测定薄板疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的升降法

测定疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值传统方法的整个过程只测出裂纹扩展门槛值的一个观测值,而由于材料不均匀等客观因素的限制,传统试验法的结果具有一定的随机性.本文利用升降法的原理,提出一种测定疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的升降法:预制裂纹并逐级降载使裂纹扩展速率接近门槛值速率,设定应力强度因子的级差,按照设定级差逐级降载,直至裂纹扩展速率低于门槛值速率,然后开始升载,直至裂纹扩展速率高于门槛值速率,再开始降载,如此重复进行即可以在疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值附近测得多对相反的数据点.运用小子样升降法数据处理方法,就可得到疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的均值和方差.最后通过某型铝合金薄板疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的测定试验验证了此方法的可行性.     

裂纹扩展的涡流检测法和扩展速度变化规律的实验观察

本文介绍一种测量裂纹扩展的涡流检测法,特别适用于裂纹快速扩展测量。它比目前常用的高速摄影、导电丝栅(裂纹计)、电位(阻抗)法等,具有能直接记录裂纹扩展量的时间历程曲线(全过程)、灵敏度高、抗干扰性能优良、动态特性好等优点,而且使用很简便。自然,也可用于“静态”扩展测量.用此法测量了DCB试件的裂纹快速扩展过程,观察了裂纹扩展速度的变化规律,发现以往理论分析时常用的扩展速度为常数的假设与实际不符,在裂纹扩展量较短时更是如此.弄清扩展速度变化规律,对于建立正确的动力学模型,以进行裂纹扩展计算是很重要的. 本文主要是介绍实验方法.     

基于光滑边域有限元法的二维裂纹扩展分析

为了提高预测裂纹扩展路径的准确性和效率,本文将光滑边域有限元法和虚拟裂纹闭合法相结合,利用常应变三角形单元,获得裂纹尖端处的断裂控制参量应力强度因子,并运用最大拉应力准则求得裂纹在荷载作用下的启裂方向,对裂纹扩展轨迹给出自动跟踪方法;对三个典型二维裂纹扩展模型,预测了裂纹扩展路径,并将结果与参考文献中的结果进行对比,验证方法的有效性与准确性。数值结果表明:该方法具有单元简单、网格尺寸要求低、裂纹尖端处单元不需特殊处理等优点,是分析裂纹扩展问题简洁高效的数值计算方法。     

Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹疲劳扩展规律研究

本文以含倾斜裂纹的拉伸板为试验模型,进行了Ⅰ—Ⅱ复合型裂纹疲劳扩展实验证实了文献[1]提出的复合型裂纹疲劳扩展寿命预计方法是一种较高精度的工程计算方法。本文提出了估算拉伸板中斜裂纹疲劳扩展寿命的另一种方法——投影法。与实验数据相比,投影法在较大范围内与实验结果相吻合;同文献[1]具有同等精度,但计算简便。本文根据实验结果,对Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹的疲劳扩展角与在单调载荷作用下的断裂角之间的差别作了初步的探讨。发现实际的疲劳扩展角普遍大于单词载荷下的断裂角。     

数学网格和物理网格分离的有限单元法(II):粘聚裂纹扩展问题中的应用

强化有限单元法将物理网格与数学网格分离开来,可以方便地描述非连续变形;粘聚区域模型是模拟断裂过程区作用最简单有效的方法,且可以避免裂纹尖端的应力奇异性.本文以平面问题为例,将强化有限单元法与粘聚区域模型相结合,利用富集数学节点描述任意粘聚裂纹扩展过程中的非连续变形问题,提出了裂纹扩展过程中数学节点富集和数学单元定义的方法.本文还导出了与平面4～8节点平面等参单元对应的8～16节点粘聚裂纹单元列武.最后,通过三点弯梁的裂纹扩展过程模拟验证了本文提出的粘聚裂纹扩展模拟方法的有效性.     

动荷载下岩石裂纹动态扩展行为实验研究综述

岩石的动态裂纹扩展特性在岩石力学和岩石工程研究中具有重要意义。动荷载下岩石中裂纹的扩展行为是瞬间发生的,这对实验中测试和加载技术具有很大的挑战性。为综述动荷载下岩石材料裂纹扩展研究取得的丰硕成果,总结了岩石动态裂纹扩展测试技术、实验设备和实验方法等方面的最新进展。首先,讨论了动态岩石裂纹扩展测试的各种测量技术（X射线计算机断层扫描技术、焦散线法、数字图像相关法、裂纹扩展计、导电碳膜测试方法、声发射）;然后,以应变率为主线,从低到高依次总结了中低应变率、高应变率和超高应变率下岩石内裂纹动态扩展行为研究,系统讨论了落锤冲击装置、霍普金森压杆、爆炸实验中对裂纹扩展测试的实验方法和动态裂纹扩展特性,总结了不同应变率条件下岩石裂纹的起裂、扩展、止裂及动态断裂韧度等的演变规律。     

皮质骨断裂力学行为的实验研究

采用稳态裂纹扩展和疲劳裂纹扩展的实验, 研究了牛皮质骨横向和纵向裂纹扩展的断裂力学行为. 沿着两个方向制备了紧凑拉伸(CT)试件. 由于试件尺寸的限制,采用数值计算方法确定了裂纹尖端应力强度因子与裂纹长度的关系. 在实验中, 采用数字图像相关法精确测定裂纹尖端的位置. 由于裂纹沿横向扩展时有较大的偏斜, 将采用$J$积分测量其断裂韧性. 实验结果表明, 在裂纹扩展的一定范围内, 皮质骨的断裂韧度随着裂纹不断扩展而增大, 即表现出上升的阻力曲线(R-curve)性质.而皮质骨的横向裂纹扩展的断裂韧度要远远大于纵向裂纹扩展的断裂韧度, 表现出各向异性的阻力曲线行为. 在疲劳裂纹扩展中, 纵向疲劳裂纹扩展率要大于横向疲劳裂纹扩展率, 这说明皮质骨具有各向异性的疲劳裂纹扩展性质.      

岩体水力劈裂的应力-渗流-损伤耦合模型研究

利用无单元法追踪裂纹扩展的优势研究模拟岩体水力劈裂的数值分析模型。定义损伤变量以描述岩体的损伤程度对岩体渗透性和强度的影响,建立了岩体水力劈裂的应力-渗流-损伤耦合分析模型,并编制了基于无单元法的计算程序。综合考虑应力、渗流及损伤之间的相互作用影响,分析了具有初始裂纹的岩体平面应力模型的裂纹扩展过程,指出考虑渗流作用时的裂纹扩展角大于不考虑渗流作用时的裂纹扩展角。同时,裂纹内水压力和渗流的作用对于裂纹的扩展方向和扩展长度具有较大的影响。     

纳米晶体铝在单轴拉伸下的位错堆积对微裂纹扩展的影响

摘要：针对纳米晶体材料,研究了单轴拉伸载荷作用下纳米晶体铝中的裂纹与裂纹尖端发射的位错所形成的滑移面之间的相互作用。通过分布位错法,将裂纹和滑移面等效为均匀分布的连续位错,获得了裂纹面上应力场。并引入裂纹尖端的无位错区,研究了裂纹尖端无位错区对微裂纹的萌生和主裂扩展之间的影响。结果表明,不考虑裂纹尖端无位错区时,裂纹长度较短,会先在晶界处形成微裂纹,主裂纹较长时,主裂纹会直接穿晶扩展。滑移面与裂纹尖端夹角较大时,会增加裂纹尖端发射的位错个数,从而抑制主裂纹的扩展。考虑裂纹尖端无位错区时,无位错区先于晶界处出现微裂纹,通过主裂纹与微裂纹之间位错的相互发射,导致裂纹与尖端处微裂纹汇合,有效加速了主裂纹的扩展。     

横观各向同性油气藏水力压裂裂纹扩展规律研究

针对横观各向同性与各向同性油气藏水力压裂裂纹扩展的差异性,基于扩展有限元法建立水力压裂力学模型,通过ABAQUS子程序开发了各向同性和横观各向同性岩体的起裂判据。在各向同性岩体数值模拟结果与解析解以及现场压裂典型曲线对比吻合的基础上,得到了包含层理构造的横观各向同性岩体水力压裂过程中裂纹扩展规律。层理类岩体水力压裂的裂缝扩展方向由地应力状态、层理方向以及岩体与层理界面抗拉强度共同决定;水力压裂过程中,注水压力在裂纹尖端产生应力集中,层理面法向分量先达到界面抗拉强度时,裂纹沿层理方向开裂,反之裂纹沿垂直最小地应力的方向扩展;裂纹扩展速度随层理抗拉强度的增加而降低;由于地层的滤失,随压裂液的注入,裂纹长宽尺度增长速率降低。     

弹性动力学反问题的数值反演方法

系统介绍了弹性动力学反问题中各种数值反演方法,包括各种近似下的线性化反演方法;非线性迭代反演方法;确定性和非确定性搜索的优化反演方法;大范围收敛的同伦反演方法以及多尺度反演方法。阐述了各类反演方法的原理、特点、适用范围和存在的局限性,指出了数值反演方法进一步研究的方向。      

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综述了连续介质方法在碳纳米管研究中的最新进展. 主要叙述梁、壳模型, 膜模型,多尺度方法,分子结构力学方法,非局部连续介质方法,以及无网格法的基本原理、 基本方法,及其最新进展,指出其局限性,并预测连续介质方法在碳纳米管研究的发展趋势 和方向.     

Describing function based methods for predicting chaos in a class of fractional order differential equations

This paper deals with two different methods for predicting chaotic dynamics in fractional order differential equations. These methods, which have been previously proposed for detecting chaos in classical integer order systems, are based on using the describing function method. One of these methods is constructed based on Genesio–Tesi conjecture for existence of chaos, and another method is introduced based on Hirai conjecture about occurrence of chaos in a nonlinear system. These methods are restated to use in predicting chaos in a fractional order differential equation of the order between 2 and 3. Numerical simulation results are presented to show the ability of these methods to detect chaos in two fractional order differential equations with quadratic and cubic nonlinearities.     

CURRENT TRENDS IN OBTAINING DEFORMATION DATA FROM GRIDS

This paper briefly describes some of the methods which are being actively investigated as ways of extending the range of structured grid methods. Many of these techniques apply new hardware technology to old ideas as a means of achieving this goal.
Solid-state imaging devices along with digital-image processing and pattern recognition have had a dramatic impact on grid methods. The three methods described here by no means represent an exhaustive account of all current research. Digital autocorrelation²³ can certainly be classified as a grid method, where the grid is random instead of structured. Digital autocorrelation methods applied to solid mechanics are techniques which grew out of the image-processing hardware, as opposed to adapting image-processing hardware to existing techniques. Microstructural grid methods based on centroiding and autocorrelation, though not yet fully automatic, are also very exciting. ^24,25 These methods define a grid from the natural features in the microstructure; therefore these methods are also classified as unstructured grid methods. Diffraction methods for out-of-plane motion are also worthy of mention.²⁶     

Cell vertex finite volume discretizations in three dimensions

The cell vertex method is generalized to three dimensions. It is proved that there exists a one-parameter family of eight-point three-dimensional methods with second-order truncation error on parallelepipeds. Using different triangulations of control volume faces, various finite volume methods are derived. Some of these are identified as members of the aforementioned one-parameter family and may be regarded as second-order upwind schemes. A Fourier analysis is used to investigate the spectral properties of these discretizations. Numerical experiments illustrate that second-order global accuracy is achieved on parallelepiped grids, as suggested by the theory. Randomly perturbed, stretched, sheared meshes are used to test these methods to destruction. It is found that upwinding improves both the accuracy on distorted meshes and the spectrum of the discretization.     

Tools for parameter studies in fluid dynamics

Several computational methods to aid analysis of steady state problems in fluid dynamics are demonstrated. These include tracking of selected flow states; computing linearized parameter sensitivities and frequency response to forced parameter perturbations; and determining the topology of a flow by systematically locating critical points of the velocity vector field. The primary concern addressed by these methods is analysis of collections of steady state solutions obtained through parameter studies, rather than analysis of an isolated solution. In this regard, these methods are intended to answer the criticism sometimes made that solutions obtained by numerical methods do not lend insight to parameter effects so easily as do traditional methods. Dip coating, slot coating, and a prototype of forward roll coating (a lid-driven cavity with throughflow) are used to demonstrate application of the methods. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Graphical methods for determining the resulting photoelastic effect of compound states of stress

The aim of this work is to give a simplified representation of an interesting subject, namely, the calculation of the photoelastic effect behind a system in which the principal stresses or secondary principal stresses rotate about the direction of the propagation of light. The methods are described in a popular form for understanding the essential features and the necessary graphical operations for solving these complicated problems. Further, the relations between the different methods are shown. Thej-circle technique is improved in order to simplify the operations and a new possibility in applying Wulff's grid is introduced in photoelasticity. The graphical tools can then be applied as so-called “rotation rules.” Some examples related to recent papers which present theoretical results or new methods are given in order to study the function of these “rotation rules” and to recognize the power of these methods.     

Lie Algebraic Control for the Stabilization of Nonlinear Multibody System Dynamics Simulation

It is well known that when equations of motion are formulated using Lagrange multipliers for multibody dynamic systems, one obtains a redundant set of differential algebraic equations. Numerical integration of these equations can lead to numerical difficulties associated with constraint violation drift. One approach that has been explored to alleviate this difficulty has been contraint stabilization methods. In this paper, a family of stabilization methods are considered as partial feedback linearizing controllers. Several stabilization methods including the range space method, null space method, Baumgarte's method, and the damping and stiffness penalty methods are examined. Each can be construed as a particular partial feedback linearizing controller. The paper closes by comparing several of these constraint stabilization methods to another method suggested by construction: the variable structure sliding (VSS) control. The VSS method is found to be the most efficient, stable, and robust in the presence of singularities.     

Analysis of the possibilities of the methods for calculating turbulent jet noise

Two methods for calculating the noise of turbulent exhaust jets of civil aircraft nozzles are considered. The first method is chiefly intended for engineering mass-volume calculations and is based on the solution of the averaged Navier-Stokes equations closed by a two-equation turbulence model. The second method uses direct numerical simulation of large eddies in a turbulent jet and the Kirchhoff surface for calculating noise spectra and radiation patterns in the far field. The possibilities and certain important restrictions of these methods are analyzed. The results obtained using these methods are compared with experimental data.     

Four-parameter formulae for wave propagation through a periodic system of inhomogeneous slabs

The classical problem of wave propagation through a periodic system of inhomogeneous films, plates or slabs is examined afresh. Former methods are generalized into a four-parameter theory, the best four parameters being chosen, thereby extending, consolidating and systematizing these previous methods and the resulting formulae for the reflection and transmission coefficients. Various deductions are made from these results concerning perfect trabsmission and eigenvalue conditions.