相色谱-高分辨质谱分析鉴定。首先采用全扫描-数据依赖型MS/MS（Full MS/dd MS²）采集模式对样品中的肽段信息进行非靶向采集,依次与Swiss-Prot、蛇亚目（Serpentes）、游蛇科（Colubroidea）、眼镜蛇科（Elapidae）、眼镜蛇亚科（Elapinae）、眼镜蛇属（Naja）蛋白质数据库逐级收缩比对;再筛选符合肽谱匹配度、肽段错误发现率小于1%和特征肽段数目大于等于2的蛋白质,共鉴定到32种蛋白质均来自中华眼镜蛇（Naja atra）,可归属于Naja atra的10个家族,主要为三指毒素、金属蛋白酶、磷脂酶A2等。最后,采用平行反应监测模式选取每种蛋白质的两条特征肽段进行靶向验证,当两条特征肽段均满足“至少75%的y⁺和b⁺离子的Δm/z小于5 ppm”时,方认为鉴定到了样品中的某一蛋白质。最终鉴定出5个样品均含有Naja atra蛇毒。此鉴定方法研究系统、严格,可为蛇毒中毒司法鉴定以及毒药物研究等提供有效的技术支持。     

无机基质疏水作用色谱填料的研制及扩试

以无机基质可控孔径玻璃（ＣＰＧ）和大孔硅胶为基质、聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ１０００）为配基,利用改进的合成方法制备了疏水作用色谱（ＨＩＣ）填料,并进行了１５０ｇ／批的扩大试验,用标准蛋白为样品进行了色谱行为的研究。结果表明,此类填料对蛋白质的分离性能良好,对胰蛋白酶的活性回收率大于９５％。     

高效排阻色谱中蛋白质的保留行为

生物工程和生物医学的发展,蛋白质的分离纯化一直是一个十分活跃的研究领域。高效液相排阻色谱,对于确定蛋白质和多肽的分子量的分布,以及分离纯化蛋白质始终是一个较为理想的方法。当然,研     

聚(GMA-DVB-TAIC)型连续床的制备及其对蛋白质的色谱分离性能

甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（GMA）为单体,二乙烯基苯（DVB）和三聚异氰尿酸三烯丙酯（TAIC）为交联剂,在致孔剂甲苯和正庚烷存在下,直接以Φ4．6×100mm色谱柱管为模具,通过原位聚合制备了聚（甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯-二乙烯基苯-三聚异氰尿酸三烯丙酯）（PGDT）型连续床．然后,利用二乙胺和骨架结构中的环氧基反应得到阴离子交换型连续床．对连续床的化学结构、孔结构及其对蛋白质的分离性能进行了研究．实验结果表明,连续床内部含有大量类似渠道的大孔,孔径为1～2μm．在流速高达3250cm／h时,背压仅为9．89Mpa．而且流速对色谱分离效率的影响小,高流速下仍能得到高分离效率,可以通过提高流速实现蛋白质的快速分离．     

分离蛋白质的高效离子交换色谱填料的研究(Ⅲ)──膦酸基阳离子交换色谱填料的性能

分离蛋白质的高效离子交换色谱填料的研究（Ⅲ）──膦酸基阳离子交换色谱填料的性能常建华（西北大学化学系,西安,７１００６９）关键词填料,高效阳离子交换色谱,性能,蛋白质以磷羟基为离子交换基团的色谱填料是一类中强阳离子交换色谱填料,以前报道的此类填料是使...     

Preparative SEC column packed with microporous particles prepared from cellulose

New microporous particles with large pore size (mean pore diameter of 820 nm) are successfully prepared from a mixture of cellulose and konjac glucomannan (RC-KGM3) in 1.5 M NaOH-0.65 M thiourea aqueous solution by coagulating with 5 weight percentage (wt%) CaCl(2), and then 2 wt% HCl aqueous solution. A preparative size-exclusion chromatographic (SEC) column packed with the gel particles is used for the fractionation of a dextran in water. The exclusion limit and fractionation range of the stationary phase are molecular masses of 125 yen 104 g/mol and 5.6 yen 104 to 125 yen 104 g/mol, respectively. The dextran [dextran 50, weight-average molecular mass (M(w)) = 40.1 yen 104 g/mol, polydispersity index (d) = 3.5] is fractionated by the preparative SEC column to obtain six fractions, and four of them are refractionated twice by the same preparative SEC column. The refractionated samples F-3-3 and F-4-3 are characterized by analytical SEC combined with laser light scattering and light scattering to obtain M(w) of 91.8 and 61.9 yen 104 g/mol, as well as d of 1.3 and 1.4, respectively. The results indicate that the fractions having narrow molecular mass distribution are satisfactorily prepared with the SEC column. The described SEC column can be successfully used to fractionate polymers in aqueous solution.     

Hexafluoroisopropanol as size exclusion chromatography mobile phase for polyamide 6

The present study deals with the use of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as size exclusion chromatography (SEC) mobile phase for polyamide 6 (PA6). Contradictory conclusions relating to the use of HFIP as SEC mobile phase for polyamides are found in the literature. By using a multi-detector SEC apparatus equipped with on-line viscometer and multi-angle light scattering we have studied the chromatographic artifacts and the validity of the universal calibration (UC) in HFIP for different PA6 samples (hydrolytic and anionic, monofunctional or bifunctional activator). Appropriate SEC columns and optimized experimental conditions allow most of the chromatographic artifacts to be avoided, even in neat HFIP. The use of a salt in the mobile phase, namely 0.01 M tetraethylammonium nitrate (TEAN), slightly increases the elution volume for both PA6 and PMMA polymers. Under the right conditions, the UC substantially holds for PA6. The validity of the UC is not linked to the presence of TEAN in the mobile phase. With some PA6 samples, namely those anionically synthesized using a bifunctional activator, aggregation becomes a problem and the molar mass in neat HFIP is overestimated. Addition of TEAN prevents any aggregation of the above anionically synthesized PA6. In contrast, the use of a different salt, namely potassium trifluoroacetate, increases the extent of aggregation.     

Molar mass of main-chain bile acid-based oligo-esters measured by SEC, MALDI-TOF spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy: a comparative study

Bile acid-based polymers are promising new materials for biomedical applications. The determination of their molar mass, as for other novel polymers, has been difficult, due to the lack of suitable standards for size exclusion chromatography (SEC). In order to solve this problem, a family of main-chain bile acid-based oligo-esters has been synthesized by acyclic diene metathesis to be used as analogues in such analysis. These oligomers have been characterized by SEC, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The results show that SEC with polystyrene standards tends to overestimate the molar mass of these materials and that a correction factor between 0.50 and 0.60 should be used for more accuracy.     

Synthesis and characterization of tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium‐cored star‐shaped polymers via RAFT polymerization

A new bipyridine‐functionalized dithioester was synthesized and further used as a RAFT agent in RAFT polymerization of styrene and N‐isopropylacrylamide. Kinetics analysis indicates that it is an efficient chain transfer agent for RAFT polymerization of the two monomers which produce polystyrene and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) polymers with predetermined molecular weights and low polydispersities in addition to the end functionality of bipyridine. The bipyridine end‐functionalized polymers were further used as macroligands for the preparation of star‐shaped metallopolymers. Hydrophobic polystyrene macroligand combined with hydrophiphilic poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) was complexed with ruthenium ions to produce amphiphilic ruthenium‐cored star‐shaped metallopolymers. The structures of these synthesized metallopolymers were further elucidated by UV–vis, fluorescence, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as NMR techniques. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4225–4239, 2007     

Characterization of poly(butylene terephthalate) by size-exclusion chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) samples have been analyzed with size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) using a mixed solvent of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and chloroform as the mobile phase. Several matrices and different sample deposition methods have been investigated to analyze PBT with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Optimum results have been acquired by depositing PBT on top of a 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone matrix. The found MALDI-TOF-MS method can be used to analyze the end group functionalities of PBT, as demonstrated with the samples at hand. By combining SEC (off-line) with MALDI-TOF-MS, absolute molecular masses of PBT can be measured, and these have been found to be considerably lower than those determined with SEC using polystyrene standards.     

Fast size-exclusion chromatography--theoretical and practical considerations

Fast SEC is a very interesting modification of conventional SEC. The need for it emerges from combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput experimentation, where high-speed analyses are required. The different approaches to change the speed of analysis are extensively described in this paper. Special attention is paid to the trade-off between analysis time and resolution and to the selection of optimal column lengths and flow rates. Simulations are used to design and to understand experiments. Integrity plots are constructed to judge the quality of various SEC systems. Fast separations in size-exclusion chromatography are found to be more favorable than suggested by conventional theory. The results are based on experimental data obtained for polystyrene using THF as mobile phase.     

Porous crosslinked spherical resins for diversified applications: packing materials for size exclusion chromatography

Improvements in the synthesis of porous polymers for different applications have been carried out in our laboratory. Beads of poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) with morphology adequate to the application at hand were prepared. Packing materials for size exclusion chromatography (SEC) weve prepared by single-step swelling and polymerization (SSWP) and by modified suspension polymerization (MSP). High values of exclusion limit (10⁶ and 8.0x10⁶) were attained for SEC columns packed with poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) synthesized using high proportions of polystyrene, as porogen agent and divinylbenzene. The maximum values of exclusion limits were attained for SEC columns packed with beads prepared by SSWP method.     

苯乙烯/丁二烯聚合反应挤出多嵌段共聚物结构表征及共聚机理的研究

以双螺杆挤出机为反应器,采用丁二烯(B)与苯乙烯(S)混和单体,以有机锂为引发体系,本体一步合成了S B多嵌段共聚物.采用过氧化氢在四氧化锇作用下对聚合物分子链进行了深度氧化,然后通过精制除去氧化降解产生的低分子物.1H- NMR和FT IR分析表明共聚物中的双键全部被氧化断裂,而共聚物中聚苯乙烯的链节并未破坏.利用18角度小角激光光散射仪(MALLS)联用GPC对氧化降解后的聚苯乙烯碎片进行了分析,证明共聚物分子是由1条1×104～4×104分子量的聚苯乙烯链段连接着数十个(S- B)嵌段的结构.TEM分析表明调节反应过程的工艺条件可以控制共聚物的织态结构.     

Toward chromatographic analysis of interacting protein networks

Protein complexes, collectively referred to as the cellular interactome, appear to play a major role in cellular regulation. At present it is thought that the interactome could be composed of hundreds of protein assemblies. The objective of the work described here was to examine the prospect that chromatographic methods widely used in the preparative isolation of native proteins could be incorporated into global proteomics methods in such a way that the primary structure of protein complexes of sufficient stability to survive chromatography could be recognized along with their participation in protein complexes. Because wide differences in sizes are a unique feature of protein complexes, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was incorporated into all the fractionation strategies examined. Anion-exchange chromatography (AEC) and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography (HIC) were also examined because of the broad utility that these methods have shown in the preparation of proteins with native structure. Slightly more than a third of all proteins identified in yeast lysates were found to elute from SEC, AEC, and HIC columns with an apparent molecular weight much higher than that predicted from their parent gene. These results were interpreted to mean that these proteins were migrating through columns as components of protein complexes. Based on studies with multidimensional SEC-->RPLC (reversed-phase liquid chromatography), AEC-->SEC, and HIC-->SEC systems, it was concluded that recognition of proteins in complexes could be easily incorporated into multidimensional chromatographic methods for global proteomics when at least one of the fractionation dimensions included SEC of native proteins.