基于涡尾迹方法的风力机气动性能分析

基于(势流)涡尾迹方法开发了水平轴风力机叶片气动性能分析程序,采用固定尾迹涡模型和自由尾迹模型分别对气动设计性能进行计算分析,得到风力机设计工况下的涡位置、诱导因子、功率系数及扭矩系数等气动性能参数,并与设计结果对比。结果表明,涡尾迹方法能够快速准确地计算风力机叶片气动性能参数,对风力机叶片气动分析,固定尾迹涡模型较自由尾迹模型计算时间短,具有较好的实用性。     

复杂工况下的大型风力机气动性能和尾迹研究Investigation of aerodynamic performance and wake of the large scale wind turbine in complicated conditions

在复杂工况下,大型风力机非定常特性会更严重,导致风力机气动性能变化和尾迹预测更加复杂。本文主要针对稳态偏航、动态偏航、风剪切和随机风速场等复杂工况,基于自由涡尾迹方法,嵌入复杂工况的模块,加入了动态失速模型和三维旋转效应模型修正,实现了复杂工况数值模拟计算,比较了不同复杂工况的气动载荷和尾迹形状。最后,得出了风力机在复杂工况下的气动性能、载荷和尾迹叶尖涡线特性,并计算出风力机在复杂工况下的气动载荷超调量和迟滞时间。对推进自由涡尾迹方法应用于风力机工程的大批工况载荷计算,提高大型风力机的载荷计算精度和设计水平等具有重要意义。     

复杂工况下的大型风力机气动性能和尾迹研究

在复杂工况下,大型风力机非定常特性会更严重,导致风力机气动性能变化和尾迹预测更加复杂。本文主要针对稳态偏航、动态偏航、风剪切和随机风速场等复杂工况,基于自由涡尾迹方法,嵌入复杂工况的模块,加入了动态失速模型和三维旋转效应模型修正,实现了复杂工况数值模拟计算,比较了不同复杂工况的气动载荷和尾迹形状。最后,得出了风力机在复杂工况下的气动性能、载荷和尾迹叶尖涡线特性,并计算出风力机在复杂工况下的气动载荷超调量和迟滞时间。对推进自由涡尾迹方法应用于风力机工程的大批工况载荷计算,提高大型风力机的载荷计算精度和设计水平等具有重要意义。     

自由涡尾迹方法中涡核尺寸对风力机气动计算的影响

涡核模型中的涡核尺寸对自由涡尾迹(free vortex wake,FVW)方法准确预估风力机气动特性至关重要,涡核尺寸包括初始涡核半径和由于耗散效应涡核半径在尾迹中的增长.FVW方法中涡线控制方程离散采用三步三阶预估校正格式,涡核模型采用经典Lamb-Oseen模型,并考虑了涡耗散效应和拉伸效应.首先,通过气动载荷和叶尖涡涡量平均值的分析得到初始涡核半径的取值范围;然后,根据叶尖涡耗散特性的分析,确定体现涡黏性耗散效应涡核半径增长的经验常数的取值;最后,分析了涡核尺寸对叶尖涡结构的影响,进一步验证初始涡核半径和涡黏性耗散经验常数的取值对风力机气动计算的影响.结果表明:当初始涡核半径大于50%弦长时,FVW方法收敛稳定且能准确预估风轮气动载荷;综合风轮气动载荷和叶尖涡耗散特性,初始涡核半径取60%到70%弦长为宜,且对应的涡黏性耗散经验常数取值也不同;风轮气动载荷和叶尖涡结构的准确预估主要受初始涡核半径影响,经验常数对其影响不大,而经验常数主要影响风轮下游尾流场叶尖涡的耗散特性.      

风剪切对风力机叶片气动性能及尾迹形状的影响

风力机通常运行在非定常工况中,其气动性能及尾迹会随着工况的变化而变化. 风剪切是风力机长期所处的环境,它会影响到叶片气动载荷、尾迹形状、总体性能等,分析风剪切作用下的叶片气动性能对风力机的设计有重要意义.本文采用一种时间步进自由涡尾迹(free vortex wake, FVW)方法,耦合FVW方法与风剪切模型,计算不同风剪切因子作用下叶片的气动力系数、推力以及风轮后的尾迹形状变化,研究尾迹形状变化对风轮旋转平面诱导速度及风力机叶片气动性能的影响. 结果表明:在风剪切入流条件下, 随着风剪切因子的增大,风力机的气动力系数随时间做周期性波动的幅度加剧, 推力的平均值逐渐减小,尾迹倾斜程度增大, 尾迹在轮毂下方的倾斜程度更明显;尾迹形状的变化使风轮平面轴向诱导速度因子分布不均匀,同时使风力机的总体性能降低且偏离较大;倾斜尾迹相比于对称尾迹对风轮平面处的诱导影响有明显差别, 波动幅值增大,气动力系数在波谷处的偏差比波峰处大. 尾迹越倾斜,风轮旋转平面处的载荷不对称性越明显.      

自由涡尾迹方法中涡核尺寸对风力机气动计算的影响

涡核模型中的涡核尺寸对自由涡尾迹(free vortex wake, FVW)方法准确预估风力机气动特性至关重要,涡核尺寸包括初始涡核半径和由于耗散效应涡核半径在尾迹中的增长. FVW方法中涡线控制方程离散采用三步三阶预估校正格式,涡核模型采用经典Lamb-Oseen模型,并考虑了涡耗散效应和拉伸效应.首先,通过气动载荷和叶尖涡涡量平均值的分析得到初始涡核半径的取值范围;然后,根据叶尖涡耗散特性的分析,确定体现涡黏性耗散效应涡核半径增长的经验常数的取值;最后,分析了涡核尺寸对叶尖涡结构的影响,进一步验证初始涡核半径和涡黏性耗散经验常数的取值对风力机气动计算的影响.结果表明:当初始涡核半径大于50%弦长时,FVW方法收敛稳定且能准确预估风轮气动载荷;综合风轮气动载荷和叶尖涡耗散特性,初始涡核半径取60%到70%弦长为宜,且对应的涡黏性耗散经验常数取值也不同;风轮气动载荷和叶尖涡结构的准确预估主要受初始涡核半径影响,经验常数对其影响不大,而经验常数主要影响风轮下游尾流场叶尖涡的耗散特性.     

单一水平轴风电机组尾迹的模拟方法与流动机理研究综述

为实现碳达峰、碳中和“3060”目标, 风能将在我国能源体系发挥重要作用. 风力机尾迹是影响风电性能和度电成本的关键因素, 需在风力机布置和控制设计中充分考虑. 本文首先介绍风力机尾迹的数值模拟方法, 包括解析模型、低阶模型、大涡模拟和来流湍流生成方法. 解析模型和低阶模型可快速计算风力机尾迹, 但依赖于模型参数, 且不能或不能准确预测尾迹湍流特性. 结合风力机参数化模型的大涡模拟可准确预测尾迹蜿蜒等湍流特征, 是流动机理研究的有力工具, 可为发展快速预测模型提供数据和理论支撑. 接着, 本文介绍了叶尖涡、中心涡和尾迹蜿蜒并讨论其产生机理. 对于湍流来流, 叶尖涡主要存在于近尾迹. 蜿蜒是远尾迹的主要特征, 影响下游风力机的来流特征. 尾迹蜿蜒的产生有两种机制: 来流大尺度涡和剪切层失稳. 数值和观测结果显示两种机制共同存在. 机舱和中心涡对尾迹蜿蜒有重要影响. 采用叶片和机舱的致动面模型可准确预测尾迹蜿蜒. 研究显示不同风力机尾迹间的湍流特征存在相似性, 为发展尾迹湍流的快速预测模型提供了理论依据. 当前研究多关注平坦地形上的风力机尾迹, 复杂地形和海洋环境下的大气湍流和风力机尾迹的机理复杂, 现有工程模型无法准确预测, 有待深入研究.      

串列风力机尾流干扰的研究简

广义致动盘方法是通过引入体积力代替叶片的致动盘技术与三维Navier-Stokes 方程相结合来获得风力机周围流场信息的一种方法. 该方法避免了花费大量网格与计算资源去求解风力机叶片的附面层,从而可以把更多的网格与计算资源用于风力机尾流流场的模拟,非常适合用于风力机尾流流场的研究. 以NH1500风力机为计算模型,将常规CFD (computational fluid dynamics) 方法与广义致动盘方法计算所得的叶片载荷分布进行比较,以验证广义致动盘方法的可行性. 然后使用广义致动盘方法对风场中串列风力机进行数值模拟,研究串列风力机之间间距变化时,上游风力机产生的尾流对下游风力机的干扰影响.     

用扰动涡方法模拟叶轮机内动静叶的相互作用

发展了一种研究叶轮机内动、静叶间的相互作用的新方法———扰动涡方法，它利用全三维的定常解为基础解，并由此给出非定常扰动场的初始解．为计算叶片对扰动场的响应过程，采用拉格朗日方法追踪扰动涡团的对流流动过程，用确定性涡方法来描述流体的粘性扩散过程．发展了代数湍流模型（Ｂａｌｄｗｉｎ Ｌｏｍａｘ湍流模型）在尾迹中的应用方法，克服了其它数值方法中无法准确捕捉尾迹中心线的运动轨迹，以及计算出的边界层外的湍流涡粘性系数偏大的缺陷．利用该方法计算轴流叶轮机内由于动、静叶间的相互作用而引起的非定常流动过程，与实验的对照表明，模拟结果与实验数据吻合得相当好，从而说明本文发展的方法是可信的，为更直观地描述尾迹等非定常因素的流动及叶轮机内的掺混问题提供依据．     

基于CFD技术的垂直轴风力机动态尾流特性研究

利用CFD软件对麦克马斯特大学垂直轴风力机进行不同叶尖速比下的数值模拟,计算结果与风洞试验数据吻合良好。近场尾流中,与单叶片的风力机模拟结果比较,上游叶片产生并向下游延伸的旋涡影响下游运行轨道上叶片的升阻力特性,不仅使叶片扭矩输出峰值降低,而且峰值产生的时间延迟。对垂直轴风力机叶片叶梢进行修改,模拟结果显示,叶片扭矩输出峰值不变,但是谷值有所降低,修改后风力机沿风向推力幅值降低明显;远场尾流中,采用风速轮廓线原理,以瑞典的法尔肯贝里市200kW垂直轴风力机为原型,按照真实的空间排布进行数值模拟。模拟结果显示,上游风力机上下两端处产生较为集中的远场尾流,影响下游风力机叶片下半段的气动性能,下游风力机功率输出降低明显。     

Lift enhancement of airfoil and tip flow control for wind turbine

Two techniques that improve the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine airfoils are described. The airfoil S809, designed specially for wind turbine blades, and the airfoil FX60-100, having a higher lift-drag ratio, are selected to verify the flow control techniques. The flow deflector, fixed at the leading edge, is employed to control the boundary layer separation on the airfoil at a high angle of attack. The multi-island genetic algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the flow deflector. The results indicate that the flow deflector can suppress the flow separation, delay the stall, and enhance the lift. The characteristics of the blade tip vortex, the wake vortex, and the surface pressure distributions of the blades are analyzed. The vortex diffuser, set up at the blade tip, is employed to control the blade tip vortex. The results show that the vortex diffuser can increase the total pressure coefficient of the core of the vortex, decrease the strength of the blade tip vortex, lower the noise, and improve the efficiency of the blade.     

Dynamic wind loads and wake characteristics of a wind turbine model in an atmospheric boundary layer wind

An experimental study was conducted to characterize the dynamic wind loads and evolution of the unsteady vortex and turbulent flow structures in the near wake of a horizontal axis wind turbine model placed in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel. In addition to measuring dynamic wind loads (i.e., aerodynamic forces and bending moments) acting on the wind turbine model by using a high-sensitive force-moment sensor unit, a high-resolution digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was used to achieve flow field measurements to quantify the characteristics of the turbulent vortex flow in the near wake of the wind turbine model. Besides conducting “free-run” PIV measurements to determine the ensemble-averaged statistics of the flow quantities such as mean velocity, Reynolds stress, and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) distributions in the wake flow, “phase-locked” PIV measurements were also performed to elucidate further details about evolution of the unsteady vortex structures in the wake flow in relation to the position of the rotating turbine blades. The effects of the tip-speed-ratio of the wind turbine model on the dynamic wind loads and wake flow characteristics were quantified in the terms of the variations of the aerodynamic thrust and bending moment coefficients of the wind turbine model, the evolution of the helical tip vortices and the unsteady vortices shedding from the blade roots and turbine nacelle, the deceleration of the incoming airflows after passing the rotation disk of the turbine blades, the TKE and Reynolds stress distributions in the near wake of the wind turbine model. The detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the dynamic wind load measurements to elucidate underlying physics in order to gain further insight into the characteristics of the dynamic wind loads and turbulent vortex flows in the wakes of wind turbines for the optimal design of the wind turbines operating in atmospheric boundary layer winds.     

Wake impacts on aerodynamic and aeroelastic behaviors of a horizontal axis wind turbine blade for sheared and turbulent flow conditions

The magnitude and temporal variations of wind speed considerably influence aerodynamic and structural responses of MW-sized horizontal axis wind turbines. Thus, this paper investigates the variations in airloads and blade behavior of a wind turbine blade resulting from operations in sheared and turbulent flow conditions. First, in order to validate the present methods, comparisons of aerodynamic results were made among the blade element momentum method, free-wake method, and numerical results from the previous studies. Then, the validated methods were applied to a national renewable energy laboratory 5 MW reference wind turbine model for fluid–structure interaction analyses. From the numerical simulations, it can be clearly seen that unfavorable airloads and blade deformations occur due to the sheared and turbulent flow conditions. In addition, it is clear that wake impacts are not as substantial at those of high wind speeds; however, the effects obviously affect the aerodynamic and structural behaviors of the blade at lower wind speeds. Therefore, it is concluded that the numerical results markedly indicate the demand for accurate assessment of wake dynamics for accurate estimations of the aerodynamic and structural responses for sheared and turbulent flow environments.     

Particle image velocimetry （PIV） measurements of tip vortex wake structure of wind turbine

Large-view flow field measurements using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique with high resolution CCD cameras on a rotating 1/8 scale blade model of the NREL UAE phase VI wind turbine are conducted in the engineering-oriented Φ3.2 m wind tunnel.The motivation is to establish the database of the initiation and development of the tip vortex to study the flow structure and mechanism of the wind turbine.The results show that the tip vortex first moves inward for a very short period and then moves out...     

A nonlinear model for aerodynamic configuration of wake behind horizontal-axis wind turbine

Determination of the aerodynamic configuration of wake is the key to analysis and evaluation of the rotor aerodynamic characteristics of a horizontal-axis wind turbine.According to the aerodynamic configuration, the real magnitude and direction of the onflow velocity at the rotor blade can be determined, and subsequently, the aerodynamic force on the rotor can be determined. The commonly employed wake aerodynamic models are of the cylindrical form instead of the actual expanding one. This is because the influence of the radial component of the induced velocity on the wake configuration is neglected. Therefore, this model should be called a "linear model". Using this model means that the induced velocities at the rotor blades and aerodynamic loads on them would be inexact. An approximately accurate approach is proposed in this paper to determine the so-called "nonlinear" wake aerodynamic configuration by means of the potential theory,where the influence of all three coordinate components of the induced velocity on wake aerodynamic configuration is taken into account to obtain a kind of expanding wake that approximately looks like an actual one. First, the rotor aerodynamic model composed of axial(central), bound, and trailing vortexes is established with the help of the finite aspect wing theory. Then, the Biot-Savart formula for the potential flow theory is used to derive a set of integral equations to evaluate the three components of the induced velocity at any point within the wake. The numerical solution to the integral equations is found,and the loci of all elementary trailing vortex filaments behind the rotor are determined thereafter. Finally, to formulate an actual wind turbine rotor, using the nonlinear wake model, the induced velocity everywhere in the wake, especially that at the rotor blade,is obtained in the case of various tip speed ratios and compared with the wake boundary in a neutral atmospheric boundary layer. Hereby, some useful and referential conclusions are offered for the aerodynamic computation and design of the rotor of the horizontal-axis wind turbine.     

A brief review on wind turbine aerodynamics

This article briefly reviews wind turbine aerodynamics, which follows an explanation of the aerodynamic complexity. The aerodynamic models including blade momentum theory, vortex wake model, dynamic stall and rotational effect, and their applications in wind turbine aerodynamic performance prediction are discussed and documented. Recent progress in computational fluid dynamics for wind turbine is addressed. Wind turbine aerodynamic experimental studies are also selectively introduced.