用于光谱力学分析的显微拉曼外光路子系统

显微拉曼光谱法是一种无损非接触的微尺度实验力学技术。本文设计研制了可用于空间任意几何和偏振构型下力学测量的显微拉曼外光路子系统,用以开展复杂载荷环境下应力/应变的原位、在线测量。该外光路子系统采用观察光路与信号光路同轴设计,并基于笼式光机组件搭建光路。为标定、验证系统的性能与可靠性,本文采用所研制的外光路系统开展了Kevlar 29纤维的拉伸实验和单晶硅的围压实验。实验结果表明,将外光路子系统用于光谱力学测量能够给出与商用系统性能一致的测量结果、精度及可靠性,并能够用于获取商用系统无法给出的几何与偏振构型下的光谱信息,从而实现复杂环境、载荷、应力状态下的光谱力学精细测量。     

碳纳米管应变传感器的性能分析：实验偏振模式的影响机制

碳纳米管作为一种拉曼力学传感介质具有优异的力学性质及共振、偏振拉曼特性。将碳纳米管散布在基体材料中,即可实现局部应力/应变的测量。受到光学衍射极限的限制,常规的远场拉曼光谱得到的是一定区域内众多碳管的平均散射信息。本文综合考虑了采样点内各方向碳管的影响,并对碳管散射的共振状态、碳管的分布状态、拉曼系统的偏振构型及偏振方向等实验因素对碳纳米管应变传感器性能的影响进行了深入分析,采用分峰和重构的方法定量地给出了不同实验模式下采样点内的拉曼信息组成以及各种实验模式的测量精度。分析和对比表明,采用双偏振构型且偏振方向沿荷载施加方向时的测量精度最高,即最优的实验模式。     

纳米压痕残余应力场拉曼光谱实验研究

本文采用纳米压入仪在晶向为〈111〉和〈100〉的两种单晶硅片表面压入1000nm,卸载后得到深度约为550~570nm的压痕。使用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪对压痕周边区域进行测量,采用场扫描成像技术得到了压痕周边拉曼频移、半高宽、峰强等拉曼信息,通过分析由频移求得残余应力场的分布。在实验的基础上讨论了残余应力场的分布,以及晶向对应力场分布的影响,近似给出了压痕边缘最大压应力与微裂纹尖端最大拉应力。对其他拉曼信息的分析表明,半高宽和峰强信息与材料晶格结构的变化相关,在一定程度上也可以反映残余应力的作用。     

射电偏振仪PПy—1的结构及其工作原理

本文介绍了射电偏振仪ＰПｙ—１的结构及其工作原理。该仪器是利用发射偏振的超高频无线电磁波透射复合材料构件，对接收到的信号进行分析来确定构件在工作状态下的应力应变值。本文还通过测试实例说明了仪器的使用及各种参数的确定方法。     

射电偏振仪PIIY—1的结构及其工作原理

本文介绍了射电偏振仪ＰＩＩＹ－１的结构及其工作原理。该仪器是利用发射偏振的超高频无线电磁波透射复合材料的构件，对接收到的信号进行分析来确定构件在工作状态下的应力应变值。本文还通过测试实例说明了仪器的使用及各种参数的确定方法。     

锗硅缓冲双轴应变硅材料ε-Si/Ge_(0.3)Si_(0.7)/Ge_xSi_(1-x)/C-Si内部残余应力的显微拉曼实验分析

应变硅技术是一种被称为延续摩尔定律的技术,是集成微电子技术的热点之一。本文以锗硅缓冲双轴应变硅材料(ε-Si/Ge_(0.3)Si_(0.7)/Ge_xSi_(1-x)/C-Si)为研究对象,采用显微拉曼光谱技术,开展了该多层半导体异质结构内部残余应力的实验力学分析。这是面向多层结构残余应力与表/界面力学行为的多尺度实验力学分析,本文首先简述了该应变硅的制造工艺和超低粗糙度横截面样品的加工方法,并推导了针对锗硅合金拉曼-力学测量修正关系,进而对应变硅样品的表面和横截面进行了显微拉曼力学测量实验,给出了多层异质结构内部的残余应力分布,并以此为基础讨论了多层界面的力学行为。     

显微拉曼光谱力学实验方法与应用研究进展

显微拉曼光谱是近十余年来实验力学领域迅速发展的一种实验应力分析新方法.相比于大多数的光测力学方法,显微拉曼能够实现对应力/应变相对直接的表征,具有高空间分辨、高测试效率、无损非接触等特点,适合于原位、在线、活体测量.其对本征和非本征应力均敏感,并能够开展多物理参量的协同表征,是当前实验力学领域新方法研究的国际前沿之一,也是微纳米力学实验分析的重要手段.本文首先介绍了显微拉曼力学表征的实验原理,随后论述了拉曼光谱用于力学研究的若干关键技术,然后综述了基于显微拉曼实验的力学前沿研究进展,最后讨论了显微拉曼光谱在实验固体力学领域的发展前景与方向.本文通过对显微拉曼光谱力学实验方法最新理论、技术与应用进展的综述,为从事微尺度、多尺度力学实验领域的科研工作者提供较为系统的信息参考,同时为那些对微尺度光谱力学感兴趣的青年科研人员提供本领域系统全面的知识.     

基于应力分析的桁架结构双向拓扑优化方法

结构拓扑优化问题的研究多是采用基结构的思路,通过删除在设计区域内的不必要单元来得到结构的最优拓扑构型。本文探索了一种增加单元与删除单元相结合的双向拓扑优化方法,采用了网格与杆件两类单元对桁架进行分析:在高应力杆件单元周围生成新网格单元,并且删除低应力的杆单元,结构逐渐进化,从而得到优化的拓扑构型。文章最后通过数值算例,表明该方法是可行的。     

复合材料切口应力奇性指数计算

提出一种计算广义平面应交状态下复合材料切口应力奇性指数的新方法.在切口尖端的位移幂级数渐近展开式被引入正交各向异性材料的物理方程后,将用位移表示的应力分量代入切口端部柱状邻域的线弹性理论控制方程,切口应力奇性指数的计算被转化为常微分方程组特征值的求解.采用插值矩阵法求解该常微分方程组,可一次性地获取切口尖端多阶应力奇性指数.本法适合平面和反平面应力场耦合或解耦的情形,并可退化计算裂纹或各向同性材料切口的应力奇性指数.算例表明,所提方法对分析复合材料切口应力奇性指数是一种准确有效的手段.     

高性能对称解耦结构的线振动陀螺

为了最大限度克服微机电陀螺的两个模态的相互耦合作用,提高微机电陀螺的综合性能指标,采用国内现有MEMS标准工艺方法,设计和制作了一种高性能单晶硅对称解耦结构的线振动陀螺。采用对称结构形式和保证陀螺驱动和检测模态振型都是弯曲振动模式,易于模态匹配;由于采用驱动模态和检测模态结构解耦方式,从微结构设计上大大降低了正交耦合误差影响,使陀螺具有输出零位小、零偏稳定性好的优点。测试结果表明：初次加工的样机,在大气中驱动和检测模态固有频率分别在2430Hz和2580Hz左右,在150Hz带宽内具有0.1～0.5（°）/s的分辨率;随着加工精度的提高和检测电路的改进,该陀螺在大气中15Hz带宽内实现0.008（°）/s的分辨率,在真空状态下,这种高性能单晶硅对称解耦结构的线振动陀螺性能会有进一步的提高。     

Complex variable approach in studying modified polarization saturation model in two-dimensional semipermeable piezoelectric media

A modified polarization saturation model is proposed and addressed mathematically using a complex variable approach in two-dimensional(2 D) semipermeable piezoelectric media. In this model, an existing polarization saturation(PS) model in 2D piezoelectric media is modified by considering a linearly varying saturated normal electric displacement load in place of a constant normal electric displacement load, applied on a saturated electric zone. A centre cracked infinite 2D piezoelectric domain subject to an arbitrary poling direction and in-plane electromechanical loadings is considered for the analytical and numerical studies. Here, the problem is mathematically modeled as a non-homogeneous Riemann-Hilbert problem in terms of unknown complex potential functions representing electric displacement and stress components. Having solved the Hilbert problem, the solutions to the saturated zone length, the crack opening displacement(COD), the crack opening potential(COP), and the local stress intensity factors(SIFs) are obtained in explicit forms. A numerical study is also presented for the proposed modified model, showing the effects of the saturation condition on the applied electrical loading, the saturation zone length, and the COP. The results of fracture parameters obtained from the proposed model are compared with the existing PS model subject to electrical loading, crack face conditions, and polarization angles.     

A general metrology of stress on crystalline silicon with random crystal plane by using micro-Raman spectroscopy

The requirement of stress analysis and measurement is increasing with the great development of heterogeneous structures and strain engineering in the field of semiconductors. Micro-Raman spectroscopy is an effective method for the measurement of intrinsic stress in semiconductor structures. However, most existing applications of Raman-stress measurement use the classical model established on the (001) crystal plane. A non-negligible error may be introduced when the Raman data are detected on surfaces/cross-sections of different crystal planes. Owing to crystal symmetry, the mechanical, physical and optical parameters of different crystal planes show obvious anisotropy, leading to the Raman-mechanical relationship dissimilarity on the different crystal planes. In this work, a general model of stress measurement on crystalline silicon with an arbitrary crystal plane was presented based on the elastic mechanics, the lattice dynamics and the Raman selection rule. The wavenumber-stress factor that is determined by the proposed method is suitable for the measured crystal plane. Detailed examples for some specific crystal planes were provided and the theoretical results were verified by experiments.     

Investigation on critical triaxiality along unified yield loci at crack tip under mixed mode (I + II) fracture

Metallic components used in industries and day to day appliances often contain micro-cracks. In general, cracks occur in various orientations to the loading axis. The present paper discusses the criticality of stress triaxiality, a well-known ductile fracture parameter, on the yield loci at the crack tip. In the process, an old model of stress triaxiality has been generalized using unified strength theory to incorporate various convex and nonconvex failure criteria, including single shear, twin shear, etc. The new triaxiality model also reveals about the effect of intermediate principal stress at the crack tip for materials with and without strength difference. The crack initiation angles at the crack tip, obtained through the proposed model have been found to be in unison with those obtained through other fracture criteria.     

Time-resolved temperature field of monocrystalline silicon irradiated by a millisecond pulse laser

Based on the thermal conduction equation that takes into account phase changes and the evolution of thermophysical parameters with temperature, laser-induced heating and melting of monocrystalline silicon are studied. The changes in the behavior of silicon temperature at different places within the irradiation spot and at different time instants are investigated by the finite element and finite difference methods for a wide range of energy and duration of millisecond laser pulses with the Gaussian spatial and temporal shapes. The numerical results are compared with the experimental measurements.     

New analytical method to evaluate the powerplant and chassis coupling in the improvement vehicle NVH

The design of an automotive powerplant mounting system is an essential part in vehicle safety and improving the vehicle noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) characteristics. One of the main problems encountered in the automotive design is isolating low frequency vibrations of the powerplant from the rest of the vehicle. The significant powerplant mass makes the choice of frequency and mode arrangements a critical design decision. Several powerplant mounting schemes have been developed to improve NVH properties concentrating on the positioning and design of resilient supports. However these methods are based on decoupling rigid body modes from a grounded powerplant model which ignores chassis and suspension system interactions. But it cannot be stated that decoupling the grounded rigid body modes of the powerplant will systematically reduce chassis vibrations. In this paper, a new analytical method is proposed to examine the mechanisms of coupling between the powerplant and the vehicle chassis and subsystems. The analytical procedure expands the equation of motion of the vehicle components to such that a domain of boundary conditions used in the 6 degrees-of-freedom powerplant mounting model can be defined. An example of this new procedure is given for improving NVH chassis response at idle speed using the torque roll axis decoupling strategy.     

A Novel Technique for the Determination of Surface Biaxial Stress under External Confinement Using Raman Spectroscopy

Bi-axial compressive stress induced as a result of mechanical confinement within a zirconium diboride-silicon carbide (ZrB₂-SiC) ceramic composite has been quantified using micro Raman spectroscopy and then validated using two independent experimental methods. First a relationship relating the Raman peak-shift on a confined silicon carbide (SiC) particle to magnitude of imposed confinement stress was developed by utilizing phonon deformation potentials for 3C-SiC diamond and zinc-blende crystal structures. ZrB₂-5wt%SiC samples, prepared using spark plasma sintering were subjected to different confinement pressure on the lateral surface by thermal shrink fitting metallic sleeves. The relationship between Raman peak-shift and confinement stress was then verified by comparing the measured stress in this method with that calculated from analytical expressions readily available for thick walled cylinders. The relationship was further validated independently using digital image correlation (DIC) by measuring the displacements for unknown levels of progressively increasing confinement stress induced by a shaft-collar ring on similar specimens. The Raman peak-shift relation derived for SiC phase also correctly predicted process-induced residual stresses due to a mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion between the matrix phase and SiC particles. The derived Raman peak-shift relationship can also be generalized and can be a valuable tool to experimentally determine unknown bi-axial stress in a Raman active structure.     

Stress Separation of Interferometrically Measured Isopachics in a Perforated Plate

A method for the stress separation of interferometrically measured isopachics using an Airy stress function is proposed in this study. A Poisson equation that represents the relationship between the sum of principal stresses and an Airy stress function is solved using a finite element method. The Dirichlet boundary condition for solving the Poisson equation is determined by the approximation of an assumed Airy stress function along the boundary of the model. Therefore, the distribution of the Airy stress function is obtained from the measured isopachic contours. Then, the stresses are obtained from the computed Airy stress function. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by applying the proposed method to the isopachic contours in a perforated plate obtained by Mach-Zehnder interferometry. Results indicate that stress components around a hole in a plate can be obtained from isopachics by the proposed method.     

Analytical and numerical analysis of frictional damage in quasi brittle materials

Frictional sliding and crack growth are two main dissipation processes in quasi brittle materials. The frictional sliding along closed cracks is the origin of macroscopic plastic deformation while the crack growth induces a material damage. The main difficulty of modeling is to consider the inherent coupling between these two processes. Various models and associated numerical algorithms have been proposed. But there are so far no analytical solutions even for simple loading paths for the validation of such algorithms. In this paper, we first present a micro-mechanical model taking into account the damage-friction coupling for a large class of quasi brittle materials. The model is formulated by combining a linear homogenization procedure with the Mori–Tanaka scheme and the irreversible thermodynamics framework. As an original contribution, a series of analytical solutions of stress–strain relations are developed for various loading paths. Based on the micro-mechanical model, two numerical integration algorithms are exploited. The first one involves a coupled friction/damage correction scheme, which is consistent with the coupling nature of the constitutive model. The second one contains a friction/damage decoupling scheme with two consecutive steps: the friction correction followed by the damage correction. With the analytical solutions as reference results, the two algorithms are assessed through a series of numerical tests. It is found that the decoupling correction scheme is efficient to guarantee a systematic numerical convergence.     

Transient phenomena in thixotropic systems

A nonlinear rheological model which accounts for the time-dependent elastic, viscous and yielding phenomena is developed in order to describe the flow behavior of thixotropic materials which exhibit yield stress. A key feature of the formulation is a smooth transition from an ‘elastically’ dominated response to a ‘viscous’ response without a discontinuity in the stress–strain curve. The model is phenomenological and is based on the kinetic processes responsible for structural changes within the thixotropic material. As such, it can predict thixotropic effects, such as stress overshoot during start-up of a steady shear flow and stress relaxation after cessation of flow. Thus this model extends a previously proposed viscoplastic model [J. Rheol. 34 (1991) 647] to include thixotropy.An analysis and comparison to experimental data involving oscillatory shear flow are provided to evaluate the accuracy of the model and to estimate the model parameters in a prototype concentrated suspension. The experiments were conducted using a series of concentrated suspensions of silicon particles and silicon carbide whiskers in polyethylene. The data obtained with this experimental system indicated much better agreement between the theory and experiments that obtained in earlier work.