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有中学化学参考资料题:0.10 mol/L的NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4溶液哪个pH值高?这似乎是个中学生可做的简单题目,仔细考虑不是如此.如果简单地认为盐酸和硫酸都是强酸,而硫酸是二元酸,硫酸铵溶液中铵盐浓度为0.20 mol/L,那么NH4Cl溶液pH高,那是不妥的.硫酸是二元酸,第一个氢离子能完全电离,第二个氢离子部分电离,如此考虑情况怎么样呢?是不是答案发生变化?这要通过计算来说明. 相似文献
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Zhixin Jin Bin-Bin Yu Min Liao Di Liu Jingwei Xiu Zheng Zhang Efrat Lifshitz Jiang Tang Haisheng Song Zhubing He 《Journal of Energy Chemistry》2021,(3)
The conversion efficiencies reported for Tin(Sn)halide-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)fall a large gap behind those of lead halide-based PSCs,mainly because of poor film quality of the former.Here we report an efficient strategy based on a simple secondary crystallization growth(SCG)technique to improve film quality for tin halide-based PSCs by applying a series of functional amine chlorides on the perovskite surface.They were discovered to enhance the film crystallinity and suppress the oxidation of Sn2+remarkably,hence reduce trap state density and non-irradiative recombination in the absorber films.Furthermore,the SCG film holds the band levels matching better with carrier transport layers and herein favoring charge extraction at the device interfaces.Consequently,a champion device efficiency of 8.07% was achieved alo ng with significant enhancements in VOC and JSC,in contrast to 5.35% of the control device value.Moreover,the SCG film-based devices also exhibit superior stability comparing with the control one.This work explicitly paves a novel and general strategy for developing high performance lead-free PSCs. 相似文献
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Mixed cation and anion based perovskites solar cells exhibited enhanced stability under outdoor conditions,however,it yielded limited power conversion efficiency when TiO2 and Spiro-OMeTAD were employed as electron and hole transport layer(ETL/HTL)respectively.The inevitable interfacial recombination of charge carriers at ETL/perovskite and perovskite/HTL interface diminished the efficiency in planar(n-i-p)perovskite solar cells.By employing computational approach for uni-dimensional device simulator,the effect of band offset on charge recombination at both interfaces was investigated.We noted that it acquired cliff structure when the conduction band minimum of the ETL was lower than that of the perovskite,and thus maximized interfacial recombination.However,if the conduction band minimum of ETL is higher than perovskite,a spike structure is formed,which improve the performance of solar cell.An optimum value of conduction band offset allows to reach performance of 25.21%,with an open circuit voltage(VOC)of 1231 mV,a current density JSC of 24.57 mA/cm2 and a fill factor of 83.28%.Additionally,we found that beyond the optimum offset value,large spike structure could decrease the performance.With an optimized energy level of Spiro-OMeTAD and the thickness of mixed-perovskite layer performance of 26.56% can be attained.Our results demonstrate a detailed understanding about the energy level tuning between the charge selective layers and perovskite and how the improvement in PV performance can be achieved by adjusting the energy level offset. 相似文献
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Bingshuai Liu Huang Zhou Huihui Jin Jiawei Zhu Zhe Wang Chenxi Hu Lvhan Liang Shichun Mu Daping He 《中国化学快报》2021,32(1):535-538
Carbon nanotubes(CNTs),as one-dimensional nanomaterials,show great potential in energy conversion and storage due to their efficient electrical conductivity and mass transfer.However,the security risks,time-consuming and high cost of the preparation process hinder its further application.Here,we develop that a negative pressure rather than a following gas environment can promote the generation of cobalt and nitrogen co-doped CNTs(Co/N-CNTs) by using cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework(ZIF-67) as a precursor,in which the negative pressure plays a key role in adjusting the size of cobalt nanoparticles and stimulating the rearragement of carbon atoms for forming CNTs.Importantly,the obtained Co/N-CNTs,with high content of pyridinic nitrogen and abundant graphitized structure,exhibit superior catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) with half-wave potential(E1/2) of 0.85 V and durability in terms of the minimum current loss(2%) after the 30,000 s test.Our development provides a new pathway for large-scale and cost-effective preparation of metal-doped CNTs for various applications. 相似文献
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Bioimaging,as a powerful and helpful tool,which allows people to investigate deeply within living organisms,has contributed a lot for both clinical theranostics and scientific research.Pure organic room temperature phosphorescence(RTP)materials with the unique features of ultralong luminescence lifetime and large Stokes shift,can efficiently avoid biological autofluorescence and scattered light through a time-resolved imaging modality,and thus are attracting increasing attention.This review classifies pure organic RTP materials into three categories,including small molecule RTP materials,polymer RTP materials and supramolecular RTP materials,and summarizes the recent advances of pure organic RTP materials for bioimaging applications. 相似文献
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Most of the current analytical methods depend largely on laboratory-based analytical techniques that require expensive and bullky equipment,potentially incur costly testing,and involve lengthy detection processes.With increasing requirements for point-of-care testing(POCT),more attention has been paid to miniaturized analytical devices.Miniaturized electrochemical(MEC)sensors,including different material-based MEC sensors(such as DNA-,paper-,and screen electrode-based),have been in strong demand in analytical science due to their easy operation,portability,high sensitivity,as well as their short analysis time.They have been applied for the detection of trace amounts of target through measuring changes in electrochemical signal,such as current,voltage,potential,or impedance,due to the oxidation/reduction of chemical/biological molecules with the help of electrodes and electrochemical units.MEC sensors present great potential for the detection of targets including small organic molecules,metal ions,and biomolecules.In recent years,MEC sensors have been broadly applied to POCT in various fields,including health care,food safety,and environmental monitoring,owing to the excellent advantages of electrochemical(EC)technologies.This review summarized the state-of-the-art advancements on various types of MEC sensors and their applications in POCT.Furthermore,the future perspectives,opportunities,and challenges in this field are also discussed. 相似文献
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The pressing demand for high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries requires the deployment of cathode materials with higher capacity and output voltage.Despite more than ten years of research,high-voltage cathode mate-rials,such as high-voltage layered oxides,spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4,and high-voltage polyanionic compounds still cannot be commercially viable due to the instabilities of standard electrolytes,cathode materials,and cathode electrolyte interphases under high-voltage operation.This paper summarizes the recent advances in addressing the surface and interface issues haunting the application of high-voltage cathode materials.The understanding of the limitations and advantages of different modification protocols will direct the future endeavours on advancing high-energy/power lithium-ion batteries. 相似文献
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Pengqing Bi Shaoqing Zhang Tong Xiao Minghuan Cui Zhihao Chen Junzhen Ren Chaochao Qin Guanghao Lu Xiaotao Hao Jianhui Hou 《中国科学:化学(英文版)》2021,64(4):599-607
Suppressing the trap-state density and the energy loss via ternary strategy was demonstrated.Favorable vertical phase distribution with donors(acceptors)accumulated(depleted)at the interface of active layer and charge extraction layer can be obtained by introducing appropriate amount of polymer acceptor N2200 into the systems of PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6.In addition,N2200 is gradiently distributed in the vertical direction in the ternary blend film.Various measurements were carried out to study the effects of N2200 on the binary systems.It was found that the optimized morphology especially in vertical direction can significantly decrease the trap state density of the binary blend films,which is beneficial for the charge transport and collection.All these features enable an obvious decrease in charge recombination in both PBDB-T:IT-M and PBDB-TF:Y6 based organic solar cells(OSCs),and power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of 12.5%and 16.42%were obtained for the ternary OSCs,respectively.This work indicates that it is an effective method to suppress the trap state density and thus improve the device performance through ternary strategy. 相似文献
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A generic coarse-grained bead-and-spring model,mapped onto comb-shaped polycarboxylate-based(PCE)superplasticizers,is developed and studied by Langevin molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvent and explicit counterions.The agreement on the radius of gyration of the PCEs with experiments shows that our model can be useful in studying the equilibrium sizes of PCEs in solution.The effects of ionic strength,side-chain number,and side-chain length on the conformational behavior of PCEs in solution are explored.Single-chain equilibrium properties,including the radius of gyration,end-to-end distance and persistenee length of the polymer backbone,shape-asphericity parameter,and the mean span dimension,are determined.It is found that with the increase of ionic strength,the equilibrium sizes of the polymers decrease only slightly,and a linear dependenew of the persistence length of backbone on the Debye screening length is found,in good agreement with the theory developed by Dobrynin.Increasing side-chain numbers and/or side-chain lengths increases not only the equilibrium sizes(radius of gyration and mean span)of the polymer as a whole,but also the persistence length of the backbone due to excluded volume interactions. 相似文献
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DFT calculations have been performed to explore the aminotriazine adsorption on graphene surfaces.Relative energies,equilibrium geometries and electronic structures of monomer and dimer of aminotriazine molecules adsorbed at the surface were investigated and analyzed in details.It was found that the hydrogen atoms in the NH2 group of aminotriazine molecules are directed toward the graphene surface,and the adsorption energy increases as the NH2 group is added.The adsorbed aminotriazine molecules facilely form a dimer through the hydrogen bonding interactions,and the two aromatic rings of optimized structure of 2-amino-1,3,5-triazine(B) dimmer(denoted by B2) and melamine(D) dimmer(denoted by D2) are parallel to the graphene sheet.The large deviation of the averaged adsorption energy of B2 and D2 compared to monor adsorption may reflect the increase of π-π repulsion and the effect of hydrogen bond formation.The electronic structure analyses reveal that the formation of hydrogen bonds in melamine dimer has great influence on the adsorption mode at the graphene surface. 相似文献
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V. A. Ivanov V. I. Gorshkov O. T. Gavlina E. A. Ilyukhina 《Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Focus on Chemistry》2006,80(11):1826-1831
The basic results on the effect of temperature on the equilibrium and thermodynamic characteristics of ion-exchange systems and the use of this effect in developing reagentless methods for ion-exchange separation are considered. 相似文献
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Laura Bohne Tjalf Pirk Wolfram Jaegermann 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2013,17(8):2095-2099
The influence of the uppermost substrate layer on the structural properties of sputtered lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) is discussed in this work. For this purpose, bare, oxidized, and platinum-coated silicon wafers, as well as stainless steel and titanium sheets, were used as substrates. The resulting crystal structure of LiCoO2 deposited on these substrates was analyzed and discussed. The LiCoO2 thin films were deposited by RF magnetron sputtering with different film thicknesses. A subsequent annealing step at 700 °C was performed to induce the crystallinity of LiCoO2. The crystal orientation was determined by X-ray diffraction. The obtained results show a strong dependency of LiCoO2's crystal structure on the surface the film is deposited on. However, the strong influence of the film thickness reported in previous publications could not be observed. If LiCoO2 is deposited on the substrates with a metallic surface, a strong (003) preferential orientation is obtained for a wide range of film thicknesses. In contrast, sputtering of LiCoO2 on bare and on oxidized silicon wafers results in a (101) dominated crystal structure for the different film thicknesses. These experiments show the importance of the characterization of LiCoO2's crystal structure in the intended battery setup. 相似文献
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第三相界面对高分子共混物粗化过程的影响研究 总被引:8,自引:3,他引:5
共混物相分离的机理已有研究[1].但对共混物分散相的粗化过程的研究则不多见.1977年,Cahn等[2]预言第三相界面与低分子共混物之间存在的浸润作用对相分离过程应有较大影响.近年Tanaka等[3]的研究结果表明,在几何空间受限的条件下,含有小分子... 相似文献
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Corona-Avendaño S Romero-Romo MA Rojas-Hernández A Ramírez-Silva MT 《Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy》2005,61(4):621-627
The present work aimed at describing the spectral behaviour of the serotonin and to evaluate its acidity constants using three different methods, using two spectrophotometry titrations and a third method that involved point-by-point analysis, which permitted to monitor closely and determine the evolution of the serotonin species in solution as a function of time. The three methods allowed estimation of three acidity constants associated to the same number of functional groups that form part of the molecule. The results given by the point-by-point analysis were: log(beta1) = 24.95 +/- 0.12; log(beta2) = 20.20 +/- 0.10; log(beta3) = 10.89 +/- 0.018. 相似文献
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《Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry》1990,277(1-2):105-119
Cathodic current—time transients were recorded on high-purity aluminium immersed into a neutral 2 M NaCl solution, when subjected to a potential pulse from a potential around the open-circuit potential, to different negative values. Hydration of the oxide layer occurs at potentials more negative than −1700 mV vs. SCE, whereupon hydrogen is evolved at the metal—hydrated oxide interface. A linear Tafel function is obtained for the maximum current attained in that potential region with a slope of 110 mV dec−1 indicating that the Volmer reaction is the rate-determining step, and the exchange current density for hydrogen evolution at aluminium is estimated at 5 × 10−11 A cm−2. Anodic current responses to the return of the potential to the rest values were also recorded at three different time scales. The presence of some substances, formed at the more negative potentials, other than gaseous hydrogen, was detected and their dependence on potential and cathodic pulse duration is discussed. 相似文献