硝酸酯热分解的机理分析

使用加速量热仪研究硝酸正丙酯（NPN）、硝酸异丙酯（IPN）和硝酸异辛酯（EHN）的热分解过程。分析了在绝热条件下热分解反应动力学, 根据实验数据计算出表观活化能、指前因子和反应热等参数。根据NPN、IPN和EHN热分解的起始温度和反应热数据,给出了三种硝酸酯在75℃时的反应风险指数,分析得到三种物质的热失稳风险度。分别在B3LYP/6-31+G(2df,2p)和B3P86/6-31+G(2df,2p)的理论水平下,计算得到NPN、IPN和EHN的O-NO2键离解能(BDE)。由NPN、IPN和EHN的O-NO2键离解能在很大程度上符合由加速量热仪测试得到的活化能,推知三种硝酸酯的热分解反应只是单分子O-NO2键的均裂反应。     

硝酸酯热分解的机理分析

使用加速量热仪研究硝酸正丙酯（NPN）、硝酸异丙酯（IPN）和硝酸异辛酯（EHN）的热分解过程。分析了在绝热条件下热分解反应动力学, 根据实验数据计算出表观活化能、指前因子和反应热等参数。根据NPN、IPN和EHN热分解的起始温度和反应热数据,给出了三种硝酸酯在75℃时的反应风险指数,分析得到三种物质的热失稳风险度。分别在B3LYP/6-31+G(2df,2p)和B3P86/6-31+G(2df,2p)的理论水平下,计算得到NPN、IPN和EHN的O-NO2键离解能(BDE)。由NPN、IPN和EHN的O-NO2键离解能在很大程度上符合由加速量热仪测试得到的活化能,推知三种硝酸酯的热分解反应只是单分子O-NO2键的均裂反应。     

硝酸丙酯键离解能和热解机理的密度泛函理论研究

 采用B3LYP方法、在6-31G*基组水平上,优化了硝酸丙酯单体的平衡几何构型,计算了分子中各键的离解能。结果表明该分子中最弱的键为O—NO₂键,次弱键为C—O键。同时研究了热解机理,探索性的预测了断裂O—NO₂键及C—O键后的产物,并采用从头算法、半经验方法和密度泛函理论分别计算了硝酸丙酯的生成热,由半经验方法中的PM3得到的数值和实验结果符合较好。     

多硝基苯酸酯炸药分子键离解能与撞击感度关系研究

用密度泛函方法,在B3LYP-6-31G*、B3P86/6-31G*和B3LYP-6-311G*三种理论水平对四个含硝基烷基的苯酸酯炸药分子进行了几何结构全优化、能量和频率计算。并对这些炸药分子苯环上的C-NO2和烷基上的C-NO2键离解能分别进行了三种理论水平的计算。结果表明,这类分子中的最弱键是烷基上的C-NO2键。进一步分析实验撞击感度与分子中最弱键离解能量的关系,结果表明,分子最弱键离解能与分子总能量的比值BDE/E和实验撞击感度h50%之间存在一个几乎线性的关联关系。BDE/E是表征炸药撞击感度的一个实用的合理指针。     

撞击诱导硝基甲烷分子第一步分解反应的动力学计算

本文基于分子温度与压强的关系,计算在不同压强下基态和最低三态硝基甲烷的分子温度,对应计算其沿着CN键裂解反应的热化学和动力学参数.发现基态的硝基甲烷沿着CN键的分解反应是吸热反应,不具自发性,反应转换温度为1550.2 K,平衡常数在80-1202 K温度范围内很低.最低三态的硝基甲烷沿着CN键的裂解是放热反应,反应的Gibbs自由能在80-2558.5 K范围内为负,有好的自发性,且反应较为彻底.298.15-2558.5 K温度范围内反应活化能随着温度的升高而改变,使反应速率随着温度的升高而急剧增大.对应硝基甲烷爆压15 GPa,其分子温度为4617.6 K,该温度下三态分子分解反应的反应速率为1.088×10~8cm~3·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).推算硝基甲烷沿着CN键分解反应混合物的终态温度,当混合物为硝基、甲基和基态的硝基甲烷分子时,反应的终温为1611.37 K,等效能为1676.47 cm~(-1).当混合物为硝基、甲基、基态和最低三态的硝基甲烷分子时,反应的终温为1184.79 K,等效能为1232.65 cm~(-1).两种情况下终态等效能都足以维持硝基甲烷分子沿C-N键裂解反应的发生.这个能量也足以导致混合物中的NO_2分解为NO和O,这与实验检测的结论相一致.     

聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯二聚体键离能的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论方法对聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)二聚体的键离能进行了计算.为了选取较为精确的方法来计算PBT各个键的键离能,以与PBT具有相同的酯基官能团的乙酸乙酯为模型参照物.采用M062X, B3P86, M06, PBE0, wB97xD方法分别在基组6-31G(d), 6-311G(d), 6-311+G(d, p), 6-311++G(d, p), cc-pVDZ, cc-pVTZ水平下对乙酸乙酯的键离能进行计算.通过对比计算结果与iBonD数据库的乙酸乙酯实验测定值可知,M062X在基组6-311G(d)水平下计算结果与实验值最为接近.因此,本研究采用M062X方法在基组6-311G(d)水平下对聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)二聚体的键离能进行计算.计算结果表明：在PBT的各键中C-C_arcmatic键的键离能最大,主链上的C-C键离能最小,为370.9 kJ/mol.其次就是C-O键,为404.6 kJ/mol.基于PBT键离能的计算结果,设计了3条PBT二聚体热降解过程可能形成的反应路径,分析了热解产物的形成机理.结果表明PBT二聚体热解过程可...     

1,3-和1,4-环己亚硝酸二酯电子轰击解离的结构效应

烷基亚硝酸二酯是一种重要的亚硝化剂，也是大气中NO_x污染物的来源之一，近年来引起了人们的广泛关注. 烷基亚硝酸二酯中两个ONO官能团对分子反应活性的影响以及在化学反应中的作用尚不清楚. 本文用电子碰撞电离质谱研究了1，3-环己亚硝酸二酯和1，4-环己亚硝酸二酯的解离过程. 实验结果发现两种结构异构体的分解产物不同：除了亚硝酸酯的特征碎片NO⁺(m/z=30)外，对于1，3-异构体，碎片离子m/z=43和71的丰度最高；而对于1，4-异构体，电子碰撞电离质谱谱图中解离产物m/z=29、57、85和97的强度较大. 对中性分子、分子离子以及中间产物的结构和电荷计算结果显示，1，3-环己亚硝酸二酯的分解清楚地显示出两步解离机制，即母体阳离子M⁺首先失去一个NO，然后中间离子(M-NO)⁺通过两个αC-βC键的断裂打开六元碳环；对于1，4-环己亚硝酸二酯，除了两步分解机制之外，还可以直接从母体阳离子M⁺发生αC-βC键的裂解. 研究结果有助于理解在大气反应及亚硝化合成反应中烷基亚硝酸二酯的分子结构对反应历程的影响.     

硝酸丙酯结构、振动频率和热力学性质的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究硝酸丙酯化合物的分子结构、振动光谱和热力学等基本性质.取BLYP、B3LYP方法和6-31G*、6-31G**、6-311G*、6-311G**基组,对硝酸丙酯分子的几何构型进行全优化计算并分析其电子结构性质.和考虑了二级相关能校正的MP2/6-311G*计算结果比较表明,B3LYP/6-31G*是研究许多较大体系化合物卓有成效和颇有前途的方法.在B3LYP/6-31G*的水平上对优化后的结构进行了正则振动频率分析,用因子0.95校正后的振动光谱和实验结果比较,符合较好.进一步     

含能材料中键离解能的密度泛函理论计算

通过计算一个包括臭氧,硝基甲烷以及1,3,5 -三硝基-1,3,5-三氮杂环已烷(RDX)在内的典型系统的键离解能,对由四种交换/相关函数(BLYP,B3LYP,B3PW91和B3P86)加上不同的基函数组合而成的多种密度泛函方法的准确性进行了比较研究.结果表明:B3P86/6-31G**是计算该系统C-NO2,O-O和N-NO2键离解能的最可靠的方法.     

SiO,SiS分子基态(X1∑+)的势能函数与光谱常数的研究

根据群论及原子分子反应静力学的有关原理,推导出SiO,SiS分子基态(X1∑+)的合理离解极限.使用密度泛函方法中的B3P LY和B3P86方法,在6-311++G(3df,2pd)和D95(3df,2pd)基组下对SiO,SiS分子的基态进行结构优化计算,使用优选的B3P86/D95(3df,2pd)对基态单点能扫描计算.然后用最小二秉法拟合Murrell-Sorbie函数,得到对应的势能函数参数及光谱常数.结果表明,采用Murrell-Sorbie函数计算所得的光谱常教与实验结果符合的很好,能精确地描述SiO,SiS分子基态的势能函数.     

柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺的合成及红外光谱研究

由柠檬酸出发,经过转化制备柠檬酸酐,与壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚反应制备柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯,再与二乙醇胺反应合成了一种具有防锈、润滑双重性能的水基合成切削液新型添加剂-柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺。采用红外光谱法对原料、中间体及最终产物进行了测试。根据1 736.14 cm-1酯中CO双键伸缩振动的特征吸收峰,1 642.39 cm-1酰胺中CO双键伸缩振动的吸收峰,可知所得到的产物为柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺,说明所采用的合成的工艺路线是可行的。     

红外光谱法测定柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺的含量

以柠檬酸、乙酸酐、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚和二乙醇胺为原料,经过原料精制、中间体和产物的合成等一系列过程,得到了一种具有防锈、润滑双重性能的水基合成切削液新型添加剂-柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺。采用红外光谱法对合成样品中酰胺进行定量分析,利用谱图中1 642.39 cm-1处酰胺中CO双键伸缩振动的特征吸收峰,选择硫氰酸钾作为内标物,以朗伯-比尔定律为理论依据,从而建立了直接红外光谱法测定柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺含量的方法。实验测定内标工作曲线为A＝0.007 6m+0.325 6相关系数r2＝0.999 7,通过对方法重现性和回收率的考查,得到了较为满意的结果。该法是确定合成柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺产品的反应程度和控制产品质量的一种必要手段,证明了由柠檬酸合成柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺的工艺路线是可行的。     

Thermodynamic and structural properties of binary mixtures of some glycols with 2-butoxyethanol at T = (293.15, 298.15 and 303.15) K

Densities and relative permittivities at T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K in the binary mixtures of 2-butoxyethanol with ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol have been measured as a function of composition. From the experimental data excess molar volumes and deviations in relative permittivity have been calculated over the entire composition range. Both excess molar volumes and relative permittivity deviations have been correlated using Redlich–Kister type polynomial equation by the method of least-squares for the estimation of the binary coefficients and the standard errors. The experimental and calculated quantities were used to analyze the mixing behaviour of the components.     

Speeds of sound and isentropic compressibilities of (2-ethoxyethanol + ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and tetraethylene glycol) binary mixtures at 298.15 K

The speed of sound (u) has been obtained at a frequency of 8.3 MHz in {CH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₂OH + HOCH₂CH₂(OCH₂CH₂)_nOH}for n = 0, 1, 2, and 3 over the whole composition range of studied binary liquid mixtures, at T = 298.15 K. The speed of sound values were combined with those of our previous results for densities and viscosities to obtain isentropic compressibility (κ_s), free volume (V_f), and intermolecular free length (L_f). From all these data excess isentropic compressibility (κ_s^E), excess free volume (V_f^E) and excess intermolecular free length (L_f^E) as well as the deviations of the speed of sound (Δu) were obtained. The results are interpreted in terms of molecular interactions occurring in the solutions.     

Composite Cathodes Containing SWCNT@S Coaxial Nanocables: Facile Synthesis,Surface Modification,and Enhanced Performance for Li‐Ion Storage

The arrangement and construction of 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into frameworks with two or more levels of structures is an essential step to demonstrate their intrinsic properties and promising applications for energy storage. Single‐walled CNTs (SWCNTs) are considered to have more excellent properties compared with multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs), however, how to appropriately use SWCNTs as building blocks for nanocomposite electrodes is not well understood. Here, a composite cathode containing SWCNT@S coaxial nanocables for Li‐S battery is fabricated by a facile melt‐diffusion strategy. Beneficial from its sp² carbon nanostructure, higher specific surface area, larger aspect ratio, and interconnected electron pathway, the SWCNT@S cathode have reversible capacities of 676, 441 and 311 mAh g^?1 for the first discharging at 0.5 C, 100^th discharging at 1.0 C, and discharging at 10.0 C, respectively. These capacities are much higher than the corresponding capacities of the MWCNT@S cathode. By introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a physical barrier to trap the highly polar polysulfide species, the PEG modified SWCNT@S cathode afforded improved reversible capacities. The cycling stability of the reversible capacities is expected to be further improved. The SWCNTs can serve as scaffolds for Li‐S battery with much improved energy storage performance.     

Molecular interactions and structural effects on mixing pentanol in polyethylene glycol diacrylate and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate

To understand the intermolecular interactions in binary mixtures of pentanol with polyethylene glycol diacrylate and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate respectively, absolute viscosity and refractive index have been measured over the whole composition range, at 298.15 K, 303.15 K and 313.15 K, under atmospheric pressure. Molar refraction and interaction parameter have been calculated. The experimental data have been used to evaluate deviation in viscosity, deviation in refractive index and excess Gibb's free energy of activation for viscous flow, and the results have been fitted to Redlich-Kister polynomial equation.     

Identification and quantification of diethylene glycol contamination in glycerine raw material

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was successfully used for quantitative determination of diethylene glycol in glycerin raw material. In addition to the pure samples of both diethylene glycol and glycerin, nine binary mixtures of the two components with mixing ratios ranging from (70 to 98)%wt were created and studied as a training set. Glycerine showed, thereby, characteristic infrared bands at 1110, 992, 974, and 922?cm^?1 while those of diethylene glycol appear at 1085, 887, and 881?cm^?1. The quantitative determination of diethylene glycol in binary mixtures with glycerin was achieved upon using the absorbance difference between the 992?cm^?1 and the 881?cm^?1 as well as between 1110 and 1085?cm^?1 bands. With an average %error of 0.60 and 1.74, respectively and a limit of detection down to 0.85%, the created calibration curves from the training set were applied successfully to determine the composition of another eight binary mixtures of the two materials representing a validation set. The method was also applied to aqueous solutions of diethylene glycol and glycerin that contains (25 and 50)%wt water. Once more, training and validation sets of mixtures with different diethylene glycol and glycerin ratios at the two water percentages were prepared and measured. Again, successful determination of diethylene glycol in these aqueous solutions was achieved with an average %error of 0.92 and 0.47, respectively.     

双水相体系中镍的光谱性能及测定

本文研究了聚乙二醇 硫酸铵 锌试剂双水相体系中镍的光谱性能及测定。结果表明 ,该体系显色的最佳酸度为pH 8 5 ,络合物光谱最大吸收波长位于 6 75nm ,摩尔吸光系数ε=1 2 6× 10 4 L·mol- 1 ·cm- 1 ,Ni(Ⅱ )线性范围为 0 2～ 2 4 μg·mL 1 。Ni(Ⅱ )和锌试剂络合比为 1∶3。与一般水溶液光度法比较 ,络合物光谱最大吸收波长红移 10nm ,络合比增加 (由 1∶1到 1∶3) ,显色反应的灵敏度和稳定性提高。该方法用于铝合金中镍的测定 ,获得满意结果。     

乙二醇和丙三醇的吸收光谱和荧光光谱研究

对乙二醇和丙三醇的紫外吸收光谱和荧光光谱进行了实验研究和理论分析,发现两者的最大吸收波长均位于198 nm,且在适当的紫外波长激励下均能发射出荧光,文章中给出了相应的荧光光谱图,但荧光相对强度和激发波长间似乎没有明显变化规律,其原因有待进一步探索。从乙二醇的一阶导数荧光光谱,得知在210 nm激发下荧光相对强度随时间变化最快,在225 nm激发下的绝大多数时间内变化速率最慢。另外,文章还从量子计算出发,采用一维势阱模型,根据电子从HOMO到LUMO的跃迁,计算出了两者的吸收波长值。比较分析了计算值与实验值之间的误差,考虑到将分子直链化后其键长与实际情况有所差别,结果认为理论计算有一定的参考价值。     

Experimental study on correlation between sound velocity and solute molecular weight in polyethylene glycol solution

In this study,ultrasound grating was used to measure the sound velocity in solutions of ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol with molecular weights of 200,600,2000,and 10000.We found Parthasarathy empirical rule,that is,sound velocity is higher in the solution of larger molecules,is invalid in the case of polyethylene glycol solution. We tried to provide a tentative explanation using the Flory-Krigbaum's chained block cloud model.