Min-max criterion to the optimal design of vibration absorber in a system with Coulomb friction and viscous damping

In this paper, an optimal design of damped dynamic vibration absorber using minimax method for a primary system with Coulomb friction and viscous damping is presented. Meanwhile, to reduce sensitivity of the primary system response to the variations of the forcing frequency, a set of constraint equations that include the distribution characteristic of the resonant frequencies of the primary system is established for the optimal design. Effectiveness of the proposed design is illustrated through numerical simulations. The formulations and results in this paper extend previous results given by Den Hartog and Pennestrì.     

Analytical investigation of an SDOF building structure equipped with a friction damper

The purpose of this study is to investigate analytically a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) building structure equipped with a friction damper for assessing its vibration control effect. Friction dampers are installed between stories to reduce inter-story displacements of building structures subjected to external loading. They are in general regarded to generate damping forces characterized by Coulomb damping, of which the directions are opposite to the inter-story velocities of building structures. Hence, the building structure model with friction dampers can be represented by a mass-spring-viscous-Coulomb damping system. The building response reduction as a result of damper installation can be provided by observing the damping ratio rather than the friction force contributed by the dampers. Since a large friction damper force is required to attenuate the response of the building due to strong excitation, friction force ratio is directly related to building response reduction, which is the friction force of the damper versus external force. Therefore, damping and friction force ratios are key parameters, playing a main role in selecting an optimal friction damper, which satisfies target response reduction. This study first identifies an SDOF building structure installed with a friction damper for free vibration with initial conditions. A?closed-form expression of normalized displacement is derived in terms of friction force ratio in the time domain. Peak and valley of displacements are also found and then the time when the structure stops is derived with recursive interval number. This study is extended to identify steady-state vibration of the structure by deriving closed-form solution in case of resonance in terms of friction force ratio. Then, the dissipated energy balance is identified for both free and steady-state vibrations. Finally, equivalent viscous damping ratios are derived by using friction force ratio based on dissipated energy balance equation. The derived equations in terms of viscous damping ratio and friction force ratio can provide insight to design a friction damper for reducing structural displacement under external loadings.     

Amplitude reduction of primary resonance of nonlinear oscillator by a dynamic vibration absorber using nonlinear coupling

The paper presents the characteristics of a new type of nonlinear dynamic vibration absorber for a main system subjected to a nonlinear restoring force under primary resonance. The absorber is connected to the main system by a link in order to be excited with twice the frequency of the motion of the main system. The natural frequency of the absorber is tuned to be twice the natural frequency of the main system, in contrast to autoparametric vibration absorber, whose natural frequency is tuned to be one-half the natural frequency of the main system. The presented absorber is not excited through the autoparametric resonance, i.e., no trivial equilibrium state exists. Therefore, the absorber always oscillates because of the motion of the main system and cannot be trapped by Coulomb friction acting on the absorber, in contrast to the autoparametric vibration absorber. Under small excitation amplitude, this absorber does not produce an overhang in the frequency response curve, which occurs because of the use of the conventional autoparametric vibration absorber; the overhang renders the response amplitude larger than that in the case without an absorber. In addition, the absorber removes the hysteresis in the frequency response curve caused by the nonlinearity of the restoring force acting on the main system. Regarding large excitation amplitude, the response amplitude in the main system can be decreased by increasing the damping of the absorber, but that decrease is limited by the nonlinearity in the restoring force acting on the main system. This paper also describes experimental validation of the absorber under small excitation amplitude using a simple apparatus.     

On the effect of nonsmooth Coulomb friction on Hopf bifurcations in a 1-DoF oscillator with self-excitation due to negative damping

This article deals with the question, to what extent damping due to nonsmooth Coulomb friction may affect the stability and bifurcation behavior of vibrational systems with self-excitation due to negative effective damping which??for the smooth case??is related to a Hopf bifurcation of the steady state. Without damping due to Coulomb friction, the stability of the trivial solution is controlled by the effective viscous damping of the system: as the damping becomes negative, the steady state loses stability at a Hopf point. Adding Coulomb friction changes the trivial solution into a set of equilibria, which??for oscillatory systems??is asymptotically stable for all values of effective viscous damping. The Hopf point vanishes and an unstable limit cycle appears which borders the basin of attraction of the equilibrium set. Moreover, the influence of nonlinear damping terms is discussed. The effect of Coulomb frictional damping may be seen as adding an imperfection to the classical smooth Hopf scenario: as the imperfection vanishes, the behavior of the smooth problem is recovered.     

Equivalent linearizations for practical hysteretic systems

Experimental testing of a friction damped base isolation system has indicated a need for a new model of friction damping and for an appropriate equivalent linearization technique. The model for the damping adopted is a combination of viscous damping, constant Coulomb friction and linear Coulomb friction.This model is incorporated into the equation of motion for a single-degree-of-freedom system and the exact solutions are given for free vibrations and for steady-state vibrations excited by a harmonic force. The exact solution is taken as a basis for an equivalent linearization technique that can be used in conjunction with conventional design spectra for a practical design of such a system.     

A review of development and implementation of an active nonlinear vibration absorber

Summary We present an account of an implementation of an active nonlinear vibration absorber that we have developed. The control technique exploits the saturation phenomenon that is known to occur in quadratically-coupled multi-degree-of-freedom systems subjected to primary excitation and possessing a two-to-one internal resonance. The technique is based on introducing an absorber and coupling it with the structure through a sensor and an actuator, where the feedback and control signals are quadratic. First, we consider the case of controlling the vibrations of a single-degree-of-freedom system. We develop the equations governing the response of the closed-loop system and use the method of multiple scales to obtain an approximate solution. We investigate the performance of the control strategy by studying its steady-state and transient characteristics. Additionally, we compare the performance of the quadratic absorber with that of a linear absorber. Then, we present theoretical and experimental results that demonstrate the versatility of the technique. We design an electronic circuit to emulate the absorber and use a variety of sensors and actuators to implement the active control strategy. First, we use a motor and a potentiometer to control the vibration of a rigid beam. We develop a plant model that includes Coulomb friction and demonstrate that the closed-loop system exhibits the saturation phenomenon. Second, we extend the strategy to multi-degree-of-freedom systems. We use PZT ceramics and strain gages to suppress vibrations of flexible steel beams when subjected to single- and simultaneous two-mode excitations. Third, we employ Terfenol-D, a nonlinear actuator, and accelerometers to control the vibrations of flexible beams. In all instances, the technique is successful in reducing the response amplitude of the structures. Received 3 May 1999; accepted for publication 3 June 1999     

自适应主动共振吸振器的设计和减振性能研究

为了扩大吸振器的工作频带,减小吸振器的阻尼,最终提高吸振器的减振效果,本文设计了一种自适应主动共振吸振器。文中对几种不同种类吸振器的减振原理、动力学特性等进行了理论分析和比较,集成自调谐吸振器和主动吸振器的优点,完成了一种自适应主动共振吸振器的设计,并提出了一种变步长、双寻优的控制算法。在振动台上测试了吸振器的动力学特性并理论分析了吸振器的移频特性和阻尼特性。在两端固支梁上对吸振器的减振效果进行了实验评估。实验结果显示,相比自调谐吸振器,加入主动力控制后,自适应主动共振吸振器的阻尼比从0.04减小至0.02,减振效果得到了显著的提高。     

A comprehensive study on the behavior of a rigid block on an oscillating ground with friction,elastic and viscous forces

This paper investigates the behavior of a non-linear mechanical model where a block is driven by an oscillating ground through Coulomb friction, a linear viscous damper and a linear spring. The governing equation is solved analytically for different partial configurations: friction only, friction with viscous damping, friction with a linear restoring force, and for the complete model. Using dimensionless groups, the analysis of the block motion provides a comprehensive set of information on the motion regime (stick, stick-slip or permanent sliding), on the dominant energies or forces, on the resonance and on the amplification of the ground oscillation by the system. The limit between the stick-slip regime and the permanent slipping regime is found either analytically or numerically. It is also shown that there exists a set of parameters for which the friction force, the viscous dissipative force and the elastic restoring force are equal.     

时变参数时滞减振控制研究

时滞动力吸振器对谐波激励有着良好的减振控制效果,但对随机激励的减振控制效果却并不明显,具体表现为时滞动力吸振器对随机激励的减振控制效果与被动吸振器几乎相同。针对上述问题,本文提出了一种新的时变参数时滞减振控制方法。在原有时滞减振控制方法的基础上,首先将时滞增益系数由定值形式变为时间函数形式,然后通过时变优化得到多组时滞控制参数并使其以一定时间周期循环作用于减振控制过程,通过这种方法进一步改善了时滞动力吸振器减振性能。本文最后以二自由度时滞动力吸振器减振模型为例,以主系统的振动响应为仿真对象,运用精细积分法求解了具有时变时滞参数的时滞动力学方程,以此得到了在谐波激励和随机激励作用下主系统振动的时域仿真结果。研究结果表明,在时变参数时滞动力吸振器的控制下,主系统无论是受谐波激励作用还是受随机激励作用,其振动位移、振动速度和振动加速度均比在定值参数时滞动力吸振器控制下时有大幅的减少,时滞动力吸振器的减振性能有了明显的改善。      

Friction-induced limit cycling in flexible rotor systems: An experimental drill-string set-up

Friction-induced limit cycling deteriorates system performance in a wide variety of mechanical systems. In this paper, we study the way in which essential friction characteristics affect the occurrence and nature of friction-induced limit cycling in an experimental drill-string set-up. This study is performed on the level of a Lyapunov-based stability analysis and on the level of both numerical and experimental bifurcation analyses. The synthesis of these results confirms that friction-induced limit cycling is due to a subtle balance between negative damping at lower velocities and viscous friction at higher velocities. Moreover, it is shown how these essential friction characteristics depend on physical conditions such as temperature and normal forces in the frictional contact in the experimental set-up.This work was performed while affiliated to the Eindhoven University of Technology.     

几何非线性摩擦阻尼隔振系统动力学行为研究

非线性隔振系统由于具有较线性系统更优的隔振性能,因此在工程中应用广泛.本文通过配置与被隔振对象的运动方向相垂直的库伦摩擦阻尼器,构建了几何非线性摩擦阻尼模型.由于引入了几何非线性,因此其摩擦力与位移正相关,这与传统与位移无关摩擦力模型有显著不同.首先,建立了具有几何非线性摩擦阻尼的数学模型以及隔振系统的受迫振动方程;然后,使用谐波平衡法求解了动力学方程,并使用数值仿真方法验证了谐波平衡法求解的准确性;最后,研究了几何非线性摩擦阻尼隔振器的绝对位移传递率和相对位移传递率.研究结果表明,在库伦摩擦阻尼选择适当,非线性摩擦阻尼系统可以在保持高频振动衰减效果的前提下,显著降低系统共振峰,其性能优于传统的恒定摩擦阻尼隔振模型.同时,几何非线性摩擦阻尼系统能够避免传统摩擦阻尼系统中的“锁定”现象,从传递率角度来说,不利于共振峰控制;但从激励环境改变引发隔振系统失效的角度来看,几何非线性摩擦阻尼系统可以拓宽系统对激励幅值的适应范围,避免隔振系统失效.本文的研究结果对此类隔振系统的设计和摩擦阻尼参数的选择具有通用的指导意义.      

Effects of anti-symmetric nonlinear viscous damping on the force transmissibility of multi-degree of freedom structures

In the present study, the concept of the output frequency response function is applied to theoretically investigate the force transmissibility of multi-degree of freedom (MDOF) structures with a nonlinear anti-symmetric viscous damping. The results reveal that an anti-symmetric nonlinear viscous damping can significantly reduce the transmissibility over all resonance regions for MDOF structures while it has almost no effect on the transmissibility over non-resonant and isolation regions. The results indicate that the vibration isolators with an anti-symmetric damping characteristic have great potential to overcome the dilemma in the design of linear viscously damped vibration isolators where an increase of the damping level reduces the force transmissibility over resonant region but increases the transmissibility over non-resonant regions.     

一种含放大机构的负刚度动力吸振器的参数优化

在大多数情况下机械振动是有害的,它不仅产生噪声还会降低设备的工作精度和使用寿命.采用正刚度特性的吸振、隔振系统往往难以达到满意效果,这种情况在低频振动控制系统中尤其明显.放大机构与负刚度元件在振动控制领域均表现出良好性能,但是较少有对同时含有放大机构与负刚度装置的动力吸振系统的研究.以Voigt型动力吸振器为基础提出了一种将放大机构应用于含负刚度弹簧元件的动力吸振器模型,对该模型的最优参数进行了研究.首先建立了系统的运动微分方程并得到了其解析解,发现该系统存在两个固定点,利用固定点理论得到了动力吸振器的最优频率比.根据负刚度的特性,在保证系统稳定的前提下得到了最优负刚度比,并推导了系统的近似最优阻尼比.通过数值仿真验证了解析解的正确性.与多种动力吸振器在简谐激励与随机激励下进行了对比,说明了本文模型相比于已有的动力吸振器,能够大幅降低共振振幅、拓宽减振频带并且降低系统的谐振频率,为设计新型动力吸振器模型提供了理论依据.      

Tuning of a vibration absorber with shunted piezoelectric transducers

In order to reduce structural vibrations in narrow frequency bands, tuned mass absorbers can be an appropriate measure. A quite similar approach which makes use of applied piezoelectric elements, instead of additional oscillating masses, are the well-known resonant shunts, consisting of resistances, inductances, and possibly negative capacitances connected to the piezoelectric element. This paper presents a combined approach, which is based on a conventional tuned mass absorber, but whose characteristics can be strongly influenced by applying shunted piezoceramics. Simulations and experimental analyses are shown to be very effective in predicting the behavior of such electromechanical systems. The vibration level of the absorber can be strongly attenuated by applying different combinations of resistant, resonant, and negative capacitance shunt circuits. The damping characteristics of the absorber can be changed by applying a purely resistive or resonant resistant shunt. Additionally, the tuning frequency of the absorber can be adapted to the excitation frequency, using a negative capacitance shunt circuit, which requires only the energy to supply the electric components.     

Criterion of multiple collisions in a simple mechanical system with viscous damping and dry friction

A criterion has been formulated for single and multiple central collisions of two rigid bodies of a simple mechanical system that can be either conservative or non-conservative. Analytical discussion has been confined to investigations of the possibility of appearance of four successive collisions between the bodies with damping neglected and two collisions when viscous damping and Coulomb dry friction are considered.     

Micromechanical theoretical and computational modeling of energy dissipation due to nonlinear vibration of hard ceramic coatings with microstructural recursive faults

Engine failures due to high-cycle fatigue during severe dynamic vibration have cost the US Air Force an estimated $400 million dollars per year over the past two decades. Therefore, structural materials that exhibit high damping capacities are desirable for mechanical vibration suppression and acoustic noise attenuation. Few experimental studies suggested that hard ceramic coatings, which are commonly used as thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to protect engine components from high temperatures and corrosion, can also serve as passive dampers due to their unique microstructure which consists of several layers of splats with inter- and intra-microstructural recursive faults (micro-cracks). Therefore, the focus of this study is on the development of a fundamental understanding of the unique microstructural features and mechanisms responsible for this observed energy dissipation in ceramic coatings under nonlinear vibration through the development of a micromechanical computational framework. Inter- and intra-fatigue damage and internal friction is simulated through the development of thermodynamic-based nonlinear cohesive laws that consider interfacial degradation, debonding, plastic sliding, and Coulomb/contact friction between the interfaces of microstructural faults. Representative volume element-based micromechanical simulations are conducted in order to assess the main micromechanical mechanisms responsible for the experimentally observed nonlinear (amplitude- and frequency-dependent) damping in plasma sprayed hard ceramic coatings. It is concluded that the major part of energy dissipation is achieved through contact friction which results from sliding of the splat interfaces along the microstructural recursive faults. Energy dissipation due to progressive decohesion and evolution of new micro-cracks is not that significant as compared to energy dissipated due to increased friction from existing and new created faults. Therefore, internal friction is the main mechanism that makes TBCs effective dampers.     

Forward and backward motion control of a vibro-impact capsule system

A capsule system driven by a harmonic force applied to its inner mass is considered in this study. Four various friction models are employed to describe motion of the capsule in different environments taking into account Coulomb friction, viscous damping, Stribeck effect, pre-sliding, and frictional memory. The non-linear dynamics analysis has been conducted to identify the optimal amplitude and frequency of the applied force in order to achieve the motion in the required direction and to maximize its speed. In addition, a position feedback control method suitable for dealing with chaos control and coexisting attractors is applied for enhancing the desirable forward and backward capsule motion. The evolution of basins of attraction under control gain variation is presented and it is shown that the basin of the desired attractors could be significantly enlarged by slight adjustment of the control gain improving the probability of reaching such an attractor.     

动力吸振器复合非线性能量阱对线性镗杆系统的振动控制

研究了线性动力吸振器复合非线性能量阱对线性镗杆在外部简谐激励下的振动控制. 忽略镗杆系统中的非线性因素, 建立了附加线性动力吸振器和非线性能量阱的镗杆系统的三自由度运动方程, 研究了附加复合式动力吸振器的镗杆系统的受迫振动. 通过平均法得到了附加复合式动力吸振器的镗杆系统的近似解析解, 并利用数值解验证了近似解析解的准确性, 两者具有很好的一致性. 利用近似解析解详细分析了线性动力吸振器和非线性能量阱的参数对镗杆振动抑制性能的影响. 对给定质量的复合式动力吸振器进行了参数优化, 其中线性动力吸振器参数采用H_∞优化方法的近似解析解进行了优化, 非线性能量阱的阻尼利用系统的近似解析解进行了优化. 分析结果表明, 线性动力吸振器与非线性能量阱组合可以有效抑制线性镗杆系统的振动, 而且采用参数优化后的复合式动力吸振器可以获得更好的减振效果. 通过附加非线性能量阱, 不但可以提高线性动力吸振器的振动抑制效果, 而且还可以提高振动控制系统的鲁棒性.      

一种含惯容和接地刚度的动力吸振器参数优化

大多数机械振动属于有害振动, 不仅会产生噪声还会降低设备的使用寿命和工作性能. 接地刚度和惯容这两种器件均能改变系统的固有频率, 在振动控制领域中有着良好的效果. 但目前的大部分研究仅着眼于单一元件对系统产生的影响, 而此类吸振器逐渐难以满足设备对振动控制需求的增长. 在Voigt型动力吸振器模型的基础上, 提出了一种含有惯容和接地刚度的新型动力吸振器模型, 详细研究了该模型的最优设计参数, 推导出最优设计公式的解析解. 首先通过牛顿第二定律建立起二自由度系统的运动微分方程, 计算出系统解析解, 发现系统存在3个与阻尼比无关的固定点, 利用固定点理论得到了动力吸振器的最优频率比. 为保证系统稳定性, 筛选最优接地刚度比时, 发现不恰当的惯容系数会导致系统产生失稳现象, 进而推导出惯容最佳工作范围, 最终得到了最优接地刚度比和近似最优阻尼比. 分析了惯容系数取值在最佳范围以外时系统的工作情况, 并给出了实际应用中的建议. 通过数值仿真验证了推导得到解析解的正确性. 与多种已有的动力吸振器在简谐激励和随机激励的工况下进行对比, 说明了该模型能够大幅降低主系统振幅, 拓宽减振频带, 为设计新型吸振器提供了理论依据.      

Research on linear/nonlinear viscous damping and hysteretic damping in nonlinear vibration isolation systems

A nonlinear vibration isolation system is promising to provide a high-efficient broadband isolation performance. In this paper, a generalized vibration isolation system is established with nonlinear stiffness, nonlinear viscous damping, and Bouc-Wen(BW)hysteretic damping. An approximate analytical analysis is performed based on a harmonic balance method(HBM) and an alternating frequency/time(AFT) domain technique.To evaluate the damping effect, a generalized equivalent damping ratio is defined with the stiffness-varying characteristics. A comprehensive comparison of different kinds of damping is made through numerical simulations. It is found that the damping ratio of the linear damping is related to the stiffness-varying characteristics while the damping ratios of two kinds of nonlinear damping are related to the responding amplitudes. The linear damping, hysteretic damping, and nonlinear viscous damping are suitable for the small-amplitude, medium-amplitude, and large-amplitude conditions, respectively. The hysteretic damping has an extra advantage of broadband isolation.