多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉内固体颗粒微观特性研究

气化炉内固体颗粒微观结构特性对气流床气化过程中熔渣、粗渣和细渣的形成具有重要影响。基于多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化实验,对典型工况(O/C原子比为1.0)下气化炉轴向不同位置的固体颗粒进行取样,利用氮气等温吸附法和扫描电子显微镜对颗粒孔隙结构和微观形态进行研究。结果表明,气化炉内固体颗粒典型形态为不规则多孔状和规则球状,喷嘴平面有少量致密性不规则颗粒和中空颗粒。从喷嘴平面沿气化炉轴向向下,随着气化反应的进行,颗粒表面愈加粗糙,孔隙结构愈加发达。颗粒吸附曲线属于II型等温线,迟滞回线属于H3型回线,表明颗粒具有大量裂缝形孔和较连续的完整孔系统。比表面积和孔容积均随着与喷嘴平面距离的增加而增大,而平均孔径逐渐减小,在喷嘴平面附近变化幅度较大。孔结构以孔径小于10 nm的孔为主,随着气化反应的进行颗粒中小于10 nm的孔逐渐增多,而大于10 nm的孔分布状态变化不大。     

水蒸气对煤热转化过程中钠析出特性影响研究

在不同水蒸气体积分数及温度条件下制备了相同焦产率的NaCl浸渍煤的煤焦样品,并利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析了不同煤焦中钠的赋存形态及含量,研究了水蒸气及温度对煤热转化过程中钠迁徙转化的影响。结果表明,水蒸气体积分数的增加,一方面,增强了煤热转化过程中水溶态钠的释放;另一方面,也促进了水溶态钠向醋酸铵溶态、盐酸溶态以及不溶态钠的转化,使得钠的释放受到一定程度抑制。煤焦结构演化对碱金属钠释放具有重要影响。水蒸气的气化反应引起煤焦缩聚程度增加,小芳香环缩聚形成大芳香环结构时会对钠起到一定的包裹作用,使得钠的释放受到抑制;同时,气化反应产生的煤焦比表面积越大,越有利于钠直接释放。提高反应温度一方面会促进水溶态钠的释放;同时也会促进水溶态钠向其他溶态形式钠的转化,使得钠析出率随反应温度上升而增加的趋势逐渐变缓。     

燃煤过程中Na对微细颗粒物生成特性的影响——合成焦炭法

以合成焦炭为载体,研究不同种类的钠元素在煤粉燃烧过程中对微细颗粒物生成特性的影响,并通过向载体中添加煤中常见的矿物元素的氧化物(SiO_2、Al_2O_3),反映煤粉燃烧过程中钠与煤中常规矿物的相互作用。结果表明,无机水溶性钠更容易生成稳定的亚微米颗粒物;在缺少氯元素的情况下,有机态钠更容易与煤中的超微米硅铝矿物反应;化学反应和物理捕捉是硅铝矿物捕捉钠元素的两种方式,其中,对于PM1-10的硅铝矿物颗粒,化学反应固定的钠含量是物理捕捉过程的2.4倍。     

四喷嘴对置式气化炉停留时间分布的随机模型

运用连续时间马尔可夫链及矩阵相关理论，建立了停留时间分布随机模型。根据对四喷嘴对置式气化炉流场的测试，将气化炉划分为若干区域，并且对各个区域体积进行了估算，组成马尔可夫链状态转移图。模拟计算表明，当射流回流区和撞击流回流区回流比为1，管流区为平推流模式,其他区域按全混流模式处理时，模拟值与实验值较接近。用优化的模型计算了不同条件的冷模气化炉的停留时间分布，结果表明，随着气体流量的增大，平均停留时间减小，无因次方差增大；随着炉体高度的增加，平均停留时间增大，无因次方差减小。对工业气化炉停留时间分布进行了预测，炉内流型总体上趋近于全混流，有利于炉内的气化反应。     

水热处理对白石湖煤热解过程中钠钙迁移行为的影响

采用高压釜对富镜质组白石湖煤进行了水热处理,通过傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)分峰拟合方法分析了煤中含氧官能团变化。在固定床中开展分离废液和未分离废液水热处理煤样的热解实验,利用原子吸收分光光度计(AAS)测定了热解产物中钠钙含量。结果表明,白石湖煤经水热处理后水分、挥发分、氧含量以及Cl、Na和Ca等无机元素含量明显降低。水热处理过程中芳香醚水解和羧酸盐发生离子交换反应使得氢含量和H/C原子比增加,促进固定床热解焦油产率升高。300℃下水热处理脱除了部分有机形式Ca后随水废液被分离;废液中钠钙等无机元素的催化作用导致未分离废液较分离废液的样品具有更高热解气产率和更低焦油产率。白石湖原煤及其水热处理样品热解产物中Na含量和分布由高到低顺序均为:热解焦热解水焦油热解气,Ca含量和分布顺序为:热解焦焦油热解水热解气。水热处理温度越高,热解过程钠和钙释放率越低,释放的Na主要进入热解水,其次焦油;而释放的Ca则主要分布于焦油中,其次热解水。     

准东煤热解过程中不同赋存形态钠变迁规律的研究

利用加压管式反应器对准东煤进行了一系列热解实验,并采用溶剂逐级萃取的方法研究了煤中各赋存形态钠在不同热解温度、停留时间及其压力下的变迁规律。研究发现,原煤中钠主要是以水合离子态和钠长石的形式存在,有机态钠含量较少。在500-700℃时,随着挥发分的释放,水可溶性钠结合到煤焦的碳基质上,转化为盐酸可溶但水不可溶性的钠,少量有机钠会挥发至气相中。在700-900℃时,可溶性钠与高岭土等矿物质反应生成盐酸不可溶性钠。1 000℃时,钠的挥发量显著增加;部分高岭土与方解石分解生成的氧化钙反应生成钙长石,抑制了可溶性钠与高岭土之间的反应。煤中各形态钠的变迁主要发生在热解初期,与挥发分的释放同时进行。提高热解压力对钠的变迁行为没有影响。     

再燃温度对稻壳焦理化结构演变的影响

利用高温携带流装置,在再燃条件下获得了不同的稻壳焦。采用元素分析、SEM-EDS分析、N2吸附-脱附、ICP-AES、XRD和FT-IR等手段对稻壳焦的理化结构进行了分析与表征,研究了再燃温度对稻壳再燃过程中灰焦理化结构演化规律的影响。结果表明,在850-1 150℃,反应温度的升高有利于稻壳焦孔隙结构的形成,进而有效提高稻壳焦的比表面积和孔容积。稻壳中碱(土)金属元素的释放顺序为NaCaMgK,且随温度升高,碱(土)金属元素的释放率呈现先略微升高后逐渐趋于稳定的趋势,氯的释放率逐渐增大。稻壳焦中的碱(土)金属主要以硅酸盐和硫酸盐的形式存在。稻壳焦表面含氧官能团随反应温度的升高逐渐减少。     

煤的模型化合物混合燃料气流床气化中N的迁移研究

将吡啶配入柴油中模拟煤中氮的存在形式,考察了混合燃料在四喷嘴对置式气化炉中,轴径向位置HCN、NH3、NO和N2的浓度分布。结果表明：氮污染物(HCN、NH3、NO)在喷嘴平面处即产生且浓度最高,远离喷嘴平面时其浓度大幅降低,N2也裂解参与了气化反应,且出口浓度N2>HCN>NH3>NO;氧燃料比增高,NO、N2增加;氧燃料比1.3时HCN、NH3浓度最高,0.9和1.7时浓度较低;流场的分布使靠近出口处径向浓度基本一致,而上部各平面位置浓度靠近炉壁处最低;水汽的加入使HCN、NH3浓度增高而NO浓度降低。     

SO_2和H_2O(g)对新疆高钠煤中钠挥发和形态迁移的研究

在水平管式炉上进行了400-1 100℃新疆高钠煤恒温燃烧实验,并利用逐级提取的方法分析煤及煤灰中钠的赋存形态,研究煤中钠的释放和形态迁移特性。重点考察700和1100℃下H_2O(g)和SO_2(g)单因素及双因素对煤中无机钠挥发和形态迁移的影响。结果表明,随着温度的升高,煤中钠的释放比例逐渐增大,其中,有机态钠最先析出,其次是水溶态无机钠,硅铝酸盐形式的无机钠则由于高热稳定性不易分解或挥发。低温下(700℃)H_2O(g)的存在降低了钠的挥发,而较高温度下(1 100℃)焦炭与水蒸气反应生成的局部还原性气氛促进煤中钠的挥发,但当入口气氛中H_2O(g)浓度高于20%时,促进作用减小。SO_2的存在抑制了煤中钠的挥发,随着燃烧温度升高,SO_2对钠的抑制作用减弱。H_2O和SO_2双因素作用下,低温下(700℃)抑制了煤中钠的挥发,而较高温度下(1 100℃)钠的挥发特性取决于两者在入口气氛中的浓度。对于选取的高钠煤,20%H2O和2.0×10-3SO_2入口气氛下,1 100℃煤燃烧钠的挥发比例由86%提高到了87.1%。     

木屑焚烧过程中氯化氢排放特性研究

在小型管式炉进行了含氯垃圾(木屑)中氯化物析出试验，研究了氯析出过程中的几个因素(燃烧温度、停留时间、燃烧气氛、烟气中水蒸气含量)对反应的影响，确定了木屑反应的动力学方程式。得出如下结论：燃烧过程中Cl-HCl的转化率随燃烧温度的升高而显著增加；随停留时间的增加，HCl的析出存在两个明显的析出峰，这就清楚地说明至少有两种以上形式的氯存在于木屑中。氧化性气氛对氯化物生成影响不大，随炉内气氛由弱还原性气氛向强还原性气氛的转化，氯析出率明显降低；水蒸气的存在明显加速垃圾中氯的析出。木屑燃烧过程中，氯析出反应为零阶反应。     

Formation of monodisperse poly(1-methacryloxybenzotriazole) particles by radiation-induced dispersion polymerization

Radiation-induced dispersion polymerization of 1-methacryloxybenzotriazole (MABt) in ethyl propionate starts as homogeneous mixture and the resulting polymer precipitates as spherical particles. Formation, size, and shape of polymer particles are strongly dependent on the initial monomer concentration. Three regions can be distinguished: formation of deformed particles at concentrations of 15 w/v-% MABt; formation of spherical particles at concentrations from 18 to 35 w/v-% MABt; no precipitation of polymer at concentrations of 40 w/v-% MABt. The spherical particles at 20 w/v-% MABt had a diameter of 0.54 ± 0.31 m for 3 kGy irradiation and 2.93±0.68 m for 30 kGy. The number distribution of the microspheres shows that the spherical particles with small sizes formed at low irradiation dose (low conversion) disappears with increasing irradiation dose because of multi-coating by newly produced polymer.     

The detachment of nylon particles from quartz plate by electro-osmotic flow

The direct application of electrokinetic phenomena to detergency was investigated. Experiments were carried out to remove particles from substrate by electro-osmosis. A model system which consisted of spherical nylon particles of 5m in mean diameter, a quartz plate, and wash liquid were used in analyzing the kinetic process of particle removal from substrate. When an electric field was applied to the system, electro-osmotic flow took place, and hence the particles were removed from the quartz surface. The -potentials of nylon particles and quartz plate were measured by electrophoresis. The rate constants of removal,, were obtained from the changes with time in the ratio of particle residue by applying the first-order reaction scheme. The value of increased with increasing electric field and with increasing concentration of surfactant. The total force of interaction between particle and plate was calculated on the basis of heterocoagulation theory of colloid stability.It was found from results thus obtained that the hydrodynamic force due to the electro-osmotic flow worked effectively as a mechanical force on the removal process and the adhesion force of particle to substrate reduced by adding surfactant.     

Aqueous Solutions of Colloidal Ruthenium: the Radiation–Chemical Preparation and Optical Absorption

The radiation-chemical reduction of Ru(III) is studied in aqueous RuCl₃ solutions containing isopropyl alcohol. In the presence of sodium polyacrylate, the stable sols of metal are formed with spherical particles 4–8 nm in diameter. The optical spectrum of nanoparticles is characterized by an increasing absorption in the UV spectral region with no maximum (₂₀₀ = 7.2 × 1030 l mol^–1 cm^–1). The colloids of ruthenium in an aqueous solution are stable in the open air.     

SEM-EDS investigation on PM10 data collected in Central Italy: Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis

Background

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were applied on PM10 particle data in order to: identify particle clusters that can be differentiated on the bases of their chemical composition and morphology, investigate the relationship among the chemical and morphological parameters and evaluate differences among the sampling sites. PM10 was collected in 3 different sites in central Italy characterized by different conditions: yard, urban and rural sites. The concentration of 20 chemical parameters (C, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, Cd, Cl, K, Ca, Sn, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy – Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and the particle images were processed by an image analysis software in order to measure: Area, Aspect Ratio, Roundness, Fractal Dimension, Box Width, Box Height and Perimeter.

Result

Results revealed the presence of different clusters of particles, differentiated on the bases of chemical composition and morphological parameters (aluminosilicates, calcium particles, biological particles, soot, cenosphere, sodium chloride, sulphates, metallic particles, iron spherical particles). Aluminosilicates and Calcium particles of rural and urban sites showed a similar nature due to a mainly natural origin, while those of the yard site showed a more heterogeneous composition mainly related to human activity. Biological particles and soot can be differentiated on the bases of the higher loads of Fractal Dimension, which characterizes soot, and content of Na, Mg, Ca, Cl and K which characterize the biological ones. The soot of the urban site showed higher loadings of Roundness and Fractal Dimension than the soot belonging to the yard and rural sites, this was due to the different life time of the particles. The metal particles, characterized mainly by the higher loading of iron, were present in two morphological forms: spherical and angular particles. The first were generated by a fusion process at high temperature, while the second one had crustal origin (those characterized by typical terrigenous elements) and also human origin.

Conclusion

In this work a protocol for the morphological-chemical characterization of single particles has been developed. SEM analysis allows to classify particles in 10 different families and PCA and HCA have provided information about the sources of PM and similarities and differences among the sites.

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Expanding spherical shell kinetic model for diffusion-controlled solid-state reactions

A reaction kinetic model has been derived for a solid-state diffusion-controlled reaction in a system of spherical particles of A isolated in a matrix of B. This model is analogous to the Ginstling-Brounsthein model except that the diffusion of A is the rate-controlling step. The model, therefore, resulting in an expanding spherical shell of product AB, is

where t = time, x = fraction reaction, K = reaction rate constant.     

Inner structure and properties of diamond-shaped and spherical α-Fe2O3 particles

Uniform diamond-shaped and spherical -Fe₂O₃ particles, prepared by a forced hydrolysis of FeCl₃–HCl solutions, were characterized by various means. Electron microscope and x-ray diffraction measurements indicated that these particles are formed by recrystallization of -FeOOH to -Fe₂O₃ accompanying the dissolution of -FeOOH. Ultramicropores were formed in spherical particles with outgassing in vacuo above 150 °C by dehydration of inner OH groups, proving that the particles are polycrystalline. On the other hand, the highly crystallized diamond-shaped particles showed a less microporosity and were thermally stable against outgassing up to 400 °C. These results are compatible with those obtained for the monodispersed cubic and spherical -Fe₂O₃ particles reported in our previous paper [J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 87: 2241 (1991)].     

Capillary Pressure in Thinning Emulsion Film Stabilized with Solid Spherical Particles

Stability and coalescence of emulsions stabilized with solid particles is determined by the energy of particle attachment at the liquid–liquid interface (the energy of adhesion) and by the value of capillary pressure arising in the emulsion film in the process of its thinning under the lower pressure when two layers of solid particles (on the opposite film sides) draw together up to their direct contact and formation of menicsi in the porous space between particles. We calculated maximal (critical) capillary pressure P _{c, max} whose exceeding leads to the film rupture as a function of contact angle and the size of solid particles needed to form the adsorption layer of monodisperse spherical particles with a dense hexagonal packing. Capillary pressure isotherms P _c(h) (h is the thickness of emulsion film) were also calculated. The deviation of meniscus shape from spherical was considered using the Mayer, Stowe, and Princen method. Determination of capillary pressure in a model emulsion film containing hexagonal-packed transparent glass spheres demonstrated that, at various degrees of particle hydrophobicity, experimental data are in good agreement with theoretical calculations of the P _{c, max} value and P _c(h) isotherm.     

Preparation of uniform spherical aluminum hydrous oxide particles from acetylacetonato-aluminum solutions

Uniform spherical particles of amorphous aluminum hydrous oxide (0.45 m in diameter with a relative standard deviation of 0.09) were produced under a limited set of conditions in an aluminum sulfate/acetylacetone system at 100°C aged for 24 h. Grain-like crystalline -AlOOH particles (2.6 m in length with a relative standard deviation of 0.10) were also prepared in the absence of sulfate ions at 100°C for 42 h. Their morphology and size were sensitive to the total aluminum concentration, even though the initial pH was kept the same. The temperature dependence of the absorption spectra of acetylacetonato-aluminum complexes indicated their exothermic formation. These complexes release free aluminum ions at elevated temperatures, which subsequently hydrolyzed. The resulting polymerized hydroxo-aluminum species complexes with the sulfate ion act as precursors to particle formation.     

Thermal Treatment of Sol-Gel Derived Nickel Oxide Xerogels

Very fine nickel hydroxide and oxide xerogel powders were prepared using a new sol-gel synthesis procedure in which nickel ethoxide was produced through the reaction of nickel chloride, as a precursor, with sodium ethoxide in dehydrated ethanol, followed by the hydrolysis of nickel ethoxide with ammonia and drying the resulting hydrogel under subcritical pressures to form the xerogel. The effects of thermal treatment on the surface area, pore volume, crystallinity and particle structure of the resulting xerogels were investigated and found to have significant effects on all of these properties. Overall, the xerogel remained amorphous as Ni(OH)₂ space up to 200°C, with little change in the surface area and pore volume. At 250°C, the Ni(OH)₂ began to decompose and form crystalline NiO with the uniformity of the crystals increasing with an increase in temperature. The surface area and pore volume decreased sharply when increasingthe temperature beyond 250°C; this was the temperature where maximums of about 270 m²/g and 0.33 cm³/g were exhibited by this composite amorphous Ni(OH)₂ and crystalline NiO xerogel powders. At the higher calcination temperatures, very uniform NiO crystals with average crystallite sizes of 1.7 nm and 14.5 nm were obtained at 400 and 600°C, respectively.