半刚性高分子链螺旋结构诱导纳米棒的有序结构

在自然界中, 螺旋结构广泛存在. 在熵的驱动下, 高分子链能在某些特殊情形下形成螺旋结构. 采用分子动力学方法研究了高分子链诱导纳米棒的自组装行为, 发现纳米棒/高分子链体系的构象与纳米棒的数量、高分子链的刚性等密切相关. 当纳米棒与高分子链之间存在适度吸附能时, 纳米棒能够形成三种完全不同的构象, 特别是在半刚性高分子链诱导下纳米棒能够形成线型排列. 研究结果对新型材料制备具有一定指导意义.     

单个纳米粒子对聚合物结晶行为的影响

采用粗粒化模型,应用分子动力学方法研究了单个纳米粒子对聚合物结晶行为的影响.通过改变纳米粒子与聚合物单体之间作用方式(吸引作用或排斥作用)、纳米粒子与聚合物单体之间作用强度和聚合物分子链的长度,计算整个系统和局部区域的有序参数,研究了三个不同因素下纳米粒子对聚合物结晶行为的不同影响.研究表明,在聚合物基体中添加单个纳米粒子,纳米粒子对整个系统的结晶影响不明显,但是纳米粒子对其周围聚合物单体的结晶存在局部强化作用.当纳米粒子与聚合物单体之间为吸引作用且作用强度较大时,纳米粒子对聚合物结晶表现出明显的局部强化作用,聚合物分子链长度也有着一定的影响,在较大吸引作用强度下,长链样本比短链样本有着更为显著的局部强化作用.     

金纳米棒的单光束光操纵及其散射谱的测量

利用波长为800nm的单光束飞秒激光对水溶液中的金纳米棒颗粒进行了稳定地二维光捕获.通过测量金纳米棒的散射谱研究了光阱中金纳米棒之间的耦合相互作用.比较光阱中只有单个金纳米棒被捕获和两个金纳米棒同时被捕获时的散射谱.结果表明,当两个金纳米棒同时被光阱捕获时,金纳米棒之间相互排斥,存在一定的间隔,该间隔使得两个金纳米棒之间没有发生表面等离子耦合相互作用.该实验结果为金纳米棒的光操纵及其在生物分子探测等领域的研究提供技术指导及实验参考.     

溶液中金纳米棒形成过程的光谱动力学分析

通过动态光谱跟踪溶液中金纳米棒的尺度和长径比(AR)的变化,成功地获取粒子的生长过程的动态数据. 该过程分为两步：种子快速形成棒状粒子;棒状粒子在一定AR下的生长. 通过分析体系中的一价金、金粒子和抗坏血酸之间的电荷转移过程,建立了金纳米棒生长过程的电荷转移模型,并很好地解释了动态光谱的实验数据.     

浸没于带电纳米粒子溶液中的聚电解质刷:强拉伸理论

纳米粒子是调控聚电解质刷行为的一种新手段,聚电解质刷是调控纳米粒子与表面相互作用的一种重要媒介,本文应用强拉伸理论研究了聚电解质刷浸没于带同种电荷的纳米粒子溶液中的行为.给出了聚电解质刷、纳米粒子、反离子的密度分布和刷厚度的解析表达式,基于解析表达式,得到了体系的特征标度关系.当纳米粒子浓度Φ较高,电量Z较低时,纳米粒子可以渗入聚电解质刷内部.当纳米粒子浓度Φ相对较低,电量Z较高时,纳米粒子几乎不能渗入刷内部,但依然可以影响刷的厚度.在前一种情形下,刷行为由反离子、纳米粒子的渗透压与链的熵弹性之间的竞争决定,刷厚度满足的标度关系为H≈(ZΦ)~(-1/3);在后一种情形下,刷行为由反离子的渗透压与链的熵弹性之间的竞争决定,刷厚度满足的标度关系为H≈(ZΦ)~(-1).本文还探究了纳米粒子多分散性的效应.     

基于金纳米棒组装的半胱氨基酸分子同手性识别

本文通过半胱氨酸分子诱导金纳米棒自组装形成一维线性链状结构,利用停留装置观察了不同手性的半胱氨酸分子(L/D-半胱氨酸)诱导金纳米棒自组装的动力学过程.通过调控CTAB浓度,首次发现在组装速率很快的情况下,L-半胱氨酸分子诱导金纳米棒自组装的组装速率慢于D-半胱氨酸分子.而在组装速率较慢的情况下,这种情况不存在.通过分析揭示了为什么在慢速动力学和快速动力学会出现这种差异.并对在快速动力学下不同手性分子在诱导纳米颗粒组装上不同动力学行为作出讨论.这一工作可能为进一步解释生命的单一手性现象提供线索.     

变温FTIR光谱法研究PET/纳米CaCO_3复合材料的固态转变

采用变温FTIR光谱法研究了原料PET和PET/nano-CaCO3(MPET)复合材料体系在40~250℃之间逐渐升温过程中,PET基体的固态转变。通过研究PET内标谱带1 410 cm-1与结晶相关谱带1 342cm-1吸光度之比值随温度变化关系曲线,结合其在同样条件下的差热扫描(DSC)曲线,分析了纳米CaCO3粒子的加入对PET固态转变和结晶相关谱带的影响,表明纳米CaCO3粒子的加入显著改善了PET的结晶和熔融行为。     

利用激光光梯度力消除气溶胶雾霾粒子的机理研究

针对气溶胶雾霾粒子在大气流中所受力的平衡体系(旋转升力平衡重力, 粒子与粒子之间依靠斥力形成稳定的网状的力平衡体系)的问题, 提出了用激光光梯度力破坏力平衡进而消除雾霾的新机理. 首先, 根据牛顿第二定理, 得到了粒子所受力的非线性方程组, 应用Runge-Kutta 法积分求解了雾霾颗粒在大气流中所受的主要力(空气曳引阻力、范德瓦耳斯斥力、旋转升力)的数值, 成功验证了西安市2013年12月17-25日、2014年2月20-26日两次雾霾检测试验结论: 在雾霾过程中, 粒径在0.5-0.835 μm径段的粒子数浓度增加最明显. 其次, 在雾霾粒子形成的均匀介质中, 计算了激光光梯度力的大小. 研究发现, 激光光梯度力的数量级恒大于雾霾颗粒所受主要力的数量级, 激光光梯度力完全可以破坏雾霾颗粒所受力的平衡体系. 因此, 用激光光梯度力消除雾霾是可行的, 这种新的解决雾霾的方法对人们的实际生活、环保及创建美丽的蓝天具有非常重要的意义.     

银纳米粒子自组织二维有序阵列

采用液液二相转移方法合成出颗粒直径为(4.18±0.5)nm的银纳米粒子溶胶,并用紫外可见光谱对所制得的银纳米粒子溶胶的单分散性和稳定性进行了研究.结果表明,所得到的溶胶相为稳定的、粒径分布窄的单分散体系.红外光谱的分析结果表明,稳定剂1壬基硫醇包缚在银纳米粒子表面.并且,通过自组织方法获得了二维有序的银纳米粒子阵列 关键词： 银纳米粒子 液液二相转移方法 自组织 二维有序阵列     

活性Janus粒子体系中的定向运动涌现行为

本文使用过阻尼郎之万方程动力学模拟方法模拟了二维体系中活性Janus粒子的群体动力学行为. 体系随着粒子密度的增加，存在一个活性粒子的定向运动涌现行为. 此现象在无各向异性相互作用或者无活性驱动的体系中无法观察到. 另外涌现行为发生的临界转变密度会随着活性大小和各向异性相互作用强度的增大而减小，且通过调节活性大小和各向异性相互作用强度大小可以控制体系不同状态的转变. 最后借助动力学理论分析，重复出了模拟结果的基本特征. 结果论证了单个粒子层次上的各向异性相互作用足以导致活性体系进入稳定的群体定向运动.     

Phase separation and super diffusion of binary mixtures of active and passive particles

Computer simulations were performed to study the dense mixtures of passive particles and active particles in two dimensions. Two systems with different kinds of passive particles(e.g., spherical particles and rod-like particles) were considered. At small active forces, the high-density and low-density regions emerge in both systems, indicating a phase separation. At higher active forces, the systems return to a homogeneous state with large fluctuation of particle area in contrast with the thermo-equilibrium state. Structurally, the rod-like particles accumulate loosely due to the shape anisotropy compared with the spherical particles at the high-density region. Moreover, there exists a positive correlation between Voronoi area and velocity of the particles. Additionally, a small number of active particles capably give rise to super-diffusion of passive particles in both systems when the self-propelled force is turned on.     

Self-adaptive behavior of nunchakus-like tracer induced by active Brownian particles

We design a nunchakus-like tracer and investigate its self-adaptive behavior in an active Brownian particle (ABP) bath via systematically tuning the self-propelled capability and density of ABPs. Specifically, the nunchakus-like tracer will have a stable wedge-like shape in the ABP bath when the self-propelled force is high enough. We analyze the angle between the two arms of the tracer and the velocity of the joint point of the tracer. The angle exhibits a non-monotonic phenomenon as a function of active force. However, it increases with density of ABPs increasing monotonically. A simple linear relationship between the velocity and the self-propelled force is found under the highly active force. In other words, the joint points of the tracer diffuse and the super-diffusive behavior can make the relation between the self-propelled force and the density of ABPs persist longer. In addition, we find that the tracer can flip at high density of ABPs. Our results also suggest the new self-adaptive model research of the transport properties in a non-equilibrium medium.     

Relativity,thermodynamics and entropic forces

A recent assertion that inertial and gravitational forces are entropic forces is discussed. A more conventional approach is stressed herein, whereby entropy is treated as a result of relative motion between observers in different frames of reference. It is demonstrated that the entropy associated with inertial and gravitational forces is dependent upon the well known lapse function of general relativity. An interpretation of the temperature and entropy of an accelerating body is then developed, and used to relate the entropic force to Newton's second law of motion. The entropic force is also derived in general coordinates. An expression of the gravitational entropy of in‐falling matter is then derived by way of Schwarzschild coordinates. As a final consideration, the entropy of a weakly gravitating matter distribution is shown to be proportional to the self‐energy and the stress‐energy‐momentum content of the matter distribution.     

Entropic force between two horizons of dilaton black holes with a power-Maxwell field

In this paper,we consider(n+1)-dimensional topological dilaton de Sitter black holes with a powerMaxwell field as thermodynamic systems.The thermodynamic quantities corresponding to the black hole horizon and the cosmological horizon are interrelated.Therefore,the total entropy of the space-time should be the sum of the entropies of the black hole horizon and the cosmological horizon plus a correction term which is produced by the association of the two horizons.We analyze the entropic force produced by the correction term at given temperatures,which is affected by the parameters and dimensions of the space-time.It is shown that the change of entropic force with the position ratio of the two horizons in some regions is similar to that of the variation of the Lennard-Jones force with the position of particles.If the effect of entropic force is similar to that of the Lennard-Jones force,and other forces are absent,the motion of the cosmological horizon relative to the black hole horizon should have an oscillating process.The entropic force between the two horizons is probably one of the participants in driving the evolution of the universe.     

Entropic destruction of heavy quarkonium in a rotating hot and dense medium from holography

Previous studies have indicated that the peak of the quarkonium entropy at the deconfinement transition can be related to the entropic force, which would induce the dissociation of heavy quarkonium. In this study, we investigated the entropic force in a rotating hot and dense medium using AdS/CFT correspondence. It was found that the inclusion of angular velocity increases the entropic force, thus enhancing quarkonium dissociation, while chemical potential has the same effect. The results imply that the quarkonium dissociates easier in rotating medium compared with the static case.     

Motility-induced phase separation and coarsening in active matter

Active systems, or active matter, are self-driven systems that live, or function, far from equilibrium – a paradigmatic example that we focus on here is provided by a suspension of self-motile particles. Active systems are far from equilibrium because their microscopic constituents constantly consume energy from the environment in order to do work, for instance to propel themselves. The non-equilibrium nature of active matter leads to a variety of non-trivial intriguing phenomena. An important one, which has recently been the subject of intense interest among biological and soft matter physicists, is that of the so-called “motility-induced phase separation”, whereby self-propelled particles accumulate into clusters in the absence of any explicit attractive interactions between them. Here we review the physics of motility-induced phase separation, and discuss this phenomenon within the framework of the classic physics of phase separation and coarsening. We also discuss theories for bacterial colonies where coarsening may be arrested. Most of this work will focus on the case of run-and-tumble and active Brownian particles in the absence of solvent-mediated hydrodynamic interactions – we will briefly discuss at the end their role, which is not currently fully understood in this context.     

Individual and collective dynamics of self-propelled soft particles

Deformable self-propelled particles provide us with one of the most important nonlinear dissipative systems, which are related, for example, to the motion of microorganisms. It is emphasized that this is a subject of localized objects in non-equilibrium open systems. We introduce a coupled set of ordinary differential equations to study various dynamics of individual soft particles due to the nonlinear couplings between migration, spinning and deformation. By introducing interactions among the particles, the collective dynamics and its collapse are also investigated by changing the particle density and the interaction strength. We stress that assemblies of self-propelled particles also exhibit a variety of non-equilibrium localized patterns. It is our great pleasure to dedicate the present article to Professor Helmut R. Brand on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. Professor Brand has made outstanding efforts for the scientific interaction in the field of non-linear and non-equilibrium physics between Japan and Germany for the past thirty years.     

Self-propelled droplets

Self-propelled droplets are a special kind of self-propelled matter that are easily fabricated by standard microfluidic tools and locomote for a certain time without external sources of energy. The typical driving mechanism is a Marangoni flow due to gradients in the interfacial energy on the droplet interface. In this article we review the hydrodynamic prerequisites for self-sustained locomotion and present two examples to realize those conditions for emulsion droplets, i.e. droplets stabilized by a surfactant layer in a surrounding immiscible liquid. One possibility to achieve self-propelled motion relies on chemical reactions affecting the surface active properties of the surfactant molecules. The other relies on micellar solubilization of the droplet phase into the surrounding liquid phase. Remarkable cruising ranges can be achieved in both cases and the relative insensitivity to their own ‘exhausts’ allows to additionally study collective phenomena.     

Ratchet transport of self-propelled chimeras in an asymmetric periodic structure

We studied the rectified transport of underdamped particles subject to phase lag in an asymmetric periodic structure. When the inertia effect is considered, it is possible to observe reversals of the average velocity with small self-propelled force, whereas particles always move in the positive direction with large self-propelled force. The introduction of phase lag leads particles to follow circular orbits and suppress the polar motion. In addition, this can adjust the direction of particle motion. There exists an optimal value of polar interaction strength at which the rectification is maximal. These results open the way for many application processes, such as spatial sorting of particles mixture and separation based on their physical properties.