A novel all-optical label processing based on multiple optical orthogonal codes sequences for optical packet switching networks

This paper proposes an all-optical label processing scheme that uses the multiple optical orthogonal codes sequences (MOOCS)-based optical label for optical packet switching (OPS) (MOOCS-OPS) networks. In this scheme, each MOOCS is a permutation or combination of the multiple optical orthogonal codes (MOOC) selected from the multiple-groups optical orthogonal codes (MGOOC). Following a comparison of different optical label processing (OLP) schemes, the principles of MOOCS-OPS network are given and analyzed. Firstly, theoretical analyses are used to prove that MOOCS is able to greatly enlarge the number of available optical labels when compared to the previous single optical orthogonal code (SOOC) for OPS (SOOC-OPS) network. Then, the key units of the MOOCS-based optical label packets, including optical packet generation, optical label erasing, optical label extraction and optical label rewriting etc., are given and studied. These results are used to verify that the proposed MOOCS-OPS scheme is feasible.     

Label swapping and packet transmission of DPSK-labeled PPM signal in optical label switching

A label swapping scheme of an optical labeled signal with differential phase shift keying(DPSK) for label at 2.5 Gb/s and pulse position modulation(PPM) for payload at 40 Gb/s is demonstrated by simulation.Power penalties of ～1.8 and ～0.8 dB are achieved for both the payload and label over 80-km single mode fiber(SMF) transmission.This labeling scheme allows the use of four-wave mixing(FWM) in semiconductor optical amplifier(SOA) to perform label erasure,with advantages of transparence for bit rate,high processing rate,simple architecture,and low cost.Label swapping is demonstrated with appropriate penalties of-3.5 and 0.8 dB for PPM payload and new DPSK label,respectively.To further prove the effectiveness of the proposed scheme,label swapping in the case of using 10-Gb/s DPSK label is also investigated with the power penalties of 6 and 2 dB for PPM payload and new DPSK label.     

A novel scheme of two-dimension time-stacked wavelength-time optical code label for optical packet switching network

A novel scheme of time-stacked optical code label based on optical code division multiple (OCDM) technique for optical packet switching network is proposed, in which two-dimensional wavelength-time OCDM code is used as the optical label. Packet loss rate and system characteristic based on the proposed scheme are studied. Results show that less packet loss rate of proposed scheme can be achieved as compared with that of one-dimension time-stacked optical code label system.     

Performance analysis of novel optical label technologies

The generation, extraction, identification and regeneration of optical label are the key problems in optical label switching technology. This paper proposes two methods to generate optical packets in OLS system and compares their performance. Results show that when other conditions are equal, the scheme using dedicated wavelength technology has obviously better performance than that of the scheme without this technology.     

Fast restoration scheme for MPLS-TP enabled optical multicast

To improve the restoration performance of a multicast service of multi-protocol label switching transport profile （MPLS-TP） enabled optical network,this letter proposes a local-node initiated fast restoration （LNIFR） scheme for MPLS-TP optical multicast service.The proposed scheme allows the local node to establish a segment of fast loopback label switch path by the local node along the upstream of the failed node or link to the nearest downstream node.The fast restoration of optical multicast trees is realized through this part restoration,which focuses on failed node or link.Simulation analysis and results demonstrate that the new scheme outperforms the other schemes in terms of restoration time and success rate.     

Experimental demonstration of tunable multiple optical orthogonal codes sequences-based optical label for optical packets switching

In this paper, the tunable multiple optical orthogonal codes sequences (MOOCS)-based optical label for optical packet switching (OPS) (MOOCS-OPS) is experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The tunable MOOCS-based optical label is performed by using fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based optical en/decoders group and optical switches configured by using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), and the optical label is erased by using Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA). Some waveforms of the MOOCS-based optical label, optical packet including the MOOCS-based optical label and the payloads are obtained, the switching control mechanism and the switching matrix are discussed, the bit error rate (BER) performance of this system is also studied. These experimental results show that the tunable MOOCS-OPS scheme is effective.     

采用OFDM信号作为标记的光分组交换方案

以光正交频分复用信号作为光标记,利用两个不同波长的光载波分别经过强度调制,产生了10 Gb/sOOK光载荷和2.5 Gb/sOFDM光标记。测得了光分组信号经光纤传输前后接收载荷的眼图和标记的星座图以及误码率曲线,结果表明:经过40 km光纤传输后,载荷与标记的功率代价分别为1dB和0.5dB。     

Orthogonal polarization shift keying label rewriting method in an all-optical label switching network

A novel polarization shift keying label rewriting scheme in 43 Gbit/s all-optical label switching network by synchronous polarization modulation is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The old label can be changed to a new one by just one single step without a label erasure process, which can simplify the network node structure.     

基于深度学习的两分量BEC中量子相变点的识别

识别物质的相变是物理学研究中一个重要问题.本文采用了一种混淆标签方案的卷积神经网络算法来识别两分量玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC)中量子相变点,通过计算神经网络输出的准确率,得到W型性能曲线,此性能曲线中间的极大值对应着量子相变的临界点.研究结果表明,深度学习得到的量子相变点与解析计算值吻合度较高.此混淆标签方案的深度学习研究方法可以应用到存在两种相的相变体系.     

Novel optical packet switching scheme using OFDM label with one core router and two edge routers

In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel optical packet switching scheme with one core router and two edge routers, in which an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal is generated as a label. In this experiment there are two transmission spans, each span consists of 50-km SMF-28 and an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier (EDFA) without dispersion management. A 10 Gb/s on-off keying (OOK) optical payload and a 2.5 Gb/s OFDM optical label are generated, encapsulated, and transmitted in the first span. And then old label is replaced by new label, the generated new optical packet after transmission over the second span is detached and detected. The transmission performance of the optical label and payload is experimentally investigated at the ingress router, core router and egress router.     

Optical packet labeling based on simultaneous polarization shift keying and amplitude shift keying

We propose and demonstrate label encoding-swapping and transmission for an orthogonally labeled packet by use of a 10-Gbit/s amplitude shift keying payload and a 2.5-Gbit/s polarization shift keying (PolSK) label. A simple scheme for demodulating and demultiplexing the PolSK label based on an injection-locked Fabry-Perot laser diode is described. The extinction ratio of the newly added PolSK label can be precisely controlled and maintained after the intermediate node.     

Optical labeling scheme using polarization shift keying/vestigial sideband carrier-suppressed return-to-zero orthogonal modulation

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a polarization shift keying label and a vestigial sideband carrier-suppressed return-to-zero payload scheme for a 43 Gbit/s all-optical label switching network. This scheme has a narrow channel bandwidth and a low penalty due to polarization mode dispersion impairments, which confirm it as a candidate technique for the next generation of optical networks.     

Separation of label and payload using FP-SOA

A novel scheme of separating the label and payload with different pulse width by using FP-SOA is proposed in this paper. Due to the facet reflectivity of FP-SOA, the gain is rippled with the variation of carrier density and the opposite characteristics of gain and carrier density appear at either side of the gain peak. Since the different pulse widths deplete different number of carriers, the working region in carrier density shifts adaptively with the pulse width. The wide pulse label extraction can be performed in the region where the gain decreases with the increment of carrier density. The label suppression can be realized in another region where the gain increases with increment of carrier density. The numerical simulation shows that the label extraction with 10.5 dB contrast ratio and the label suppression with 7 dB. The application in 10 Gb/s optical packet switching is discussed. The relationship of the pulse peak gain and pulse width is investigated on considering the impact of the pulse peak power and pulse period.     

Orthogonal labelling scheme using inverted RZ as payload

In this paper, we present an orthogonal labelling scheme using inverted return-to-zero (IRZ) as payload and differential-phase-shift-keying (DPSK) as label. Transmission performances of orthogonal labelling with 40 Gb/s IRZ payload and 10 Gb/s label are evaluated. Simulation results show that orthogonal labelling using IRZ as payload exhibits a much larger extinction ratio margin than that of using return-to-zero (RZ) as payload. The asynchronous effect between payload and label on the transmission performances of orthogonal labelling using IRZ and RZ as payload is evaluated. Simulation results show that the degradation of asynchronous orthogonal labelling using IRZ as payload is relatively worse than that of using RZ as payload. The impact of optical filter bandwidth before receivers is also investigated. Results show that the receiver sensitivities of label for IRZ/DPSK and payloads for both IRZ/DPSK and RZ/DPSK are degraded with the reduction of the filter bandwidth, while the label of RZ/DPSK exhibits an opposite trend.     

All-optical wavelength conversion for 10-Gb/s NRZ payload and 2.5-Gb/s OFDM label in optical-packet-switched network

Simultaneous wavelength conversion based on four-wave mixing (FWM) for 10-Gb/s NRZ payload and 2.5-Gb/s OFDM label signals in optical switching network is experimentally demonstrated. The dual-pump scheme based on FWM in semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is employed and simultaneous wavelength conversion for optical packet with one optical payload of 10-Gb/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ) on-off keying (OOK) signals and one optical label of 2.5-Gb/s OFDM signals are realized. The bit-error-rate performance is evaluated for both payload and label after wavelength conversion.     

Investigation of the influence of the key parameters onthe system performance in all-ptical label switching based on FSK/ASK orthogonal modulation format

<正>The transmission characteristics of the optical label switching system based on the FSK/ASK orthogonal modulation format is investigated.The factors that affect the transmission performance,such as the FSK tone space,dispersion compensation and coupler split ratio,are studied by numerical simulation.The proposed scheme is also experimentally demonstrated with a transmission of 155 Mbit/s FSK label combined with 10 Gbit/s ASK payload.     

Atmospheric fate of diketones and OH radical–kinetics,reaction force,ETS-NOCV analysis

In this work, we have focused on the atmospheric reaction chemistry of two α-diketones 2,3-Pentanedione (2,3-PTD) and 2,3-hexanedione (2,3-HEX) with OH radical. The full reaction pathway was studied theoretically under H-atom abstraction reaction using density functional theory and wave-function-based MP2 calculations. Single-point energy calculations were performed at CCSD(T) level of theory with 6–31+G(d,p) basis set. The H-atom abstraction from –CH₂ group is the most dominant channel in both 2,3-PTD and 2,3-HEX with OH radical. The fate of secondary reactions of peroxy and alkoxy radical is studied in detail. The reaction force analysis shows that abstraction process is dominated by structural rearrangement than electronic reordering. The ETS-NOCV-based reaction scheme is studied in order to find out the pair wise interaction energy of the chemical bonding. The ETS-NOCV method for all the transition states shows π-bonding nature for the bond breaking (C–H) and bond formation (O–H) due to the presence of hydrogen bond. The theoretical rate constant value matches well with the experimental rate constant value for both α-diketones. Normal linear Arrhenius behaviour for all the pathways is found in the range of 278–350 K. The short atmospheric lifetime indicates the removal process of diketones with OH radical.     

Novel optical packet with non-return-to-zero label and duobinary carrier-suppressed return-to-zero payload

A novel packet format with non-return-to-zero (NRZ) label and duobinary carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (DCS-RZ) payload is proposed for optical packet switching networks.NRZ label is followed by DCS-RZ payload with a certain guard time.The spectra of the low-rate NRZ label locate around the optical carrier frequency where some parts of the corresponding spectra of the high-rate DCS-RZ payload have been suppressed due to DCS-RZ modulation.At the switching node,the label or payload extraction can be realized simply through an optical bandpass or notch filter respectively.The feasibility of the scheme is verified by the simulation on the famous photonic design platform designed by Virtual Photonics Inc.(VPI).The effects of optical filter bandwidth on the received signal quality are discussed by analyzing bit error rate(BER)and contrast ratio performances.     

多波长光标记交换中一种新的多波长-时间编码法

首先介绍了多波长光标记分组交换的基本原理,并针对多波长光标记分组交换中的标记头编码法,提出了一种新的多波长-时间编码法,这种编码法充分利用了波长和时间两种自由度,大大增加了编码数量,提高了编码效率.最后,设计了实现这种编码的发射机和接受装置.     

A theoretical extraction scheme of transport information based on exclusion models

In order to explore how to extract more transport information from current fluctuation,a theoretical extraction scheme is presented in a single barrier structure based on exclusion models,which include counter-flows model and tunnel model.The first four cumulants of these two exclusion models are computed in a single barrier structure,and their characteristics are obtained.A scheme with the help of the first three cumulants is devised to check a transport process to follow the counter-flows model,the tunnel model or neither of them.Time series generated by Monte Carlo techniques is adopted to validate the abstraction procedure,and the result is reasonable.