几种自组装拉胀分子网络的分子模拟

报道了几种蜈蚣形、双足蜈蚣形聚合物 ,以及单箭头、双箭头形小分子通过氢键自组装形成拉胀分子网络的分子设计 .分子力学计算结果表明这些自组装分子网络靠氢键相互作用规则排列 ,具有类似倒插蜂窝网络结构 ,所设计的聚合物、小分子的合成较之以往报道的二维网络结构的合成简便易行 ,为真正分子水平意义上的拉胀结构的实现提供了新的思路和指导     

甲基丙烯酸烷酯、甲基丙烯酰胺及丙烯酸与4,4′-二(甲基丙烯酰胺基)偶氮苯交联共聚凝胶的消溶胀动力学

研究了甲基丙烯酸十二烷或丁酯、甲基丙烯酰胺及丙烯酸与 4 ,4′ 二 (甲基丙烯酰胺基 )偶氮苯交联共聚凝胶的消溶胀动力学 .这类凝胶在pH7 4或pH8 0的缓冲溶液中达到溶胀平衡后 ,将其分别转入pH2 2和pH4 0的缓冲溶液中 .凝胶的消溶胀过程表现出两种情况 :一种是凝胶直接发生消溶胀 ,另一种是凝胶首先经历一个短时的溶胀然后再发生消溶胀 ,呈明显不同的两种消溶胀机制 .前者在单位时间内释水量 [(Ht-H0 ) t]的倒数与消溶胀时间有一个良好的线性相关性 ;而后者在单位时间内含水量 [Ht t]平方根的倒数与消溶胀时间有一个良好的线性相关性 .     

胀果皂甙Ⅲ和Ⅴ的结构鉴定

从胀果甘草根茎中获得２个皂甙（１和３），依其理化性质和波谱分析，将其结构确定为：异甘草次酸－３－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－６＂－正丁基－吡喃葡萄糖醛酸基－（１→２）－β－Ｄ－６＇－乙基－吡喃葡萄糖醛酸甙（１）、异甘草次酸－３－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－６＂－正丁基－吡喃葡萄糖醛酸基－（１→２）－β－Ｄ－６＇－正丁基－吡喃葡萄糖酸甙（３），分别命名为胀果皂甙Ⅲ、胀果皂甙Ⅴ。     

胚胎干细胞细胞核具有拉胀性

<正>大部分材料在被拉伸时会收缩,比如拉长一根橡皮带,它会变细;反过来也一样,挤压材料会让它们膨胀,比如从两边挤压一个网球,它的外缘会变大。最近,英国剑桥大学科学家发现胚胎干细胞的细胞核表现出一种鲜为人知的新奇性——拉胀性,即挤压会收缩,拉伸会膨胀。相关论文发表在最近的《自然-材料》杂志上。     

塑料挤出吹塑的机理问题

挤出吹塑过程由型坯成型，型坯吹胀与制品冷却三个阶段构成。采用不同的方法对该三阶段的机理问题进行了研究。采用神经网络方法预测了受模口温度和挤出流率影响的型坯成型阶段的膨胀，利用建立起来的神经网络模型预示的膨胀与实验结果很吻合，且可在一定范围内，预示不同工艺条件下型坯的直径膨胀和壁厚膨胀。为型坯的直径和壁厚的在线控制提供了理论依据。基于薄膜近似和noe-Hookean本构关系。建立了描述型坯自由吹胀的数学模型，并通过实验方法获得了型坯吹胀的瞬态图象，比较发现，理论预示的型坯轮廊分布与实验观察结果较吻合，该模型还可预示型坯的自由吹胀对材料性能，型坯尺寸和工艺条件等的依赖性，基于ANSYS有限元软件，对吹塑制品的三维冷却进行了模拟，预示了制品厚度方向任一位置的瞬态温度分布，并可预示成型工艺参数，制品壁厚，塑料与模具材料的热性能以及吹塑模具冷却的强度与时间等对吹塑制品冷却的影响，这可为进一步分析吹塑制品的显微结构和性能提供温度数据。     

亲水/疏水半互穿网络凝胶在直流电场作用下的响应

研究了一种亲水 疏水型半互穿网络水凝胶 (PAAc QPVPDgels)对直流电场的刺激应答 .该凝胶中的疏水型N 十二烷基聚 (4 乙烯吡啶 )溴化盐 (QPVPD)高分子链与亲水型聚丙烯酸水凝胶 (PAAc)网络通过物理缠绕复合 .由于疏水力和亲水力的共同作用 ,在接触电场下 ,该凝胶在阳极端发生消溶胀 ,疏水相互作用对消溶胀有一定的影响 ;在非接触电场下 ,该凝胶在弱碱性溶液中迅速向阴极方向弯曲 ,在弱酸性溶液中首先发生消溶胀 ,然后向阳极方向弯曲     

TiO2固定床光催化氧化头孢拉啶

 研究了抗生素头孢拉啶在负载型TiO2连续循环流动反应器中的降\r\n解，用红外和紫外光谱跟踪头孢拉啶的光催化降解过程．结果显示，在\r\n反应液流速4．5L／min，氧气流速1．6L／min，光照强度30W，反应温\r\n度28±2℃和反应时间120min的光催化氧化条件下，头孢拉啶能完全降\r\n解．光降解过程中头孢拉啶羧基的氧化比胺基容易．添加H2O2可以提高\r\n光催化氧化反应速率．光催化降解动力学研究表明，头孢拉啶的光催化\r\n氧化符合Langmuir－Hinshelwood一级动力学模型．     

用于溶胶—凝胶提拉法成膜的拉膜机

用于溶胶－凝胶提拉法成膜的拉膜机赵贵文王成云邵学广苏庆德（中国科学技术大学应用化学系合肥２３００２６）沈连（中国科学技术大学精密机械与精密仪器系合肥２３００２６）早在７０年代，Ｓｃｈｒｏｅｄｅｒ就采用浸渍拉膜法改善玻璃的光学性能［１］。近年来，该技...     

P(AMPS-co-HEMA)凝胶的合成与吸银性能研究

以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEMA)为单体,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂,过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,采用自由基水溶液聚合法制备P(AMPS-co-HEMA)共聚凝胶,通过傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)对材料结构进行了表征.研究单体配比、交联剂的用量、引发剂的用量对共聚凝胶吸水性能的影响,并在此基础上对凝胶的溶胀、吸银及消溶胀性能进行研究.结果表明,当单体摩尔比n(AMPS)∶n(HEMA)=2∶1,交联剂用量ω(MBA)=0.6％,引发剂用量ω(KPS)=0.8％,所制得的凝胶吸水性能最好;凝胶在蒸馏水中的溶胀过程属于松弛平衡扩散;凝胶在AgNO3溶液中60min左右达到消溶胀平衡,且当AgNO3溶液的浓度为0.05mol/L时,银离子吸附量最大,为0.04g/g,消溶胀速率最快.     

MOLECULAR DESIGN OF NEW KINDS OF AUXETIC POLYMERS AND NETWORKS

Three new kinds of molecular networks are designed and predicted to exhibit negative Poisson ratios. Molecular mechanics calculations on these networks show that the magnitude of Poisson ratios depends on the relative flexibility of beam and arm structures. Several new kinds of auxetic polymers, whose successful synthesis should be easier than that of the corresponding auxetic networks, are then proposed. It is found that the kabob-like polymers with auxegens lying vertically on the main chain can acquire auxeticity while those with auxegens lying horizontally on the main chain cannot. Besides, a half kabob-like or pseudo-ladder polymer with auxegens linked at the intersection of the beam and the arm does show auxeticity when adopting constrictive conformers. It is, however, worthwhile noting that the origins of auxeticity still await and strongly deserve further experimental and theoretical investigations.     

An experimental and numerical study on an innovative metastructure for 3D printed thermoplastic polyurethane with auxetic performance

Metamaterials are specifically designed materials that possess unique properties that cannot be found in naturally occurring substances. These remarkable materials have the capability to bring about a significant transformation across a wide range of industries. Auxetic structures are a recent area of research possess a distinctive characteristic known as a negative Poisson's ratio. Unlike conventional materials that contract when stretched, auxetic structures actually expand in two dimensions. In this study, a new auxetic structure was introduced, and thermoplastic polyurethane samples were 3D printed using a fused filament fabrication method. The samples are then subjected to strains ranging from 5% to 50% and Poisson's ratios are measured both experimentally and numerically using finite element method in Ansys software. By comparing the results of the experimental research and simulation, it is evident that applying strains within this range causes the Poisson's ratio of the samples to change from −0.81 to −0.14 and it showed that the newly introduced structure is auxetic. According to the analysis of root mean square error, the hexagonal mesh with a size of 0.7 mm consistently produced the most accurate results, aligning closely with the experimental sample. Given that this is an entirely novel auxetic structure within the category of arrow-head auxetic structures, there is potential for future research to be conducted in order to further develop and enhance this model.     

Conversion of low density polyethylene foams into auxetic metamaterials

Cellular polymers, such as polyethylene foams, are commonly used in the packaging industry. These materials have short service life and generate a high volume of waste after use. In order to valorize this waste and produce added-value applications, it is proposed to convert these materials into highly efficient energy absorption structures. This was done by modifying the original cellular morphology of the foams (spheroidal or polygonal) into a re-entrant structure to produce auxetic materials. This work presents an optimized process combining mechanical compression and solvent vapor evaporation-condensation leading to low density foams (77–200 kg/m³) having negative Poisson's ratios (NPR). Three series of recycled low density polyethylene (LDPE) foams with an initial density of 16, 21, and 36 kg/m³ were used to optimize the processing conditions in terms of treatment temperature, time, and pressure. From all the samples prepared, a minimum Poisson's ratio of −3.5 was obtained. To further characterize the samples, the final foam structure was analyzed to relate with mechanical properties and compare with conventional foams having positive Poisson's ratios. The results are discussed using tensile properties and energy dissipation which were shown to be highly improved for auxetic foams. Overall, the resulting foams can be used in several applications such as sport and military protection equipment.     

多孔PVA水凝胶的组成、形貌及泊松比等力学性能研究

制备了不同含量的纯聚乙烯醇(PVA)水凝胶和不同表面活性剂含量的多孔PVA水凝胶,采用数字散斑测量其泊松比,并使用电镜和显微镜观察其微观结构,探讨了纯PVA水凝胶与多孔PVA水凝胶组成、微观结构、泊松比、压缩模量和体积模量的变化及相互关系.研究发现,采用表面活性剂成孔,反复冷冻成型制备的闭孔结构水凝胶,其泊松比随应力应变增加而减小;随PVA含量增加而泊松比值减小;随表面活性剂含量增加,孔径变大,泊松比值减小.PVA水凝胶泊松比值与压缩模量和体积模量的比值成正比.     

The quest for a bidirectional auxetic,elastic, and enhanced fracture toughness material: Revisiting the mechanical properties of the BeH2 monolayers

Herein we show a density functional theory-based study performed on two recently predicted polymorphs of the BeH₂ monolayer, α-BeH₂ and β-BeH₂. The α-BeH₂ phase possesses an in-plane negative Poisson's ratio (NPR), introducing it into the unique group of auxetic materials. Our assessment delves into the linear-elastic and finite-strain regimes to understand both polymorphs' structural and mechanical responses to deformation. We find that the in-plane NPR is shown to be only parallel to the bonds in α-BeH₂ and remains along the uniaxial tensile path. Concomitantly, an out-of-plane transition toward auxetic is also revealed in regions exhibiting conventional Poisson's ratios, making α-BeH₂ a bidirectionally auxetic material. While phase transitions in β-BeH₂ are triggered at very short strains, α-BeH₂ displays excellent elasticity against tension, superior to that of most currently known 2D materials.     

Networked calix[4]arene polymers with unusual mechanical properties

Polymeric networks built from calix[4]arenes that form a three dimensional folded structure have been predicted to exhibit negative Poisson's ratios (auxetic), an unusual property which makes them superior to conventional materials in many practical applications.     

Influence of Liquid Crystallinity and Mechanical Deformation on the Molecular Relaxations of an Auxetic Liquid Crystal Elastomer

Liquid Crystal Elastomers (LCEs) combine the anisotropic ordering of liquid crystals with the elastic properties of elastomers, providing unique physical properties, such as stimuli responsiveness and a recently discovered molecular auxetic response. Here, we determine how the molecular relaxation dynamics in an acrylate LCE are affected by its phase using broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy, calorimetry and rheology. Our LCE is an excellent model system since it exhibits a molecular auxetic response in its nematic state, and chemically identical nematic or isotropic samples can be prepared by cross-linking. We find that the glass transition temperatures (Tg) and dynamic fragilities are similar in both phases, and the T-dependence of the α relaxation shows a crossover at the same T* for both phases. However, for T>T*, the behavior becomes Arrhenius for the nematic LCE, but only more Arrhenius-like for the isotropic sample. We provide evidence that the latter behavior is related to the existence of pre-transitional nematic fluctuations in the isotropic LCE, which are locked in by polymerization. The role of applied strain on the relaxation dynamics and mechanical response of the LCE is investigated; this is particularly important since the molecular auxetic response is linked to a mechanical Fréedericksz transition that is not fully understood. We demonstrate that the complex Young’s modulus and the α relaxation time remain relatively unchanged for small deformations, whereas for strains for which the auxetic response is achieved, significant increases are observed. We suggest that the observed molecular auxetic response is coupled to the strain-induced out-of-plane rotation of the mesogen units, in turn driven by the increasing constraints on polymer configurations, as reflected in increasing elastic moduli and α relaxation times; this is consistent with our recent results showing that the auxetic response coincides with the emergence of biaxial order.     

Polycyclohexanes: Quantum-chemical models

The steric and electronic structures of organic polymeric structures based on cyclohexane and dodecahydrophenalene were studied in terms of the density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G*). The examined systems were found to be structurally stable, and their geometric parameters did not differ very strongly from those typical of diamond-like reference structure. Only dodecahydrophenalene-based systems turned out to be auxetic.     

Mechanical deformations of a liquid crystal elastomer at director angles between 0° and 90°: Deducing an empirical model encompassing anisotropic nonlinearity

Despite the wealth of studies reporting mechanical properties of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), no theory can currently describe their complete mechanical anisotropy and nonlinearity. Here, we present the first comprehensive study of mechanical anisotropy in an all‐acrylate LCE via tensile tests that simultaneously track liquid crystal (LC) director rotation. We then use an empirical approach to gain a deeper insight into the LCE's mechanical responses at values of strain, up to 1.5, for initial director orientations between 0° and 90°. Using a method analogous to time–temperature superposition, we create master curves for the LCE's mechanical response and use these to deduce a model that accurately predicts the load curve of the LCE for stresses applied at angles between 15° and 70° relative to the initial LC director. This LCE has been shown to exhibit auxetic behavior for deformations perpendicular to the director. Interestingly, our empirical model predicts that the LCE will further demonstrate auxetic behavior when stressed at angles between 54° and 90° to the director. Our approach could be extended to any LCE; so it represents a significant step forward toward models that would aid the further development of LCE theory and the design and modeling of LCE‐based technologies. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 1367–1377