水中双层弹性球壳的回声特性

研究水中双层同心弹性球壳的声散射．利用严格弹性理论和分离变量法导出了Rnyleigh简正级数解．计算并比较了单层和双层弹性球壳的反向散射形态函数．为了分析回波结构也计算了窄脉冲回波序列．结果表明,外壳很薄内壳稍厚的双层弹性球壳的回波特性主要依赖于内壳。在低Ka时双层壳体的回波可以近似用内部充水的外壳和内部真空的内壳的回波叠加而成．     

覆盖粘弹性层的水中双层弹性球壳的回声特性

首先建立根据覆盖层实测数据估算粘弹性参数的方法．在此基础上利用粘弹性、弹性理论和分离变量法导出覆盖有粘弹性展的水中双层弹性球壳回声的Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ简正级数解．计算比较了覆盖和不覆盖粘弹性展的双层弹性球壳的形态函数．给出了窄脉冲和长脉冲入射时的回波波形．计算表明,覆盖粘弹性层后形态函数在低频时基本不变,随着频率的升高而逐渐降低．窄脉冲回波的波形分析指出,覆盖粘弹性层后不仅镜反射波的幅度降低,表面弹性波（ＳＥＷ）的幅度也随之降低．     

高声阻层下指纹的高频超声成像实验

分析了高频超声波垂直透过5层不同厚度介质的传播特性,利用传递矩阵推导出超声波在此多层结构的零界面处反射系数与各层介质厚度关系的解析表达式,用解析解做数值模拟,并用COMSOL有限元仿真验证,得到了超声回波在时域上的声学特征.使用高频超声换能器激发与采集分层介质中的超声宽频信号,得到玻璃层和模拟指纹层间反射回波中带有指纹特征的信息,形成了高精度超声指纹图像.     

阵不变量匹配主动声呐目标深度辨识

水面/水下目标深度辨识可以在主动声呐探测过程中快速筛选感兴趣目标。根据目标多径返回信号到达时间与目标深度的关联性,该文提出了基于水平线阵的主动脉冲响应匹配目标深度辨识方法,该方法利用主动信号传播特性结合阵不变量理论提取脉冲响应,并与拷贝声场匹配实现目标深度估计。在校正了目标多径回波的方位变化后,该方法提取的时域特征较为稳定,并且只在时延估计距离处进行深度搜索。通过水平阵收集的宽带实验数据,在连续的多次回波中实现了对水面/水下目标92%的辨识成功率,验证了该方法在浅海环境下的目标深度估计能力。     

有吸收流体介质中典型弹性壳体的共振散射

研究了环境流体有吸收时弹性球壳和圆柱壳的共振散射特性。利用严格弹性理论和分离变量法导出的经典简正级数解仍然成立。但是,散射形态函数要根据介质吸收而进行修正,否则将得到不合理的结果。重新定义了有吸收介质中的反向散射形态函数,计算了各种吸收条件下中空和有固体填充物的弹性球壳和圆柱壳的形态函数。结果表明,环境流体的吸收导致中频段的吻合共振显著减弱,但对壳内填充物的低频共振影响较小。     

水中目标回波亮点统计特征研究

礁石和海洋动物引起的混响是主动声纳最严重的干扰, 如何区分礁石、鱼群和水中目标一直是制约主动声纳识别技术的难点问题. 针对礁石与目标回波难以区分的问题, 从特征识别的应用角度, 研究水中复杂目标全方位回波亮点特征的有效表征和应用方式, 基于目标回波亮点模型, 提出拷贝相关器输出的目标散射函数估计方法, 给出对目标回波亮点相对关系进行定量分析的目标回波特征统计表征方式, 并基于湖上实验提取了物理机理明确的目标回波亮点统计特征, 使得目标时间-角度谱中所蕴含的目标特征信息能够很直接地转化为主动声纳易于应用的目标特征. 关键词： 水中目标 回波亮点 统计特征     

齿鲸生物声呐目标探测研究综述

齿鲸依靠其天然的声呐系统进行水下目标探测.齿鲸通过前额的声发射系统发出超声脉冲,经声阻抗各异的声学结构调控形成波束,作用于目标,利用下颌区域的多相声接收通道接收目标回波.齿鲸通过分析目标回波中蕴含的时域、频域与能量等多维度信息,并进行非线性组合,实现目标探测与辨别.齿鲸目标探测过程蕴藏复杂的物理机理.本文以目标探测实验测量、目标回波散射分析与仿齿鲸声呐系统为出发点,回溯齿鲸声呐目标探测的相关研究.齿鲸在目标探测过程中,会根据目标强度、回波的时频信息,自适应调整其声发射脉冲频率、发射系统几何形态,实现高效探测,是优越的水声探测系统.参考齿鲸声呐设计人工探测系统可获取多维度的声场信息,与生物实验测量相辅相成,加深对生物多相介质中的声发射与声接收过程的理解,丰富齿鲸目标探测物理机理认知,为人工仿生声探测技术的发展与仿生水下装置设计提供新参考.     

双层加肋球壳回波现象分析

双层加肋壳体是水下目标的典型结构。实验观测到双层加肋球壳回波的频率-角度谱在角度域呈现强烈的周期性振荡,在2 kHz～10 kHz频率范围内,这种振荡从低频到高频越来越明显。为了解释所观测到的现象,利用修正的板块元算法(Modified PEM)计算了不同入射角、不同频率下双层加肋球壳的回波,并与实验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,目标强度随入射角的周期性剧烈起伏主要是由壳间肋板声散射导致的。     

近似声斗篷的多层介质覆盖水中弹性球壳的声散射

对水中弹性球壳的低频覆盖层消声效果和消声机理进行研究。声斗篷(Acoustic cloak)是各向异性的超常材料,根据有效介质近似理论(Effective MediumApproximationTheory),采用各向同性多层介质近似各向异性材料的声斗篷,推导出覆盖多层介质水中弹性球壳散射声场的解析表达式,计算了弹性球壳覆盖多层介质前后的散射形态函数、谐振模态以及声场分布,分析了覆盖前后球壳的声散射特性和声传播机理。研究表明,覆盖层内的声波在多层介质之间的声传播方向发生改变,声场形成弯曲变形,声能流绕过目标,这不仅极大的降低了低频散射强度,而且使到达弹性体表面的声场强度非常小,散射频响中除了0阶子波产生的第一个谐振峰外,无法激发弹性球壳的其它谐振模态,有效的抑制弹性球壳的谐振散射。      

基于双向反射函数的水下激光引信回波仿真方法

针对鱼雷激光近炸引信探测水下近场目标的需求,开展了水下激光引信回波蒙特卡洛仿真方法研究.结合水下激光引信探测特点建立水下目标回波的蒙特卡洛仿真模型.为了提高水中非朗伯目标表面回波仿真的准确度,推导了基于双向反射函数的光子反射方向概率分布,根据概率分布随机抽样光子反射方向.仿真了不同距离和入射角度条件下的水中目标回波信号.仿真结果表明:目标回波幅度随目标距离和入射角度的增大迅速下降,目标距离在6~12m内变化时,信号峰值动态范围为11.5dB;目标距离为8m,激光入射角在0~45°内变化时,信号峰值动态范围为9.2dB.为验证仿真方法的正确性,在水池中进行水中目标蓝绿激光探测实验,实验结果和仿真结果一致.研究成果可为解决传统蒙特卡洛方法在水中非朗伯面目标回波仿真中的适用性问题及水下激光引信优化设计提供参考.     

水下掩埋目标的散射声场计算与实验

水下掩埋目标声散射问题是识别和探测掩埋目标的理论基础, 是声散射研究领域的热点问题. 本文基于射线声学推导了掩埋情况下目标声散射计算的格林函数近似式, 并在此基础上进一步给出了相应的远场积分公式. 在有限元方法的基础上, 将推导得到的公式写入有限元仿真软件, 对软件功能进行拓展, 构建二维轴对称目标的声散射模型, 并计算掩埋情况下弹性实心球在不同条件下的目标强度, 获得了其散射声场随频率、掩埋深度、沙层吸收系数等参数的变化规律. 开展实心球的自由空间和浅掩埋条件下水池声散射实验, 利用共振隔离技术处理实验数据, 提取目标声散射的纯弹性共振特征进行分析, 结果表明可将其用于掩埋目标识别和探测. 最后利用总散射声场与理论计算结果进行对比, 验证了理论仿真的正确性.     

Sound scattering from partially water-filled elastic spherical shell with an internal elastic plate

According to the equation of motion in the elastic medium and integral equation of target scattering, the sound scattering from the partially water-filled elastic spherical shells with and without an inner plate is studied using the finite element and boundary element method, and the scattering normalized form functions of the shell filled with different volume of water are computed and the mechanism of resonance scattering is analyzed. The results show that the resonance of the shell with partially water-filled and without the plate is mainly related to the volume of water, and the resonance is produced by inner water and the spherical shell. The resonance characteristics of partially water-filled elastic shell with the plate are similar to that of empty structured elastic spherical shell, and the sound field in inner water is weaker which indicates the main resonance characteristics are decided by spherical shell and the plate. In addition, the scattering characteristics of spherical shell with plate and one side full water-filled are greatly different from the partially water-filled ones.     

Sound scattering from underwater elastic spherical shell covered with multilayered medium approximated acoustic cloak

The anechoic performance and mechanism of underwater elastic spherical shell covered with coating are studied at low frequencies.The acoustic cloak is anisotropic material,which can be designed with homogeneous isotropic materials on the basis of effective medium approximation theory.The analytic expression of scattering acoustic field from the shell covered with multilayered medium is formulated and the scattering form function,resonance mode,acoustic field distribution are computed,the scattering characteristics and mechanism of transmission are analyzed.The results show that the direction of sound transmission inside the multilayered medium is changed,the acoustic field is deflected gradually,and the acoustic energy flux is guided around the target,which reduces the scattering intensity at low frequencies,the acoustic intensity of target＇s surface is very weak.Excepting the first resonance peak in spectrum produced by the zero order partial wave,the other resonance modes of elastic spherical shell are not excitated and the multilayered medium can suppress the resonance of the spherical shell effectively.     

Broadband acoustic scattering measurements of underwater unexploded ordnance (UXO)

In order to evaluate the potential for detection and identification of underwater unexploded ordnance (UXO) by exploiting their structural acoustic response, we carried out broadband monostatic scattering measurements over a full 360 degrees on UXO's (two mortar rounds, an artillery shell, and a rocket warhead) and false targets (a cinder block and a large rock). The measurement band, 1-140 kHz, includes a low frequency structural acoustics region in which the wavelengths are comparable to or larger than the target characteristic dimensions. In general, there are aspects that provide relatively high target strength levels ( approximately -10 to -15 dB), and from our experience the targets should be detectable in this structural acoustics band in most acoustic environments. The rigid body scattering was also calculated for one UXO in order to highlight the measured scattering features involving elastic responses. The broadband scattering data should be able to support feature-based separation of UXO versus false targets and identification of various classes of UXO as well.     

Calibration of broadband active acoustic systems using a single standard spherical target

When calibrating a broadband active acoustic system with a single standard target such as a sphere, the inherent resonances associated with the scattering by the sphere pose a significant challenge. In this paper, a method is developed which completely eliminates the source of resonances through isolating and exploiting the echo from the front interface of a sphere. This echo is relatively insensitive to frequency over a wide range of frequencies, lacking resonances, and is relatively insensitive to small changes in material properties and, in the case of spherical shells, shell thickness. The research builds upon the concept of using this echo for calibration in the work of Dragonette et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69, 1186-1189 (1981)]. This current work generalizes that of Dragonette by (1) incorporating a pulse compression technique to significantly improve the ability to resolve the echo, and (2) rigorously accounting for the scattering physics of the echo so that the technique is applicable over a wide range of frequencies and material properties of the sphere. The utility of the new approach is illustrated through application to data collected at sea with an air-filled aluminum spherical shell and long broadband chirp signals (30-105 kHz).     

水下目标弹性声散射信号分离

水下目标弹性声散射与其他声散射成分在时域和频域上均存在混叠, 现有信号处理方法受分辨力限制无法在混叠状态下识别目标弹性声散射特征. 针对这个问题, 提出了一种目标弹性声散射信号分离方法. 以目标回波亮点模型为基础, 分析了线性调频信号入射时目标声散射成分的信号特性, 提出了一种目标声散射成分向单频信号的映射方法, 并理论推导出了目标声散射结构与映射结果之间的线性对应关系, 实现了通过窄带滤波分离出目标弹性声散射成分. 仿真与消声水池实验数据处理结果表明, 该方法基本可以完全分离出目标回波信号中的弹性声散射成分, 分离出的弹性声散射具有与理论一致的信号特征, 验证了该分离方法的有效性.     

激光脉冲宽度对远距离尾流气泡后向检测的影响

为了分析激光脉冲宽度对远距离尾流气泡后向检测的影响,基于Fournier Forand体积散射函数,通过Monte Carlo方法建立了水中激光脉冲后向散射信号时域特征的分析模型.利用该模型研究了初始激光脉冲宽度不同时,水中远距离舰船尾流气泡的激光脉冲后向散射信号变化情况.结果表明:随着初始激光脉冲宽度的增加,后向散射信号中水体散射信号与尾流气泡回波信号的轮廓变得模糊|当脉冲宽度增大到一定程度时,无法从后向散射信号中辨别出回波信号|并且,随着尾流区气泡散射强度的减小以及气泡区与检测器之间距离的减短,这种变化趋势变得更加明显.基于仿真结果,提出一种基于逆卷积运算的尾流气泡回波信号提取方法.