关于机械能守恒定律条件问题的来稿综述

本刊最近收到有关“机械能守恒条件”问题的文章多篇.它们的作者和题目是: (1)湖南地矿局职大许山高 “机械能守恒的‘绝对’性与相对性”. (2)上海师范大学林逢琦 “机械能守恒定律的条件”, (3)沈阳工业大学刘士元 “力学中三个守恒定律的守恒条件的讨论”, (4)锦州工学院李文仁 “机械能守恒定律的表述辩析”, (5)乌鲁木齐石化总厂职工大学李希潭 “关于机械能守恒条件的证明”, (6)大连水产学院蒋人发 “对机械能守恒定律的分析”, (7)中南林学院禹仪章 “机械能守恒定律的分析”. 这些来稿本应及时在刊物上发表.因来稿中对“机械能守恒…     

勿让课堂成为学生错误认识的源头

“ 机械能守恒”与“ 机械能不变”是两个不同的概念, 它们的内涵宽度不一样. “ 机械能守恒”中不但包 含了“ 机械能不变” , 而且包含着守恒条件和讨论守恒的必要性; “ 机械能不变”只是“ 机械能守恒”中数量关系的一 种表达, 不能作为“ 机械能守恒”的等效表述. 因此, 在物理规律的理解和学习中, 必须注意理解和挖掘物理概念、 物 理规律的表达形式跟它们的全部内涵和外延之间的区别与联系, 勿简单的处理, 让课堂成为学生错误认识的源头     

错在哪里

机械能守恒定律是高中物理教学的一个重点内容,也是教学难点之一,尤其是系统机械能守恒,学生常用等效的方法来解决问题,而发现结果却是错误的,其错误原因许多教师也百思不得其解,下面本人以一道常见习题为例来进行分析.     

力场与时间有关系统的功能定理及其应用

与时间有关的有势力场与其他力共同作用系统的功能定理具有比普通的功能定理更为强大的应用价值,本文介绍这一功能定理,并应用于不同参考系观察同一系统的机械能如何变化的两个简单实例:在地面上和升降机中观察地面附近同一质点的机械能变化,在地面上和在运动车厢里看一端固定于车厢壁的弹簧振子的机械能变化.指出了有些文献的有关错误.     

利用气垫导轨改进机械能守恒定律验证实验

本文基于人教版高中《 物理·必修2》中“ 实验: 验证机械能守恒定律”一节内容, 利用气垫导轨改进课 本中的实验, 验证了弹力参与做功时的系统机械能守恒. 此改进有益于加深学生对机械能守恒定律的全面理解     

解碰撞题需“过三关”

在学完“动量”和“机械能”之后，碰撞问题屡见不鲜，同学们常常对这类问题感到很棘手，尤其是一些选择题，由于考虑问题不全面，往往会出现因多选而导致错误的情况，其实，对于碰撞类选择题，可以从以下3个方面去考查选项，逐一筛选、淘汰，全部通过的才是正确答案。     

弹簧振子相对于运动惯性系的机械能不守恒——关于“对一道中学生物理竞赛试题答案的商榷”的商榷

验证了一道中学生物理竞赛试题标准答案(弹簧振子相对于运动惯性系的机械能不守恒)的正确性,否定了"对一道中学生物理竞赛试题答案的商榷"[1]的质疑,并指出其错误根源.     

“在不同贯性系中的机械能守恒定律”一文的更正与补充

1964年第6期本刊所载“在不同惯性系中的机械能守恒定律”一文中有几点疏忽和错误之处”,应予更正和补充如下。1.第261页倒数第八行,ft=-2mv_0,式中f应理解为系统所受平均合外力。这时系统(摆锤与地球)所受全部外力有三,即摆锤所受张力以及地球所受车厢施给的重力和压力。后两力都在铅直力向,而且容易证明它们之和恰与张力之铅直分量等值而反向(平均值)。因此     

例谈Algodoo软件在高中物理教学中的应用

以“斜抛运动”“布朗运动”“机械能守恒定律”为例,使用Algodoo虚拟仿真软件对投篮、大小颗粒在液体中的运动和过山车等3个物理情境进行模拟仿真,并示范如何将模拟仿真出来的物理情境分别应用在相应的课题教学中.     

如何掌握机械能守恒定律

机械能守恒定律是功和能这一章的重点内容．只有透彻理解机械能守恒定律，认真做典型例题才能真正做到熟练、正确应用其解决问题．１透彻理解机械能定恒定律物理教材中的：“在只有重力做功的条件下，物体的动能和重力势能是可以相互转换的，但总的机械能保持恒定”．这个...     

激光熔蚀过程中等离子体冲击波压缩层能量演化

从冲击波基本性质出发,在冲击波压缩层内物质密度均匀的前提下,结合流体力学守恒方程得到冲击波压缩层的机械能通用表达式。继而,分析了激光等离子体球面衰减冲击波情况下冲击波压缩层机械能演变,发现压缩层内的机械能随着冲击波的外向传播出现增大;进而提出波后等离子体区域可能存在其他储能机制,该能量在不断向外界输送能量。最后通过铝靶熔蚀实验,证实了等离子体区域内存在电场能。     

Energy balance in deformation mechanics of solids at low temperatures

The model of a solid in the form of an ensemble of independent anharmonic oscillators arranged in a uniform stress field has been considered to analyze the energy balance during adiabatic mechanical loading of a solid at low temperatures. Oscillator elongation is determined as the average over the ensemble, and a part of its energy is matched to this quantity. This part has the physical meaning of the mechanical energy of sample deformation and becomes a part of the energy balance upon deformation. After averaging, the uniform force field is replaced by the resultant force associated with the average deformation. Another component of the balance at low temperatures is the energy of zero-point vibrations of oscillators. Thus, upon mechanical deformation of a solid, the energy exchange occurs between two scale levels: the atomic vibration energy at a microlevel and the macroscopic deformation energy of the sample as a whole.     

Equivalent damping and frequency change for linear and nonlinear hybrid vibrational energy harvesting systems

A unified approximation method is derived to illustrate the effect of electro-mechanical coupling on vibration-based energy harvesting systems caused by variations in damping ratio and excitation frequency of the mechanical subsystem. Vibrational energy harvesters are electro-mechanical systems that generate power from the ambient oscillations. Typically vibration-based energy harvesters employ a mechanical subsystem tuned to resonate with ambient oscillations. The piezoelectric or electromagnetic coupling mechanisms utilized in energy harvesters, transfers some energy from the mechanical subsystem and converts it to an electric energy. Recently the focus of energy harvesting community has shifted toward nonlinear energy harvesters that are less sensitive to the frequency of ambient vibrations. We consider the general class of hybrid energy harvesters that use both piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvesting mechanisms. Through using perturbation methods for low amplitude oscillations and numerical integration for large amplitude vibrations we establish a unified approximation method for linear, softly nonlinear, and bi-stable nonlinear energy harvesters. The method quantifies equivalent changes in damping and excitation frequency of the mechanical subsystem that resembles the backward coupling from energy harvesting. We investigate a novel nonlinear hybrid energy harvester as a case study of the proposed method. The approximation method is accurate, provides an intuitive explanation for backward coupling effects and in some cases reduces the computational efforts by an order of magnitude.     

对固连于轻杆上的两小球自由下摆时能量的分析

本文分析了固连于轻杆上的两小球自由下摆时的能量,指出了每个小球机械能不守恒的原因,给出了每个小球机械能守恒的条件     

Dynamics of individuals and swarms with shot noise induced by stochastic food supply

We study the Brownian dynamics of individual particles with energy depot in two dimensions and extend the model to swarms of such particles. We assume that the elements (energy depots) are provided at discrete times with packets of chemical energy which is subsequently converted into acceleration of motion. In contrast to the mechanical white noise which is incorporated in the equations of mechanical motion and has no preferred direction, the energetic noise, as discussed in this study, is directed and it does not reverse the direction of mechanical motion. We characterize the effective noise acting on the particles and show that the stochastic energy supply may be modeled as a shot-noise driven Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process in energy which finally results in fluctuations of the velocity. We study the energy and velocity distributions for different regimes and estimate the crossover time from ballistic to diffusion motion. Further we investigate the dynamics of swarms and find a transition from translational to rotational motion depending on the rate of the shot noise.     

Skeletal muscle contraction in protecting joints and bones by absorbing mechanical impacts

We have previously hypothesized that the dissipation of mechanical energy of external impact is a fundamental function of skeletal muscle in addition to its primary function to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy. In this paper, a mathematical justification of this hypothesis is presented. First, a simple mechanical model, in which the muscle is considered as a simple Hookean spring, is considered. This analysis serves as an introduction to the consideration of a biomechanical model taking into account the molecular mechanism of muscle contraction, kinetics of myosin bridges, sarcomere dynamics, and tension of muscle fibers. It is shown that a muscle behaves like a nonlinear and adaptive spring tempering the force of impact and increasing the duration of the collision. The temporal profiles of muscle reaction to the impact as functions of the levels of muscle contraction, durations of the impact front, and the time constants of myosin bridges closing, are obtained. The absorption of mechanical shock energy is achieved due to the increased viscoelasticity of the contracting skeletal muscle. Controlling the contraction level allows for the optimization of the stiffness and viscosity of the muscle necessary for the protection of the joints and bones.     

Theoretical study of the decaying convective turbulence in a shear-buoyancy PBL

The derivation of a theoretical model for the decaying convective turbulence in a shear-buoyancy planetary boundary layer is considered. The model is based on the dynamical equation for the energy density spectrum in which the buoyancy, mechanical and inertial transfer terms are retained. The parameterization for the buoyancy and mechanical terms is provided by the flux Richardson number. Regarding the inertial term an approach employing Heisenberg’s spectral transfer theory is used to describe the turbulence friction, caused by small eddies, responsible for the energy dissipation of the large eddies. Therefore, a novelty in this study is to utilize the Adomian decomposition method to solve directly without linearization the energy density spectrum equation, with this the nonlinear nature of the problem is preserved. Therefore, the errors found are only due to the parameterization used. Comparison of the theoretical model is performed against large-eddy simulation data for a decaying convective turbulence in a shear-buoyancy planetary boundary layer. The results show that the existence of a mechanical turbulent driving mechanism reduces in an accentuated way the energy density spectrum and turbulent kinetic energy decay generated by the decaying convective production in a shear-buoyancy planetary boundary layer.     

分子马达动力学

分子马达是一类将化学能转化为机械能的微小机器. 对二维模型的研究表明, 非保守力在体系与外界能量交换中发挥重要作用. 四态模型较好地反映了马达力学化学过程的各个状态及相应的构象变化. Motor protein is a kind of small machines that convert chemical energy to mechanical works. It is revealed from the study of the two dimensional model that the non conservative impulsive force plays a significant role in the exchanging process of energy. A four state model characterizing the coupling of mechanical and chemical processes of molecular motor is also discussed.     

Energy analysis of a piezoelectric body under nonuniform deformation

One of the most powerful and clear methods for solving electromechanical transducer problems is the energy method based on the use of the Euler-Lagrange equations. The general expression is developed in a form convenient for applying the energy method to the calculation of the internal energy of a piezoelectric body under nonuniform deformation. The electrical and mechanical variables in this expression are separable under certain conditions and the underlying physics is illustrated with particular examples of bars made of piezoelectric ceramic for the case of transverse and axial polarization. In the case that the electrical and mechanical variables are not separable, the contribution of the mutual energy term to the total internal energy is expressed analytically.