超声波的物理特性及应用

 历史上研究超声波的动力,不仅在于大自然中超声波的普遍存在.     

超声生物效应及超声临床诊断的安全性

一、引 言 超声波在医学临床中的应用可分为诊断与治疗两大类.用于诊断的超声波只作为信息的载体,把超声波射入人体的目的,是通过它与人体组织之间的相互作用获取有关生理与病理的信息,而不给人体留下任何影响.为此,常常使用几十mW/cm~2以下的低强度超声.用于治疗时,超声波则作为一种能量形式,把它射入人体的目的,则是要通过它与人体组织的相互     

超声波雾化铝表面液滴的试验研究

介绍了一种超声波抑霜新方法。对频率20 kHz的超声波作用下铝表面液滴的雾化现象进行了可视化观测。对不同超声输入功率以及不同超声作用时间下,70 mm×70 mm×3 mm铝表面液滴群的雾化概率进行了分析。试验结果发现,超声波可以瞬间雾化铝板表面液滴;随着超声输入功率的增加,铝表面液滴雾化概率逐渐增加;功率越低,超声作用时间对液滴雾化概率的影响越显著。结果表明,超声波可以去除铝板表面作为结霜初始阶段的液滴,为冷表面有效抑霜提供了可能。     

超声测距变结构控制系统的研究

本文在超声测距系统中采用了变结构控制理论，根据所测物体的反射界面和介质性质，自动调节超声波发射换能器的功率，建立了超声测距系统的数学模型，对系统方程进行了理论分析，研究了变结构控制系统的设计方法，并结合应用实例，对钻井法凿井用超声波测井仪中超声测距系统进行了计算机仿真，并在实验室进行了实验。     

喷流耦合式超声位移传感器的设计

本文主要研究一种新型微位移传感器。它用超声波原理进行检测，以喷流的水柱作为超声波传播的介质，可以在恶劣环境下进行位移测量。位移等于超声波传播的速度与超声波从发到收之间传播时间的乘积。考虑到声速会随介质一水的温度的升高而增大，设计时进行了实时温度补偿，提高了系统的精度。     

基于超声波的清洗机设计及清洗效果研究

实验结果表明,低频超声波、加入清洗液、清洗过程中织物转动均可加强清洗效果,清洗温度在40到50℃为最佳。     

《超声治疗学》评介

冯若、汪荫棠编著的《超声治疗学》1994年12月由中国医药科技出版社出版。该书资料完整、新颖。共分11章．分别为超声波的物理基础、超声的生物医学效应及其物理机制、超声疗法、超声电疗法、超声药物透人疗法、超声雾化吸入疗法、超声外科、超声治癌、冲击波和超声肢碎石、超声节育及抗早孕研究进展等。全面、系统、深入地论述了超声波疗法的基础理论、发展及应用。书中不仅介绍了国内外关于超声波治疗方面的研究成果与先进经验，而且也包含了两位作者长期在超声医学领域中，从事科学研究与临床工作的部分科研成果。超声医学包括超声诊断及…     

基于超声光栅衍射的液体密度测试

采用超声波与光栅衍射的联合实现液体密度的测量.超声波发生器在周期性高频正弦电信号的激励下产生超声波,此超声波在样品池液体中传输可以产生周期性排布的疏密纵波,进而使液体的折射率呈现周期性排列,当激光束垂直入射此液体时,会产生类似光栅的作用.通过CCD采集分析经过样品池后单色出射光线的衍射图样,得出液体的密度.     

CCD在超声光栅实验中的应用

本文详细探讨了超声波在液体中传播速度的测量方法；利用CCD测量技术实现了超声波速度的自动化测量；设计了响应的接口电路和信号处理系统，从而大大地提高了实验测量的精度和准确度．     

超声换能器表面的振动状态

从超声波在波密介质和波疏介质之间的传播以及诱发共振发射超声波的角度,讨论了空气中超声声速测量实验所用超声换能器的表面振动状态.理论分析及实验测量结果表明:超声换能器表面振动状态与其结构有关,超声接收器表面位移振幅一般不为零.     

The zonal architecture of human articular cartilage described by T2 relaxation time in the presence of Gd-DTPA2-

The depth-wise variation of T(2) relaxation time is known to reflect the collagen network architecture in cartilage, while the delayed Gadolinium Enhanced MRI of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) technique is sensitive to tissue proteoglycan (PG) concentration. As the cartilage PG content varies along the tissue depth, the depth-dependent accumulation of the contrast agent may affect the inherent T(2) of cartilage in a nonconstant manner. Therefore, T(2) and dGEMRIC are typically measured in separate MRI sessions. In the present in vitro MRI study at 9.4 T, depth-wise T(2) profiles and collagenous zone thicknesses as determined from T(2) maps in the absence and presence of Gd-DTPA(2-) (T(2) and T(2Gd), respectively) were compared in samples of intact human articular cartilage (n=65). These T(2) measures were further correlated with birefringence (BF) of polarized light microscopy (PLM) to quantify the ability of MRI to predict the properties of the collagen fibril network. The reproducibility of the T(2) measurement in the current setup was also studied. Typical tri-laminar collagen network architecture was observed both with and without Gd-DTPA(2-). The inverse of BF (1/BF) correlated significantly with both T(2) and T(2Gd) (r=0.91, slope=0.56 and r=0.90, slope=0.63), respectively. The statistically significant linear correlations between zone thicknesses as determined from T(2) and T(2Gd) were r=0.55 (slope=0.49), r=0.74 (slope=0.71) and r=0.95 (slope=0.94) for superficial, middle and deep tissue zones, respectively. Reproducibility of the T(2) measurement was worst for superficial cartilage. Consistent with PLM, T(2) and T(2Gd) measurements reveal highly similar depth-dependent information on collagen network in intact human cartilage. Thus, dGEMRIC and T(2) measurements in one MRI session are feasible for intact articular cartilage in vitro.     

Hadron spectroscopy from B-factories

We review the recent experimental results on hadron spectroscopy from B-factories focusing on the exotic charmonium-like states. Among them we discuss the X(3872), Y(3940), Z(4430)+, Z(4050)+, Z(4250)+ and Y(4140) states found in B-meson decays, the X(3940) and X(4160) states produced in double charmonium production, the Y(4260), Y(4325), Y(4660) and X(4630) states produced with initial-state radiation in e+e-annihilation and the X(3915), Y(4350) states observed in two-photon collisions.     

Depth and orientational dependencies of MRI T(2) and T(1ρ) sensitivities towards trypsin degradation and Gd-DTPA(2-) presence in articular cartilage at microscopic resolution

Depth and orientational dependencies of microscopic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T(2) and T(1ρ) sensitivities were studied in native and trypsin-degraded articular cartilage before and after being soaked in 1 mM Gd-DTPA(2-) solution. When the cartilage surface was perpendicular to B(0), a typical laminar appearance was visible in T(2)-weighted images but not in T(1ρ)-weighted images, especially when the spin-lock field was high (2 kHz). At the magic angle (55°) orientation, neither T(2)- nor T(1ρ)-weighted image had a laminar appearance. Trypsin degradation caused a depth- and orientational-dependent T(2) increase (4%-64%) and a more uniform T(1ρ) increase at a sufficiently high spin-lock field (55%-81%). The presence of the Gd ions caused both T(2) and T(1ρ) to decrease significantly in the degraded tissue (6%-38% and 44%-49%, respectively) but less notably in the native tissue (5%-10% and 16%-28%, respectively). A quantity Sensitivity was introduced that combined both the percentage change and the absolute change in the relaxation analysis. An MRI experimental protocol based on two T(1ρ) measurements (without and with the presence of the Gd ions) was proposed to be a new imaging marker for cartilage degradation.     

Integration of quantitative DCE-MRI and ADC mapping to monitor treatment response in human breast cancer: initial results

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to assess changes in the water apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and in pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from the fast-exchange regime (FXR) modeling of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) during neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients with locally advanced breast cancer underwent MRI examination prior to and after chemotherapy but prior to surgery. A 1.5-T scanner was used to obtain T1, ADC and DCE-MRI data. DCE-MRI data were analyzed by the FXR model returning estimates of K(trans) (volume transfer constant), v(e) (extravascular extracellular volume fraction) and tau(i) (average intracellular water lifetime). Histogram and correlation analyses assessed parameter changes post-treatment. RESULTS: Significant (P < .05) changes or trends towards significance (P < .10) were seen in all parameters except tau(i), although there was qualitative reduction in tau(i) values post-treatment. In particular, there was reduction (P < .035) in voxels with K(trans) values in the range 0.2-0.5 min(-1) and a decrease (P < .05) in voxels with ADC values in the range 0.99 x 10(-3) to 1.35 x 10(-3) mm2/s. ADC and v(e) were negatively correlated (r = -.60, P < .02). Parameters sensitive to water distribution and geometry (T(1), v(e), tau(i) and ADC) correlated with a multivariable linear regression model. CONCLUSION: The analysis presented here is sensitive to longitudinal changes in breast tumor status; K(trans) and ADC are most sensitive to these changes. Relationships between parameters provide information on water distribution and geometry in the tumor environment.     

Sensitivity enhancement in natural-abundance solid-state 33S MAS NMR spectroscopy employing adiabatic inversion pulses to the satellite transitions

The WURST (wideband uniform rate smooth truncation) and hyperbolic secant (HS) pulse elements have each been employed as pairs of inversion pulses to induce population transfer (PT) between the four energy levels in natural abundance solid-state (33)S (spin I=3/2) MAS NMR, thereby leading to a significant gain in intensity for the central transition (CT). The pair of inversion pulses are applied to the satellite transitions for a series of inorganic sulfates, the sulfate ions in the two cementitious materials ettringite and thaumasite, and the two tetrathiometallates (NH(4))(2)WS(4) and (NH(4))(2)MoS(4). These materials all exhibit (33)S quadrupole coupling constants (C(Q)) in the range 0.1-1.0 MHz, with precise C(Q) values being determined from analysis of the PT enhanced (33)S MAS NMR spectra. The enhancement factors for the WURST and HS elements are quite similar and are all in the range 1.74-2.25 for the studied samples, in excellent agreement with earlier reports on HS enhancement factors (1.6-2.4) observed for other spin I=3/2 nuclei with similar C(Q) values (0.3-1.2 MHz). Thus, a time saving in instrument time by a factor up to five has been achieved in natural abundance (33)S MAS NMR, a time saving which is extremely welcome for this important low-gamma nucleus.     

氨基酸DLH及其稀土镧配合物的高压红外和拉曼光谱研究

测定了DL-2-氨基-4-磺酸基-丁酸 [DLH, DL-Homocysteic acid, (NH+₃)-CH(COOH)-(CH₂)₂-SO-₃] 及其稀土La配合物[La(DLH)₂Cl₃·H₂O=LaL₂]在不同压力下的红外和拉曼光谱。DLH 在50 kbar左右压力以下存在两个压力诱导相转变区,它们分别在17和37 kbar左右,两者均为二级相转变,认为分子间氢键的存在是出现两个压力诱导相转变区的原因。在红外光谱中,SO-₃的对称伸缩振动的压力灵敏度(dν/dp)表现出与其他振动模式不同的变化趋势,它们在低压相区的平均压力灵敏度为0.30 cm-1·(kbar)-1、中压相区为0.32 cm-1·(kbar)-1、高压相区为0.41 cm-1·(kbar)-1,低压相区与高压相区的比值为0.72, 而其他振动模式刚好相反,低压相区与高压相区的比值为4.8。稀土La配合物LaL₂的生成,改变了分子间的氢键,在50 kbar左右压力以下只观察到1个压力诱导相转变区(27 kbar附近)。在红外光谱中,配合物LaL₂中SO-₃的反对称伸缩振动的压力灵敏度(dν/dp)也表现出与其他振动模式不同的变化趋势,它们在低压相区的平均压力灵敏度与高压相区的平均压力灵敏度的比值为0.43, 而其他振动模式的比值为2.5。     

Preparation and Characterization of PMMA/ZnO Nanocomposites via In‐Situ Polymerization Method

Poly(methyl methacrylate) zine oxide (ZnO) (PMMA/ZnO) nanocomposites were successfully prepared by the solution radical copolymerization of the monomer, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and the oleic acid–modified ZnO nanoparticles (OA‐ZnO) with 2,2′‐azobis(isobutylonitrile) (AIBN) as initiator in toluene. The products were characterized by elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Ultraviolet ‐variable (UV‐Vis) analysis showed that the composites had high absorption in the ultraviolet region and low absorption in the visible region. The absorption in the ultraviolet region depended on the content of ZnO nanoparticles in the nanocomposites. It is expected that they can be used as UV‐filters in optical materials.     

利用三维荧光结合平行因子算法研究金属离子对溶解性有机物的猝灭和校正

溶解性有机物的荧光组份由于受到金属离子的影响其荧光强度受到变化,从而为溶解性有机物的定量分析带来挑战。利用三维荧光结合平行因子分析方法研究了Cu(Ⅱ), Fe(Ⅲ), Ni(Ⅱ), Sr(Ⅱ), Hg(Ⅱ), K(Ⅰ), Mg(Ⅱ) 和Mn(Ⅱ)八个金属离子对典型溶解性有机物荧光组分的荧光猝灭作用,五个水样来源各不相同。实验表明水样被平行因子成功分解为三个荧光组分(色氨酸、腐殖酸、富里酸),这三个荧光组份的荧光得分随着Fe(Ⅲ), Cu(Ⅱ), Hg (Ⅱ)和 Ni(Ⅱ)浓度的增加呈线性或指数下降。在这四种离子中,Fe(Ⅲ)和Cu(Ⅱ)对腐殖酸和富里酸的荧光猝灭作用明显大于Hg (Ⅱ)和 Ni(Ⅱ)。Sr(Ⅱ), K(Ⅰ), Mg(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅱ)基本没有影响。其中Fe(Ⅲ)对于三个荧光组分的荧光猝灭都有较好的分析。由于只考虑Fe(Ⅲ) 和Cu(Ⅱ)的影响,对于含有金属离子的饮用水的荧光强度的校正曲线也被建立。不同来源的饮用水中荧光组份的荧光得分的衰减规律也是不一样的,因此水样的来源也是测量时需要考虑的因素。实验证实了金属离子对溶解性有机物的荧光猝灭作用以及其他因素比如Fe(Ⅲ) 和Cu(Ⅱ)和溶解性有机物本身的多样性都是我们荧光测量典型荧光组份时需要考虑的。表明三维荧光结合平行因子分析方法是一个有效的准确测量溶解性有机物荧光组份的工具。     

Quantitative assessment of intracranial tumor response to dexamethasone using diffusion, perfusion and permeability magnetic resonance imaging

There is increasing interest in obtaining quantitative imaging parameters to aid in the assessment of tumor responses to treatment. In this study, the feasibility of performing integrated diffusion, perfusion and permeability magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for characterizing responses to dexamethasone in intracranial tumors was assessed. Eight patients with glioblastoma, five with meningioma and three with metastatic carcinoma underwent MRI prior to and 48-72 h following dexamethasone administration. The MRI protocol enabled quantification of the volume transfer constant (K(trans)), extracellular space volume fraction (nu(e)), plasma volume fraction (nu(p)), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), longitudinal relaxation time (T(1)) and mean diffusivity (D(av)). All subjects successfully completed the imaging protocol for the presteroid and poststeroid scans. Significant reductions were observed after the treatment for K(trans), nu(e) and nu(p) in enhancing tumor as well as for T(1) and D(av) in the edematous brain in glioblastoma; on the other hand, for meningioma, significant differences were seen only in edematous brain T(1) and D(av). No significant difference was observed for any parameter in metastatic carcinoma, most likely due to the small sample size. In addition, no significant difference was observed for enhancing tumor rCBF and rCBV in any of the tumor types, although the general trend was for rCBV to be reduced and for rCBF to be more variable. The yielded parameters provide a wealth of physiologic information and contribute to the understanding of dexamethasone actions on different types of intracranial tumors.     

Spin-glass-like magnetic ordering in Zn substituted magnetite magnetic fluids

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of magnetic fluids involving polydispersed Zn(0.5)Fe(0. 5)Fe(2)O(4) (FZ5) and Zn(0.7)Fe(0. 3)Fe(2)O(4) (FZ7) nanomagnetic particles are scanned from 4.2 to 300K. The FZ7 fluid exhibits certain distinct features below 40K which are different from FZ5 fluid. These include (i) an isotropic shift in resonance field in zero-field-cooled ESR study, (ii) deviation of resonance field from sin(2)theta behavior (where theta is the angle between axis of the particle and field) in field cooled (FC) sample and (iii) abrupt increase in anisotropy field for FC sample. The results are analyzed in light of the core-shell model for nanomagnetic particles.