定域片断轨道基组的对称化

片断的UHF运算不能保证每个片断轨道具有确切的电子占据数,故Kost定域化是必需的.当片断产生于多键断裂时,在确保目标轨道单占据性的同时,Kost定域破坏了轨道基组的对称性.为此,在Kost定域化后,必须对单占据轨道作2×2对称化旋转后,再作有条件的RHF运算.以乙烯基片断CHCH(波二烯分子中的一个片断)为例,详述了对称化的方法、原理和计算程序.以C-H片断为例,细述三单键片断轨道基组对称化的特殊性.介绍C-HR参考键长选择的判据,探讨键长与选择Gaussian基组大小的关系.     

虚轨道定域化

通过引入虚轨道定域化函数，扩展了集居数的定域化方法，在从头算STO－3G水平上用护展后的方法计算无机小分子、烷烃、卤代烷、醇、胺及共轭烃等，结果表明，定域占据轨道与定域虚轨道的系数和能级分布相似的规律。     

EHMO方法的分子轨道定域化

用Foster-Boys的定域化准则讨论了EHMO方法的分子轨道定域化问题,提出用双中心重叠积分近似计算双中心轨道偶极矩积分方法,得到的EHMO定域分子轨道与严格定域化结果接近,与从头计算方法的定域化结果定性一致。     

偶极积分与Boys法分子轨道定域化

定域分子轨道在分子体系的化学图象和物理图象之间充当重要的桥梁作用,它的产生依赖于定域化准则,其中最普遍使用的是Foster-Boys和Edmiston-Ruedenberg(E—R)提出的两种定域化准则。这两种定域化准则是等价的,因而结果也是一致的。但对于E—R定域化来说,由于涉及到大量的多中心积分的计算,计算极为费时,因而远不如Foster-Boys定     

C4Om-4(m=0,1,2,3,4)的从头算研究 2.化学键、电离势和振动频率

在第1报优化的几何构型的基础上,用Boys定域化方法和QSU90程序计算了C4Om-4(m=0,1,2,3,4)的定域化分子轨道,讨论了其成键特征和电离势.在6-31G水平用ab initio解析方法计算它们的谐振动频率.     

C_4O_4~(m-)(m=0,1,2,3,4)的从头算研究——2.化学键、电离势和振动频率

在第1报优化的几何构型的基础上,用Boys定域化方法和QSU90程序计算了C_4O_4~(m-)(m=0,l,2,3,4)的定域化分子轨道,讨论了其成键特征和电离势.在6-31G水平用ad initio解析方法计算它们的谐振动频率.     

链烃,环状烃和多面体烃的定域分子轨道研究

采用GAUSSAN 80程序对一系列直链烷烃、环状烃和多面体烷烃进行STO-3G基组下的曲initio计算,在所得非定域分子轨道自洽场结果的基础上,利用Boys方法进行定域化,进而研究了这些分子的定域分子轨道的键弯曲性质、轨道能量和集居数与几何结构之间的关系,用上述结果对一些典型分子的稳定性进行了讨论。     

定域分子轨道中的σ—π分离

对含重键的分子体系,分子轨道定域化会涉及到两种完全不同的重键描述,即等价的重键或“香蕉”键和不等价的σ和π键,文献曾利用杂化轨道法对此进行过讨论。对于定域分子轨道,具体得出哪种描述取决于所采用的定域准则及计算中采用的近似方法。对于从头算法的定域化研究,Boys定域准则强烈地趋向于等价重键描述;Ruedenberg定域准则只是对未共轭的重键体系有较强的等价重键描述倾向,对共轭的重键体系,这种倾向性明显减     

π和σ体系彻底分离的高度定域的键轨道基组的建立

高度定域的、对称的、键轨道基组的建立是一个多步的计算程序：(1)以定域片断轨道[φk,φi,φj]为基,对分子作有条件的RHF运算,算得FUL和DSI°态的片断分子轨道[Φ°l',Φ°n,Φ°m]和[Φl,Φn,Φm]。在基组[φk,φi,φj]中,φi∈双占据和空σ片断分子轨道(FMOs)组,φj∈πFMO组,φk∈单占据σFMO组,它们都精确地定域在各自的片断内;(2)利用Φ°l'与Φ°l间的重叠积分值(Sl'l>0.5),可以从DSI°态中,自动地选出Ns个对称的、由单占据轨道线性组合而成的分子轨道Φ°l'=Σakl'φk(k=1,2,…,Ns),接着,用Φ°l'取代FUL态中同类的、非对称轨道组Φl=Σaklφk(k=1,2,…,Ns);(3)以上述新的轨道组[Φ°l',Φn,Φm]为基(其中,Φ°l'∈DSI°态,它们离域于整个分子;双占据及空σFMO组Φm和πFMO组Φm属于FUL态),按FUL态的条件,再次对分子作有条件的RHF运算,从中得到一组对称的、闭壳层正则FMOs,而且每一个FMO均有正确的电子占据数;(4)利用Perkin原理,将第3步所得的正则FMO组定域成一个对称的键轨道基组[Φl',Φn',Φm']。在这个基组中,π体系Φm'与σ构架Φn'是彻底分离的,而且这两个轨道组始终精确地定域在各自的片断内。     

π和σ体系彻底分离的高度定域的键轨道基组的建立

高度定域的、对称的、键轨道基组的建立是一个多步的计算程序：(1)以定域片断轨道[φk,φi,φj]为基,对分子作有条件的RHF运算,算得FUL和DSI°态的片断分子轨道[Φ°l',Φ°n,Φ°m]和[Φl,Φn,Φm]。在基组[φk,φi,φj]中,φi∈双占据和空σ片断分子轨道(FMOs)组,φj∈πFMO组,φk∈单占据σFMO组,它们都精确地定域在各自的片断内;(2)利用Φ°l'与Φ°l间的重叠积分值(Sl'l>0.5),可以从DSI°态中,自动地选出Ns个对称的、由单占据轨道线性组合而成的分子轨道Φ°l'=Σakl'φk(k=1,2,…,Ns),接着,用Φ°l'取代FUL态中同类的、非对称轨道组Φl=Σaklφk(k=1,2,…,Ns);(3)以上述新的轨道组[Φ°l',Φn,Φm]为基(其中,Φ°l'∈DSI°态,它们离域于整个分子;双占据及空σFMO组Φm和πFMO组Φm属于FUL态),按FUL态的条件,再次对分子作有条件的RHF运算,从中得到一组对称的、闭壳层正则FMOs,而且每一个FMO均有正确的电子占据数;(4)利用Perkin原理,将第3步所得的正则FMO组定域成一个对称的键轨道基组[Φl',Φn',Φm']。在这个基组中,π体系Φm'与σ构架Φn'是彻底分离的,而且这两个轨道组始终精确地定域在各自的片断内。     

N_2O~+经由B~2П_i←X~2П跃迁的光解离机理研究

在超声分子束条件下,利用360.50 nm的电离激光使N2O分子经由[3+1]共振增强多光子电离(REMPI)产生纯净的N2O+(X2Π(000))分子离子,用另一束解离激光在230-275 nm范围扫描获得N2O+经由B2Πi←X2Π跃迁产生的光解碎片(NO+和N2+)激发(PHOFEX)谱.获得的光解碎片激发谱可以归属为B2Πi(00n)←X2Π(000)序列跃迁.我们分别将线性三原子分子离子N2O+中N―N伸缩振动简化成NO和N之间的简谐振动,N―O伸缩振动简化成N2和O之间的简谐振动,用谐振子的简谐势能曲线和波函数对N2O+分子离子X2Π和B2Πi电子态振动能级间跃迁的Franck-Condon因子进行计算,和实验得到的碎片离子增强谱实验强度进行比较,对前人给出的分子数据(分子平衡核间距)进行验证,讨论了N2O+经由B2Πi(00n)←X2Π(000)电子态跃迁的光解离机理和碎片离子的分支比.     

Empty level structure and dissociative electron attachment cross section in (bromoalkyl)benzenes

The gas-phase electron transmission (ET) and dissociative electron attachment (DEA) spectra are reported for the series of (bromoalkyl)benzenes C6H5(CH2)nBr (n = 0-3), where the bromine atom is directly bonded to a benzene ring or separated from it by 1-3 CH2 groups, and the dihalo derivative 1-Br-4-Cl-benzene. The relative DEA cross sections (essentially due to the Br- fragment) are reported, and the absolute cross sections are also evaluated. HF/6-31G and B3LYP/6-31G* calculations are employed to evaluate the virtual orbital energies (VOEs) for the optimized geometries of the neutral state molecules. The pi* VOEs, scaled with empirical equations, satisfactorily reproduce the corresponding experimental vertical electron attachment energies (VAEs). According to the calculated localization properties, the LUMO (as well as the singly occupied MO of the lowest lying anion state) of C6H5(CH2)3Br is largely localized on both the benzene ring and the C-Br bond, despite only a small pi*/sigma*C-Br interaction and in contrast to the chlorine analogue where the LUMO is predicted to possess essentially ring pi character. This would imply a less important role of intramolecular electron transfer in the bromo derivative for production of the halogen negative fragment through dissociation of the first resonant state. The VAEs calculated as the anion/neutral energy difference with the 6-31+G* basis set which includes diffuse functions are relatively close to the experimental values but do not parallel their sequence. In addition the SOMO of some compounds is not described as a valence MO with large pi* character but as a diffuse sigma* MO.     

Monomolecular decay of anion-radicals of isomeric chlorobenzonitriles. Quantum chemical analysis

Regularities for the reaction courses of the monomolecular decay of anion-radicals (AR) of isomeric chlorobenzonitriles have been considered basing on the ab initio investigation by ROHF/6-31+G*, MP2/6-31+G*//ROHF/6-31+G*, and B3LYP/6-31+G* methods. Stable structures corresponding to initial AR, final products of the decay, and combining them transition states (TS) of the reaction were localized. The TS found have a substantially non-planar structure. The main factor determining a relative ability of isomeric AR to remove chloride anion is the difference in the density of the unpaired electron on the breaking bond in the initial AR. In the case of para-isomer, whose SOMO is maximally localized on the C atom bonded to Cl, it is likely to expect “ early” TS and low barriers of the reaction both in the gas phase and polar solvents. The fragmentation of ortho-and meta-isomers is forestalled by remarkable structural modifications resulting in the redistribution of electron density with its localization on the breaking bond C—Cl.     

投影解析法求直链烷烃内旋转时非键原子对间距离

用旋转投影解析几何的方法,计算了链烃分子链上相邻原子上的非键原子对间的距离r(φ_i),及相间原子上的非键原子对间的距离r(φ_i,φ₁₊₁.所得公式适用于链上不含双键的链状分子.     

DFT study on the reaction mechanisms of polyfluorosulfonate ester with F

Gas-phase reaction of C(1)F₃S(2)O₂O(3)C(4)H₂C(5)F₃ and F⁻(16) is investigated using DFT method. The geometries of various stationary points and their relative energies are obtained from 6-31+G*, 6-311G**, and 6-311++G** levels. In the S_N2(C) reaction leading to the cleavage of the C(4)–O(3) bond, the reaction complex results from attacking of F⁻ at a hydrogen atom H11 attached to carbon atom C(4). Afterward, F⁻ is attacking the atom C(4) from the backside of the atom O(3) with the help of the neighboring effect, and meanwhile a multi-membered ring, F(16)–H(11)–C(4)–C(5)–F(16), is being formed. The S_N2(C) reaction is irreversible. On the contrary, the S_N2(S) reaction leading to the cleavage of the S(2)–O(3) bond is reversible, and it is initiated by attacking of F⁻ at the atom S(2) from the backside of the atom O(3). The products of the reaction CF₃SO₃CH₂CF₃ +F⁻ should be, thermodynamically, controlled due to the reversibility of the S_N2(S) reaction, and those result, chemospecifically, from the cleavage of the C–O bond. At last, the SCRF calculations confirm that the solvent effect is preferable to the S_N2(C) reaction.     

Peculiarities of atomic interaction in organic molecules of 3- and 4-coordinated phosphorus using ab initio calculations and Cl NQR

The results of ab initio calculations at the MP2/6-31G(d) level of molecules of the series ClPXX′ (X, X′=C₂H₅, N(CH₃)₂, OCH₃) and ClP(M)XX′ (M=O, S; X=CH₃, ?CH₃; X′=C₂H₅, OCH₃) with total optimization of their geometry were presented. They were compared with the obtained earlier results of such calculations at the RHF/6-31G(d) level and with experimental ³⁵Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectra for these compounds. MP2/6-31G(d) calculations confirm non-inductive influence of heteroatoms on the geminal Cl atom in the non-linear three-atomic Cl–P–M groups. They agree to the conclusion that the abnormal correlation of the ³⁵Cl NQR frequencies for the compounds studied at different X, X′ and M is caused, in general, by the P–Cl bond polarization under the action of the geminal atom partial charges directly through the field. The satisfactory conformity between the experimental ³⁵Cl NQR frequencies and those estimated from 3p-components of the Cl atom valence p-orbitals calculated at the MP2/6-31G(d) level was obtained.     

Extraction de l'acide silicomolybdique par le nitrate de triisooctylamine en milieu dichloro-1,2-ethane Nature des équilibres and application analytique

-Molybdosilicic acid () in aqueous solution is extracted by triisooctylamine nitrate (R₃NHNO₃) in dichloro-l,2-ethane (S) according to an equilibrium which involves the dissociation of the extracted species in the organic phase: _aq+4(R₃NHNO₃)_s [(R₃NH)₃]_s^-+(R₃NH)_s⁺+4(N0₃^-)_aq+xH⁺ Extraction allows separation of from the excess of molybdenum necessary for its quantitative formation from silicate and molybdate. The direct spectrophotometric determination of the heteropolyacid in the organic phase is simple and sensitive ( =28000 1 cm^-1 mole^-1 at 300 nm).

Zusammenfassung

-Molybdatokieselsäure () in wässriger Lösung wird durch Triisooctylaminnitrat (R₃NHNO₃) in 1,2-Dichlorän (S) entsprechend einem Gleichgewicht extrahiert, in dem die Dissoziation der extrahierten Spezies in der organischen Phase enthalten ist: _aq+4(R₃NHNO₃)_s [(R₃NH)₃]_s^-+(R₃NH)_s⁺+4(N0₃^-)_aq+_xH⁺ Die Extraktion erlaubt die Trennung von vom Molybdän-Überschuss, der für die quantitative Bildung von aus Silicat und Molybdat notwendig ist. Die direkte spektrophotometrische Bestimmung der Heteropolysäure in der organischen Phase ist einfach und empfindlich ( = 28000 l cm^-1 mol^-1 bei 300 nm).     

CC Triple-bond stabilization in three-membered ring compounds: Boriryne,dilithiumcyclopropyne and berylliryne

Ab initio calculations have been performed on the title compounds. At 3-21G, boriryne is not a minimum on the potential energy hypersurface. The 3-21G optimized minimum of dilithiumcyclopropyne corresponds to dilithiumcyclopropenylidene with a planar tetracoordinated carbon atom and CC bond lengths intermediate between single and double bonds. Berylliryne is calculated to be a stable molecule, being the global minimum at the C₂ Be energy hypersurface at MP2/6-31G*//6-31G* with a CC bond length of 1.258 Å.