压电换能器阻抗匹配技术研究

超声测距传感器是由压电换能器及其收、发电路所组成的，其中压电换能器的阻抗特性直接影响着超声测距传感器的性能。为提高超声波回波信号的强度，扩大超声测距传感器的作用距离，对压电换能器的阻抗特性进行了分析与测试，设计了压电换能器的阻抗匹配电路，并进行了实验验证。     

一种实时高精度的机器人用超声波测距处理方法

本文提出了一种适用于可移动智能机器人定位，测障及简单形体识别的实时，高精度超声测距处理方法，介绍了以单片机实现该方法在超声测距系统，该方法既能６ｍ以保证测距误差不大于０．１３％，又提高了超声波距的实行性（３５ｍｓ）。     

超声测距系统中的误差来源及补偿

目前有许多超宗测距系统采用单片机来控制，这些系统易于进行误差补偿．本文讨论了超声测距中几种主要的误差来源，并给出了相应的补偿方法，这些讨论可供设计超声测距系统时参考，也可用于估计和评价超声测距系统的性能．     

超声波测距误差分析及校正研究

提高超声波测距性能是超声波测距技术研究的关键点;不同的超声波接收信号检测和处理技术会涉及到不同的硬件结构、软件实现复杂度,导致超声波测距性能差异,进而影响整个系统的定位性能;为提高定位系统的定位精度,针对特定的六元超声波阵列测距系统进行超声波阵列测距实验,对可能造成测距误差的误差源进行分析,并分别采用温度补偿法和最小二乘回归法对测量数据进行校正;实验结果表明,设计的网络节点测量距离能够达到15 m,且最小二乘校正模型的测量结果有效地减小了测距误差,提高了测距精度。     

《超声治疗学》评介

冯若、汪荫棠编著的《超声治疗学》1994年12月由中国医药科技出版社出版。该书资料完整、新颖。共分11章．分别为超声波的物理基础、超声的生物医学效应及其物理机制、超声疗法、超声电疗法、超声药物透人疗法、超声雾化吸入疗法、超声外科、超声治癌、冲击波和超声肢碎石、超声节育及抗早孕研究进展等。全面、系统、深入地论述了超声波疗法的基础理论、发展及应用。书中不仅介绍了国内外关于超声波治疗方面的研究成果与先进经验，而且也包含了两位作者长期在超声医学领域中，从事科学研究与临床工作的部分科研成果。超声医学包括超声诊断及…     

基于FPGA的多通道超声波测距系统设计

超声波测距是一种非接触式连续测量方法,具有电路简单、测量精度高等优点。传统的测距系统多采用单片机实现,无法满足现代测距实时性、立体化、多向性的要求;因此设计了一种基于FPGA的多通道超声波测距系统,所有通道同时进行检测与处理,系统具有较高的扩展性。硬件部分采用US_100超声波传感器实现了超声信号的发射与接收,采用京微雅格C192芯片对回波信号进行检测和处理,实现了从2厘米到4米的距离的精确测量,测量结果送入LCD12864进行显示。软件设计采用Verilog HDL语言在Primace编辑环境下进行开发,在Modelsim软件下进行仿真,并通过HR3开发板验证了全部设计功能。测试结果表明：该测距系统运行稳定可靠,测量精度高。     

超声换能器表面的振动状态

从超声波在波密介质和波疏介质之间的传播以及诱发共振发射超声波的角度,讨论了空气中超声声速测量实验所用超声换能器的表面振动状态.理论分析及实验测量结果表明:超声换能器表面振动状态与其结构有关,超声接收器表面位移振幅一般不为零.     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的超声辅助OCT成像研究

通过蒙特卡罗模拟方法研究了超声波提高OCT成像质量的机理,以宏观经典理论和微观量子理论分别阐述了光和超声的相互作用,建立了存在超声辅助时光在生物组织中传播的模型,模拟了有超声辅助和无超声辅助两种情况下生物组织多次散射光的分布.模拟结果表明,与光平行射入生物组织的超声波能够使OCT成像系统中的多次散射光降低80%,携带组织信息的单次散射光在组织返回光中所占比重增大为无超声辅助时的2倍,从而增大了OCT成像的探测深度及图像对比度.     

变厚度多边形蜂窝结构的超声C扫描检测方法

为了解决变厚度多边形蜂窝结构超声波检测难和检测效率低的问题,采用了灵敏度补偿和多边形扫查路径规划相结合的超声C扫描方法进行检测。在扫查检测过程中,一是根据构件厚度变化进行灵敏度补偿,消除因厚度变化而引起的超声信号衰减对检测结果的影响;二是根据构件几何形状对此类构件进行多边形扫查路径规划,减少探头的空扫描范围,提高检测效率。试验结果表明:该检测方法能准确、高效地检出变厚度多边形蜂窝结构中的缺陷。     

基于AVR单片机的超声波测距系统构建

为了提高超声波测距精度,构建了基于AVR单片机的测距及数据处理系统。分析了超声波测距的原理,以AVR单片机为处理器设计了超声波产生和发射电路、超声波接收和信号处理电路以及温度测量和补偿电路等。针对温度对超声波速度的影响,根据超声波速度与温度的关系,设计了超声波速度补偿算法。为了提高回波时间测量准确性,减小随机噪声及空气中其他杂散播干扰的影响,采用均值数字滤波方法,对计数时间进行处理。实测结果表明,在3cm~400cm范围内,超声波测距系统测量数据准确,最大误差为0.66cm。     

An investigation of generalized lamb waves using ultrasonic reflectivity measurements

Ultrasonic critical angle reflectivity method is used to measure the phase velocity of generalized Lamb waves in cadmium and zinc platings. In addition to the free propagating modes, leaky-wave modes are also observed. Leaky waves are considered using principles familiar from the discussion of surface waves in anisotropic media and a relatively good agreement is obtained between the theoretical computations and measured data.     

Frequency and power dependence of ultrasonic degassing

We investigated the time variation of ultrasonic degassing for air-saturated water and degassed water with a sample volume of 100 mL at frequencies of 22, 43, 129, 209, 305, 400, 514, 1018, and 1960 kHz and ultrasonic power of 15 W. Ultrasonic degassing was evaluated by dissolved oxygen concentration. Ultrasonic degassing was also investigated at a frequency of 1018 kHz and ultrasonic powers of 5, 10, 15, and 20 W. The dissolved oxygen concentration varied with the ultrasonic irradiation time and became constant after prolonged ultrasonic irradiation. The constant dissolved oxygen concentration value depended on the frequency and ultrasonic power but not the initial dissolved oxygen concentration. The degassing rate at 101.3 kPa was higher in the frequency range of 200 kHz to 1 MHz. The frequency dependence of the degassing rate was almost the same as that of the sonochemical efficiency obtained by the potassium iodide (KI) method. Ultrasonic degassing in the frequency range of 22–1960 kHz was also investigated under reduced pressure of 5 kPa. Degassing was accelerated when ultrasonic irradiation was applied under reduced pressure. However, under a reduced pressure of 5 kPa, the lower the frequencies, the higher is the degassing rate. The sonochemical reaction rate was examined by the KI method for varying dissolved air concentrations before ultrasonic irradiation. Cavitation did not occur when the initial dissolved oxygen concentration was less than 2 mg·L⁻¹. Therefore, the lower limit of ultrasonic degassing under 101.3 kPa equals 2 mg·L⁻¹ dissolved oxygen concentration. A model equation for the time variation of dissolved oxygen concentration due to ultrasonic irradiation was developed, and the degassing mechanism was discussed.     

超声纸杯焊接技术

本文介绍一种超声纸杯焊接设备及焊接工艺。     

Ultrasonic backscattering in polycrystals with elongated single phase and duplex microstructures

An analytical solution for a three dimensional integral representation of the backscattering (BS) coefficient in polycrystals with elongated (generally ellipsoidal) grains is obtained; it is a natural generalization of the known explicit result for the BS coefficient in polycrystals with spherical grains. New insights into the dependence of the BS signal on frequency and averaged ellipsoidal grain radii are obtained. In particular it has been shown that the dominant factor for the backscattering is the averaged interaction length of the ellipsoidal grain in the direction of wave propagation, instead of the ellipsoidal cross-section. The theory was applied to a simplified model of Ti alloy duplex microstructure and was compared with experiment. For the experimental data analysis directional backscattering ratios are introduced and shown to be advantageous for characterization of duplex elongated microstructures/microtextures. In addition to the geometrical parameters of the elongated microtextures, the BS directional ratios depend on the newly introduced nondimensional material parameter q. The parameter q exhibits the relative contribution of the second phase (crystallites) to the backscattering signal, the effect of which is measurable and important. Comparison of the model with experiment shows there is a significant advantage in using the directional ratios of backscattering coefficients for data analysis.     

Ultrasonic degradation of oxalic acid in aqueous solutions

This paper describes the ultrasonic degradation of oxalic acid. The effects of ultrasonic power, H₂O₂, NaCl, external gases on the degradation of oxalic acid were investigated. Reactor flask containing oxalic acid was immersed in the ultrasonic bath with water as the coupling fluid. Representative samples withdrawn were analysed by volumetric titration. Degradation degree of oxalic acid increased with increasing ultrasonic power. It was observed that H₂O₂ has negative contribution on the degradation of oxalic acid and there was an optimum concentration of NaCl for enhancing the degradation degree of oxalic acid. Although bubbling nitrogen gave higher degradation than that for bubbling air, both gases (for 20 min before sonication and during sonication together) could not help to enhance the degradation of oxalic acid when compared with the degradation without gas passage.     

Measurement of viscosity of highly viscous non-Newtonian fluids by means of ultrasonic guided waves

In order to perform monitoring of the polymerisation process, it is necessary to measure viscosity. However, in the case of non-Newtonian highly viscous fluids, viscosity starts to be dependent on the vibration or rotation frequency of the sensing element. Also, the sensing element must possess a sufficient mechanical strength. Some of these problems may be solved applying ultrasonic measurement methods, however until now most of the known investigations were devoted to measurements of relatively low viscosities (up to a few Pa s) of Newtonian liquids.     

Physico-chemical properties of micellar sodium taurodeoxycholate solutions. Ultrasonic behaviour and viscosity

Summary Ultrasonic absorption and velocity have been measured in sodium taurodeoxycholate solutions, at concentrations ranging between 0.1 and 0.4 mol kg⁻¹ and at temperatures of 25, 35 and 45°C. In addition, viscosity measurements have been performed. The ultrasonic results show that at least two kinetic processes occur in such systems. At high frequency the kinetic processes may be related to monomer-micelle exchange, while at lower frequency they may be related to the change of size and shape of the solute aggregates. The trend of the activation energy of the viscous flow confirms the increase of the aggregation number of the micelles at higher molality. Paper presented at the “Meeting on Lyotropics and Related Fields”, held in Rende, Cosenza, September 13–18, 1982.     

Novel applications of ultrasonic atomization in the manufacturing of fine chemicals,pharmaceuticals, and medical devices

Liquid atomization as a fluid disintegration method has been used in many industrial applications such as spray drying, coating, incineration, preparation of emulsions, medical devices, etc. The usage of ultrasonic energy for atomizing liquid is gaining interest as a green and energy-efficient alternative to traditional mechanical atomizers. In the past two decades, efforts have been made to explore new applications of ultrasonic misting for downstream separation of chemicals, e.g., bioethanol, from their aqueous solutions. Downstream separation of a chemical from its aqueous solutions is known to be an energy-intensive process. Conventional distillation is featured by low energy efficiency and inability to separate azeotropic mixtures, and thus novel alternatives, such as ultrasonic separation have been explored to advance the separation technology. Ultrasonic misting has been reported to generate mist and vapor mixture in a gaseous phase that is enriched in solute (e.g., ethanol), under non-thermal, non-equilibrium, and phase change free conditions. This review article takes an in-depth look into the recent advancements in ultrasound-mediated separation of organic molecules, especially bioethanol, from their aqueous solutions. An effort was made to analyze and compare the experimental setups used, mist collection methods, droplet size distribution, and separation mechanism. In addition, the applications of ultrasonic atomization in the production of pharmaceuticals and medical devices are discussed.     

Study on a novel omnidirectional ultrasonic cavitation removal system for Microcystis aeruginosa

Microcystis aeruginosa, as a typical alga, produces microcystin with strong liver toxicity, seriously endangering the liver health of human and animals. Inhibiting the bloom of the Microcystis aeruginosa in lakes becomes a significant and meaningful work. Ultrasonic cavitation is currently considered to be the most environmentally friendly and effective method for the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa. However, the commercialized ultrasonic algae removal systems require multi-Langevin transducers to achieve omnidirectional ultrasonic irradiation due to the single irradiation direction of the Langevin transducer, resulting in the complex design and high energy consumption. To achieve a low-cost, simple structure, and high-efficiency algae removal system, a novel omnidirectional ultrasonic cavitation removal system for Microcystis aeruginosa is proposed. The proposed system is major composed of a novel omnidirectional ultrasonic transducer, which generates the omnidirectional ultrasonic irradiation by its shaking-head motion coupled by two orthogonal bending vibration modes. Modal simulation, sound field simulation, and cavitation bubble radius simulation are first carried out to optimize the geometric sizes of the proposed transducer and verify the correctness of the omnidirectional ultrasonic irradiation principle. Then the vibration characteristics of the transducer prototype are measured by vibration tests and impedance tests. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed omnidirectional ultrasonic removal system for Microcystis aeruginosa are evaluated through the algae removal experiments. The experimental results exhibit that the algal cells damaged by ultrasonic irradiation from the proposed system do not have the ability to self-repair. In addition, the algal removal rates reached 55.41% and 72.97% after 30 min of ultrasonic treatment when the corresponding ultrasonic densities are 0.014 W/mL and 0.021 W/mL, respectively. The proposed omnidirectional ultrasonic algae removal system significantly simplifies the configuration and reduces energy consumption, presenting the potential promise of algae removal and environmental protection.     

Study on removing calcium carbonate plug from near wellbore by high-power ultrasonic treatment

In this paper, the effects of ultrasonic wave on the removal of inorganic scaling and plugging in cores and the influence of the key wave field parameters, process parameters and core physical parameters on the plugging removal efficiency are systematically studied. The main dynamic mechanism of ultrasonic plugging removal is also systematically analyzed. Results show that the transducer frequency, transducer power, ultrasonic treatment time and initial permeability of core have great influence on the effect of ultrasonic scale removal. When the cumulative treatment time of ultrasonic wave exceeds 60 min, the recovery rate of core permeability tends to be stable. Best effect can be achieved when processing for 80–120 min cumulatively; the plugging removal effect is improved with the increase of ultrasonic transducer power and ultrasonic frequency, but the effect of plugging removal is not obvious with the further increasing of them. In addition, it is proved that the effect of removing calcium carbonate plug from near wellbore by hydrochloric acid solution is slightly better than that by ultrasonic treatment alone. Finally, the micro dynamic mechanism of removing inorganic scale plug by high-power ultrasonic treatment is discussed in view of ultrasonic inorganic scale body crushing, ultrasonic cavitation, ultrasonic friction, ultrasonic peristaltic transport operation and ultrasonic fracture-making and permeability-increasing effect.