多段翼型吹气流动分离控制研究

基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes粘性流动方程,采用数值模拟方法,分析了吹气控制对多段翼型气动性能的影响,阐述了吹气改善多段翼型流动的机理。采用有限体积法对雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程进行空间离散,时间方向推进采用二阶迎风格式,湍流模型采用SST k-ω模型。结果表明:在多段翼型基础上采取吹气控制可以获得很好的气动增升效果,三段翼型的最大升力系数可达4.98;吹气可改善多段翼型表面流动,减小其流动分离,增加升力;在同样的吹气口几何参数条件下,在一定范围内增大吹气动量系数可以提高多段翼型的升力系数;在多段翼型主翼后段和襟翼同时施加吹气流动控制可以获得更好的效果,升力系数比基本三段翼型(基本构型A)增加30.05%。     

基于数值模拟的有限翼展吹气控制研究

以大攻角下增加升力、减小阻力为目的,采用计算流体力学方法,针对在有限展长的三维机翼模型上进行的局部开口吹气控制进行了数值研究。利用结构网格及相应的非定常流计算方法对吹气流动控制进行了数值仿真,分析了吹气动量系数、吹气位置等参数(重点研究吹气口展向位置)对气动特性的影响。研究表明:应用吹气技术可获得较好的气动特性,且能延迟边界层的分离;当吹气动量系数为0.000216且吹气口位于0.2c～0.205c时,二维模型升力系数增加8.2%,阻力系数减小17.2%;当开口长度是有限三维模型翼展的1/5、吹气动量系数为0.003,并在z为2.1～2.4m处引入吹气控制时,三维模型的升力系数增加22.6%,升阻比增加9.5%;对于本文的三维有限翼展机翼模型,当吹气口位于z为2.1～2.4m时可以获得最好的控制效果。     

高空长航时无人机高升阻比两段翼型设计研究

针对某特定无人机的使用设计要求,在单段翼型设计研究的基础上,尝试了高升阻比低雷诺数两段翼型的设计方法的分析与研究.采用求解椭圆型方程加控制点约束条件的"椭圆-控制点切割法"完成了两段翼型外形的生成,并针对巡航构型的襟翼偏角对缝道参数进行了优化;应用MSES计算分析程序对所设计的两段翼型的气动特性进行了分析评估.计算结果表明:本文所设计的两段翼型的最大升力系数达到2.72,最大升阻比为158.71;与原始单段翼型相比,最大升力系数增大了74.35%,最大升阻比增大了28.64%.     

褶皱幅度对仿生翼型滑翔气动特性的影响

蜻蜓翅膀具有独特的褶皱状形貌．研究者们致力于利用仿生学原理,设计在低雷诺数条件下具有更优气动性能的褶皱翼型．本文采用计算流体力学方法,求解二维不可压Navier-Stokes方程组,探讨了四种翼型（平板翼型、流线翼型、小幅度褶皱翼型和大幅度褶皱翼型）的气动表现．在低雷诺数条件下得到以下结果：(1) 较小幅度的褶皱结构有利于增加升力和减小阻力．(2) 雷诺数变化时褶皱翼型的升力系数呈非线性变化;在特定雷诺数区间,幅度相近的褶皱翼型会发生相对气动优势的转变．(3) 褶皱结构内的回流区通过减小粘性阻力,使得翼型总阻力下降．(4) 翼型前缘的极小区域会产生脉冲高升力,对升力表现产生较大影响．这些结果表明,调整褶皱幅度是实现褶皱翼型气动优化的有效方案．     

一种升浮一体环形浮空器气动特性研究

选取填充轻质气体的环形浮空器为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法开展高空风力发电机用浮空器气动特性研究．采用有限体积法求解不可压N-S方程和S-A湍流模型来数值模拟风力机气流场,分别对翼型,安装角,长细比,雷诺数及风力机等因素对引入浮力后浮空器气动特性影响进行研究,对比分析引入浮力后布局外形气动力特性随各外形特征参数的变化规律．数值结果表明,截面翼型弯度越大,最大升阻比越小,出现位置有一定前移;截面厚度越大,三维效应越强,最大升阻比出现有一定的滞后性;增大安装角,相当于增大攻角,使得升力系数和阻力系数随攻角变化曲线均有一定前移;引入浮力后,最大合升阻比增大,并且存在一个明显前移;长细比越小,浮空器升阻比越大,随着长细比增大,浮空器最大升阻比出现越滞后;一定范围内,雷诺数增大,浮空器动升阻比增大,引入浮力后,基于来流风速变化时,浮空器合升阻比随雷诺数增大先迅速减小然后趋于平缓,但基于浮空器尺寸变化时,合升阻比则随雷诺数增大而增大;风轮转速增大,浮空器阻力增大,升力有一定下降．     

可变形儒可夫斯基翼型亚音速非定常气动力的研究

对于翼面变形速度远小于来流速度情况下的儒可夫斯翼型亚音速绕流问题,通过仿射变换将可压缩流动转换成不可压缩流动,将解析解和离散涡方法相结合计算变形机翼的不可压缩流动速度场,再利用逆变换得到变形机翼的亚音速流动速度场,进而分析非定常气动力特性,建立变形机翼的准定常升力系数和非定常附加升力系数在可压缩和不可压缩两种状态下的简单近似对应关系。计算结果显示变形机翼的非定常气动升力近似等于准定常计算结果叠加上虚拟质量力导致的非定常附加升力,该非定常附加升力随翼型变形速率呈线性关系,由机翼当前时刻飞行姿态、翼型及其变形速率确定,与具体变形历史过程无关。低来流马赫数时虚拟质量力导致的非定常效应显著,高亚音速流动时准定常升力起主导作用。同时还分析了不同马赫数下机翼往复变形过程中升力的变化特性,指出尽管高亚音速变形机翼的气动升力近似等于准定常气动升力,但不能忽视非定常附加升力的影响,非定常附加升力将导致完成往复变形需要外界输入正比于Ma∞/[(1-Ma2∞)]的功。     

翼型厚度对气动弹性特性的影响

结合基于$k$-$\omega$的SST两方程湍流模型,求解雷诺平 均Navier-Stokes方程获得定常和非定常气动力,耦合翼型弹性运动方程,在时间 域内模拟了不同厚度对称翼型在不同迎角下的气动弹性动态过程, 并重点研究了较大迎角下的不同厚度翼型流场特征和气动弹性的性质,研究结果表明：在论 文所涉及的参数情况下,对于迎角从零到大迎角范围,翼型颤振临界速度随迎角的变化不是 单调的. 翼型颤振临界速度迅速下降的起始迎角比最大升力系数对应的迎角小很多.     

大型低速二元风洞侧壁边界层控制及对单段翼型实验结果的影响

本文简述了ＮＦ－３风洞二元实验段侧壁边界层吹除控制系统及具有吹气的模型实验方法，给出了不同吹气系数对风洞边界层的控制效果以及对相对厚度为７％的单段翼型实验结果的影响。初步实验研究结果表明，该控制系统能有效地改善风洞侧壁边界层的流动状态，减小侧壁干扰，改善翼型实验中的二元流动特性     

合成射流对失速状态下翼型大分离流动控制的试验研究

为研究低速状态合成射流在抑制翼型气流分离和推迟失速方面的控制机理, 开展了NACA0021 翼型失速特性射流控制的风洞试验研究. 通过系统性的模型测力、翼型瞬态流场粒子图像测速和边界层速度测定的对比试验, 深入探索了合成射流各参数对翼型失速特性控制效果的影响规律. 试验结果表明射流偏角在翼型升力和失速迎角控制方面的效果对射流动量系数较为敏感: 当动量系数较大时, 近切向射流的控制效果更好. 射流动量系数为0.033 时, 偏角30°的射流使得翼型升力系数峰值提高23.56%, 失速迎角增大5°; 而动量系数较小时, 偏角较大的射流能够获得最佳控制效果. 射流动量系数为0.0026 时, 法向射流对翼型最大升力系数控制效果最好(提高9.2%).      

定常吹气对倾转旋翼机向下载荷的影响

为进一步提高倾转旋翼机悬停状态下的有效载重,开展了定常吹气流动控制对向下载荷的影响研究。首先应用延迟脱体涡模拟(DDES)方法对翼型-90°迎角下非定常大范围分离流动结构进行了数值分析;然后分别开展了前缘吹气、后缘吹气降载措施研究,揭示了吹气降载的机理,并对不同吹气口位置和吹气动量系数的影响进行了定量分析,最后开展了前、后缘同时吹气作用下降载数值模拟研究。计算结果表明:前缘最佳吹气位置在翼型的前缘点,而后缘吹气最佳位置位于襟翼弦长的15%处;前缘吹气的降载效果要优于后缘吹气,而且吹气动量系数对向下载荷的影响较小;相对于初始未施加流动控制构型,阻力系数减小量可达到32.72%。     

Mechanism of compressor airfoil boundary layer flow control using nanosecond plasma actuation

The flow control effects of nanosecond plasma actuation on the boundary layer flow of a typical compressor controlled diffusion airfoil are investigated using large eddy simulation method. Three types of plasma actuation are designed to control the boundary layer flow, and two mechanisms of compressor airfoil boundary layer flow control using nanosecond plasma actuation have been found. The plasma actuations located within the laminar boundary layer flow can induce a small vortex structure through influencing on the density and pressure of the flow field. As the small vortex structure moves downstream along the blade surface with the main flow, it can suppress the turbulent flow mixing and reduce the total pressure loss. The flow control effect of the small vortex structure is summarized as wall jet effect. Differently, the plasma actuation located within the turbulent boundary layer flow can act on the shear layer flow and induce a large vortex structure. While moving downstream, this large vortex structure can suppress the turbulent flow mixing too.     

The Multi-point Optimization of Shock Control Bump with Constant-Lift Constraint Enhanced with Suction and Blowing for a Supercritical Airfoil

Both shock control bump (SCB) and suction and blowing are flow control methods used to control the shock wave/boundary layer interaction (SWBLI) in order to reduce the resulting wave drag in transonic flows. A SCB uses a small local surface deformation to reduce the shock-wave strength, while suction decreases the boundary-layer thickness and blowing delays the flow separation. Here a multi-point optimization method under a constant-lift-coefficient constraint is used to find the optimum design of SCB and suction and blowing. These flow control methods are used separately or together on a RAE-2822 supercritical airfoil for a wide range of off-design transonic Mach numbers. The RANS flow equations are solved using Roe’s averages scheme and a gradient-based adjoint algorithm is used to find the optimum location and shape of all devices. It is shown that the simultaneous application of blowing and SCB (hybrid blowing/SCB) improves the average aerodynamic efficiency at off-design conditions by 18.2 % in comparison with the clean airfoil, while this increase is only 16.9 % for the hybrid suction/SCB. We have also studied the SWBLI and how the optimization algorithm makes the flow wave structure and interactions of the shock wave with the boundary layer favorable.     

钝后缘风力机翼型的环量控制研究

钝后缘风力机翼型具有结构强度高、对表面污染不敏感等优点,但其较大的阻力系数使得翼型的整体气动特性不够理想. 利用环量控制方法对钝后缘风力机翼型进行了流动控制,以改善钝后缘风力机翼型的气动特性,减弱尾迹区脱体涡强度. 通过对钝后缘风力机翼型环量控制方法进行相关的数值模拟,对比研究了环量控制方法的增升减阻效果, 研究了环量控制下翼型升阻力特性随射流动量系数的变化规律,并对不同射流动量系数下环量控制方法的气动品质因子和控制效率进行了分析. 研究结果表明:环量控制方法能够大幅提升钝后缘风力机翼型的升力系数,同时有效地降低翼型的阻力系数; 翼型的升力系数随射流动量系数的增大而增大,表现出很明显的分离控制阶段和超环量控制阶段的变化规律; 射流能耗的功率系数随射流动量系数的增大而增大,且增长速率逐渐增大;实施环量控制方法后叶片的输出功率同样随射流动量系数增大而增大,但增长速率逐渐降低. 总体来说,环量控制方法可以有效地改善钝后缘风力机翼型的气动特性以及功率输出特性,在大型风力机流动控制中具有很好的应用前景.      

Pressure field due to drag reducing outer layer devices in turbulent boundary layers

The wall static pressure in the vicinity of drag reducing outer layer devices in flat wall turbulent boundary layers has been measured and compared with an inviscid theory. Symmetric and cambered airfoil devices have been examined at small angles of attack and very low chord Reynolds numbers. Airfoil devices impose a sequence of strong favorable and adverse pressure gradients on the boundary layer whose drag is to be reduced. At very small angles of attack (± 2°), this pressure field extends up to about three chord lengths downstream of the trailing edge of an airfoil device. Also examined are the pressures on the upper and lower surfaces of a symmetric airfoil device in the freestream and near the wall. The freestream pressure distribution around an airfoil section is altered by the wall proximity. The relevance of lift enhancement caused by wall proximity to drag reduction has been discussed. The pressure distributions on the flat wall beneath the symmetric airfoil devices are predicted well by the inviscid theory. However, the remaining pressure distributions are predicted only qualitatively, presumably because of strong viscous effects.     

跨音速翼型上的激波／边界层干扰自适应控制计算

在激波区使用自适应壁对跨音速翼型的激波／边界层的相互作用（干扰）进行控制，可改变机翼的气动性能，这种被动控制可通过在翼型的激波区开一凹腔，其上覆盖一弹性橡胶膜柔壁来，本文给出用Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｒ方程数值模拟这一自适应控制翼型的跨音速粘性绕流，提出了一个适应于本特殊情况（物面边界局部地区在求解过程中有变化）的处理办法。并探讨了自适应柔壁对当代跨音速翼绕流的影响。     

Pressure Improvement on a Supercritical High-Lift Wing Using Simple and Modulated Pulse Jet Vortex Generator

In this paper, an experimental study, aimed at delaying flow separation on a high-lift device using a pulsed blowing excitation method, is reported. The main objective of this investigation was to evaluate a new pulsed jet generation strategy to enhance flow control performance. In these experiments, two types of signal waveform were implemented to produce the unsteady blowing; a simple square-wave excitation signal for the first case, and a burst modulated excitation signal for the second case. The signal modulation was the first time to be used for a fast-switching solenoid valve actuator. Another objective of this study was to evaluate a new arrangement of the jet exit slots, in the form of a vortex generator which was employed for the first time on the high-lift device. For this purpose, a NASA SC(2)-0714 airfoil with a single slotted flap was employed. The vortex generator jets emanated from the shoulder of the trailing-edge flap with excitation frequencies from 40 to 1000 Hz. Pressure distribution around the model and wake total pressure deficit were measured. The results indicated that ejection from vortex generator slot pairs was able to prevent flow separation completely in most conditions. These measurements revealed that the burst modulated excitation signal was accompanied by more aerodynamic improvements and less air consumption relative to the simple pulsed jet excitation signal. In the best flow control mode, the results showed about a 53% increase in the value of the suction pressure peak on the flap and a 38% decrease in drag with a reduction in total pressure loss.

     

Active control of flow separation over an airfoil using synthetic jets

We perform large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow separation over an airfoil and evaluate the effectiveness of synthetic jets as a separation control technique. The flow configuration consists of flow over an NACA 0015 airfoil at Reynolds number of 896,000 based on the airfoil chord length and freestream velocity. A small slot across the entire span connected to a cavity inside the airfoil is employed to produce oscillatory synthetic jets. Detailed flow structures inside the synthetic-jet actuator and the synthetic-jet/cross-flow interaction are simulated using an unstructured-grid finite-volume large-eddy simulation solver. Simulation results are compared with the 2005 experimental data of Gilarranz et al., and qualitative and quantitative agreements are obtained for both uncontrolled and controlled cases. As in the experiment, the present large-eddy simulation confirms that synthetic-jet actuation effectively delays the onset of flow separation and causes a significant increase in the lift coefficient. Modification of the blade boundary layer due to oscillatory blowing and suction and its role in separation control is discussed.     

倾斜吹吸控制下湍流边界层减阻的直接数值模拟

雷诺切应力是壁湍流高摩擦阻力的重要来源, 有理论认为可以通过壁面生成负雷诺应力(数值上为正)的方式来削弱湍流流场中雷诺应力的分布, 以此获得流动减阻. 而通过对雷诺平均运动方程的法向二次积分, 可以发现壁面生成正雷诺应力(数值上为负)对壁面摩擦阻力系数才有负贡献. 文中在湍流边界层流动的控制区域下边界设置一系列倾斜狭缝, 利用该装置通过周期性吹吸的方法产生壁面生成正(负)雷诺应力, 并采用直接数值模拟方法考察和验证上文提到的减阻理论. 文中采用的湍流边界层流动模型, 其流动雷诺数(基于外流速度及动量损失厚度)从300 发展到860. 文中通过多组数值模拟算例, 考察了射流强度和频率对壁面摩擦阻力系数的影响, 并对比了壁面生成正或负雷诺应力对流动的影响. 研究表明, 壁面生成正雷诺应力控制的减阻率能达到3.26, 而壁面生成负雷诺应力控制的减阻效果较壁面生成正雷诺应力控制的要差; 壁面生成的正雷诺应力对壁面摩擦阻力有负贡献, 而壁面生成的负雷诺应力对壁面摩擦阻力有正贡献; 通过考察控制的收支比, 发现控制方案不能获得能量净收益.