热应力对非制冷红外焦平面微桥的影响及控制研究

非制冷红外焦平面阵列的微桥结构在微加工工艺中,由于温度的剧烈变化,在薄膜中产生热应力而引起微桥的变形,将对器件产生不利影响.利用有限元分析方法,对微桥在热应力作用下产生的变形进行了分析,提出了两种控制热应变的途径:1)选择一种低热膨胀系数、低杨氏模量的电极材料;2)在电极材料的表面沉积一层SiNx薄膜.仿真结果表明,两...     

红外薄膜中热应力的研究

由于红外薄膜材料和基板热膨胀系数显著不同,所以在高温基板上镀膜后降温将产生热应力,进而引起边界分层破裂现象,影响薄膜器件的牢固性.对薄膜厚度、杨氏模量和热膨胀系数对薄膜分层破裂的影响进行了研究,同时分析了薄膜设计对减小分层破裂的作用.这对减小红外薄膜系统因热应力引起的分层破裂现象具有实际应用价值. 关键词： 多层介质薄膜 红外 热应力 分层破裂     

石墨基底上垂直生长碳纳米管为芯的碳锥结构

采用一种改进的化学气相沉积方法，成功地在石墨基底上自组装生长出以碳锥为支撑的、碳纳米管为芯的新型功能材料.该结构的材料可以用作扫描电子显微镜探针和场发射电子显微镜的针尖.利用电子显微镜研究了不同合成条件对该碳纳米管与碳锥结构生长的影响，给出了最优生长条件，并讨论了生长机制. 关键词： 碳锥 碳纳米管 化学气相沉积 场发射     

碳纤维增强复合材料反射镜的刚度分析

用有限元法对层合板结构和蜂窝夹层结构的两种复合材料反射镜的刚度进行分析计算,分析是以Ex1522环氧树脂为基体,M60J碳为增强材料的平面反射镜为例进行的,分析包括不同铺层取向、顺序的层合板反射镜自重下的镜面变形;对蜂窝夹层结构反射镜,分别比较了以芳纶纸、玻璃布、耐久铝三种夹层材料的反射镜刚度,对比了碳纤维复合材料、铍金属、微晶玻璃为面板材料的反射镜刚度,讨论了不同蜂窝单元结构形状对反射镜刚度的影响.分析表明,对于以Ex1522环氧树脂为基体,M60J碳为增强材料的平面复合材料反射镜,要使其具有相对稳定的面形,应采用单元形状为正三角形铝蜂窝,前后面板各为12层;90/45/0/－45］3层合板的夹层结构.     

退火重结晶制备AlN/C复合泡沫材料及其力学性能研究

为了得到一种轻质、高强度、耐烧灼的新型碳泡沫材料,以无定形AlN为添加剂,在空心微球/网络复合型碳泡沫的基础上,采用退火热处理工艺成功地制备出了AlN/C复合泡沫材料.通过扫描电镜、透射电镜对样品进行表征,测试结果表明无定形AlN在碳微球的表面重结晶为AlN晶须,其直径大约为50nm左右,长度10μm以上,具有较大的长径比.X-射线衍射峰证明样品石墨化程度高,且AlN晶须为六方结构.X-射线光电子能谱测试发现在287.5eV处有较明显的C-N峰出现,这表明AlN和碳泡沫在界面处通过C-N键结合.同时,对其力学性能进行测试,通过分析应力-应变测试结果,AlN/C复合泡沫材料的压缩强度为40.27MPa,相对碳泡沫材料而言提高了近一个数量级.测试结果表明,AlN晶须显著增强了碳泡沫的压缩强度,这种新型复合泡沫材料有望应用于各种抗压减震航空材料.     

C/C复合材料的光谱发射率研究

采用模压成型法制备了不同类型的C/C复合材料,测试了其法向光谱发射率的变化.结果表明,短切碳纤维增强的C/C复合材料,其法向光谱发射率在整个2 500～13 000 nm的测试波段内普遍要高于碳布增强复合材料样品.短切碳纤维结构的相对松散,单位体积内物质的粒子数相对较少,这增加了电磁波的穿透深度,从而使得样品的法向光谱发射率较高,热辐射特性较好.纤维预制体和C/C复合材料样品的法向光谱发射率测试对比可知,两种不同碳材料的微结构差异使得树脂碳的法向光谱发射率优于纤维碳.利用Raman光谱对不同碳物质进行物相分析表明,树脂碳以sp3和sp2杂化态碳原子的混合结构使其内部产生的局域振动模式较多,这也是样品法向光谱发射率较高,热辐射特性较好的原因.     

锂离子电池SnSb/MCMB核壳结构负极材料嵌锂性能研究

以酸处理的中间相碳微球(MCMB)为载体, 用化学还原法在碳球表面沉积SnSb合金, 合成SnSb 包覆碳球的核壳结构负极材料. 采用XRD, SEM技术对材料的结构和形貌进行了表征, 用恒电流充放电(CC)、循环伏安(CV)和交流阻抗(EIS)测试了材料的电化学性能. 实验结果表明: SnSb/MCMB样品呈现纳米晶与非晶态的混合组织; 单一SnSb合金的容量衰减较快, 而对于SnSb/MCMB复合材料, 细小的合金颗粒均匀钉扎在MCMB表面, 不仅改善了颗粒的团聚现象, 而且增强了材料的导电能力, 使材料的循环稳定性得到改善, 复合材料具有936.161 mAh/g的首次放电比容量, 首次库仑效率80.3%, 50次循环后容量维持在498.221 mAh/g. 关键词： SnSb合金 锂离子电池 中间相碳微球(MCMB) 电化学性能     

疏导式结构在头锥热防护中的应用

针对高超声速飞行器工作时头锥恶劣的热环境,为了保证飞行器头锥的尖锐外形, 提出疏导式热防护结构,利用内置高导热碳材料结构为飞行器头锥提供热防护. 采用流固耦合方法对头锥疏导式防热结构进行了分析,验证了头锥内置高导热碳材料具有较好防热效果, 其中来流马赫数(Ma)为9时头锥前缘壁面最高温度下降了21.9%,尾部最低温度升高了15.2%, 实现了热流由高温区向低温区的转移,削弱了头锥的热载荷,强化了头锥的热防护能力. 本文对外蒙皮结构参数、材料参数以及内部高导热碳材料导热率对头锥热防护性能的影响进行了分析, 其中头锥最高温度随着蒙皮材料导热系数的增加而降低到一个稳定值; 随着蒙皮材料表面黑度的增加而降低;随着蒙皮厚度的增加而升高;随着高导热碳材料导热系数的 增加而呈抛物线下降.     

铀表面铝镀层热应力分布

铀是非常活泼的金属，在大气环境中很容易发生腐蚀，通过磁控溅射方法，在铀表面镀铝可以对铀起到很好的防腐蚀效果，但经过磁控溅射以后，薄膜内会产：生应力，从而影响了铀表面铝镀层的结合强度及使用性能。一般认为，薄膜内的应力来源于两个方面：一是热应力，二是生长应力。热应力是由于薄膜与基体热膨胀系数不同经温度变化引起的，而生长应力则来自于薄膜与基体物理性质的不同，以及薄膜中的结构缺陷。对于一种确定结构的膜基体系，生长应力比较固定，而热应力却可以通过磁控溅射工艺进行一定的调整。文中采用热弹塑性有限元分析方法，对铀表面磁控溅射沉积铝镀层的热应力分布进行了研究。     

锥顶碳纳米管的结构稳定性与场致发射性能

运用密度泛函理论研究了锥顶碳纳米管的结构稳定性与电子场致发射性能.结果表明:在外电场作用下,该体系的结构稳定性明显优于碳纳米锥体、C₃₀半球封口的碳纳米管,且电子发射性能与锥角大小、锥顶构型密切相关,特别是锥角38.9°及棱脊型顶部的cone₁@(6,6)综合性能最优,用其作为场致发射源的阴极时可显著提高发射电流密度并延长器件的使用寿命. 关键词： 锥顶碳纳米管 电子场致发射 结构稳定性 密度泛函理论     

用变长度“T”形法测量单根纤维热导率

为了解决"T"形法中的接触热阻问题,本文在不改变纤维与热线之间的接触节点的前提下,通过测量同一根纤维不同长度对应的表观热阻,同时得到了纤维热导率以及节点的接触热阻.用变长度"T"形法测量得到 Pt 丝以及两根沥青基碳纤维的热导率分别为 73,480 和 500 W m-1 K-1.     

Effect of rapid thermal treatment on photoluminescence of surface passivated porous silicon

The photoluminescence of porous silicon with and without carbon deposition fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique has been investigated. After the deposition, the rapid thermal processes in the temperature ranging from 500 to 1100 °C have been carried out. It was found that after the carbon deposition a new intense blue emission appeared. The rapid thermal processes at 800and 900 °C could enhance the blue emission, while the other rapid thermal processes quenched it. Finally, the mechanism for the effect of carbon deposition and rapid thermal processes on photoluminescence properties of porous silicon was discussed.     

用扩展的Enskog理论预测正构烷烃的导热率

1引言在现代工业特别是化学工业和石油工业中，广泛涉及到物质传热过程。因此，作为表征物质热传导强弱的导热率是科研与生产必不可少的重要物性数据之一。作为物质导热率研究的一个方面，液体导热率的研究一直受到人们的关注。现在已有许多液体导热率关联方程发表，但这些方程往往适用范围较窄，是纯经验或半经验的，其理论性不强。只有Enskog公式＊中各参数的物理意义明确，所以此公式的实际应用有待进一步研究。本文用热压代替znsx。g公式中的体系压力，其中热压用un状态方程回来计算，找出正构烷烃分子硬球直径的变化规律，对正构烷烃…     

Structural transformation of vapor grown carbon nanofibers studied by HRTEM

Vapor grown carbon nanofibers have been extensively manufactured and investigated in recent years. In this study commercially available vapor grown carbon nanofibers subjected to different processing and post processing conditions were studied employing high resolution TEM images. The analysis showed that the fibers consist primarily of conical nanofibers, but can contain a significant amount of bamboo nanofibers. Most conical nanofibers were found to consist of an ordered inner layer and a disordered outer layer, with the cone angle distribution of the inner layers indicating that these cannot have a stacked cone structure but are compatible with a cone-helix structure. Fibers that have been heat treated to temperatures above 1,500 °C undergo a structural transformation with the ordered inner layers changing from a cone-helix structure to a highly ordered multiwall stacked cone structure. The bamboo nanofibers were found to have a tapered multiwall nanotube structure for the wall and a multishell fullerene structure for the cap of each segment, surrounded by a disordered outer layer. When these fibers are heat treated the disordered outer layers transform to an ordered multiwall nanotube structure and merge with the wall of each segment. The end caps of each segment transform from a smooth multiwall fullerene structure to one consisting of disjointed graphene planes. A reaction-diffusion mechanism is proposed to explain the growth and structure of the bamboo nanofibers.     

Damage evolution and multi-scale analysis of carbon fiber-reinforced cross-ply laminate with thermal residual stress

In order to study the mechanical and thermal properties of carbon fiber-reinforced cross-ply laminate, a macroscopic [90/0]_8S cross-ply laminate model and a unit cell of fiber regular distribution near the [90/0]_8S laminate interlaminar zone with plastic matrix and interface were created. Then the damage initiation discipline details of [90/0]_8S cross-ply laminate are researched, and the effects of interfacial coefficient of thermal expansion on thermal residual stress distribution and damage initiation are researched in detail both based on the macroscopic and microscopic models. It shows that the initial damage of interlaminar interface occurs in macroscopic model and the initial damage in microscopic model occurs both at intralaminar interface and interlaminar cohesive zone. No matter in macroscopic or microscopic model, the residual stress of 6.27 × 10^?6/°C interfacial coefficient of thermal expansion is larger than that of 6.27 × 10^?7/°C interfacial coefficient of thermal expansion. And the initial damage expands more widely in the first one.     

KOH activated carbon fabrics as supercapacitor material

Carbon fabrics from viscose fibers activated with KOH have been investigated as possible electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors. The fibers were first pyrolysed at 400 or 600 °C, then saturated with KOH at C/KOH ratios from 1:3.5 to 1:5 and treated in the temperature range from 700 to 800 °C. The carbon fibers saturated with KOH were analysed by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis in order to get information on the temperature dependence of the KOH reaction with carbon. The electrochemical properties of the activated carbons were determined using three-electrode Swagelok^® type capacitors both in 4 M H₂SO₄ and 7 M KOH aqueous electrolytes. Specific capacities of ca. 340 and 270 F/g were determined in acidic and alkaline medium, respectively. We demonstrate that the electrical capacity for both negative and positive electrodes depends on the treatment method. The capacitance values are discussed taking into account the porous texture, the elemental composition and the surface functionality of the activated carbon fibers.     

光纤1/f热噪声的实验研究

光纤热噪声是限制光纤传感、测量系统性能的最终因素.但是低频区域呈1/f谱特性的光纤热噪声的形成机制迄今仍然存在争论.实验研究了光纤1/f热噪声水平与光纤内杂质离子浓度和光纤施加张力的关系,验证了这类热噪声来源于光纤内部的机械耗散引起的长度自发抖动,符合热机械噪声的理论假设.     

Higher-Order Structure of Poly(Ethylene 2,6-Naphthalene Dicarboxylate) Fibers Produced by Direct High-Speed Spin-Drawing

In order to efficiently produce poly(ethylene naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate) (PEN) fibers comprising α-phase crystallites with a high melting temperature, a direct high-speed spin-drawing (HSSD) system was implemented. The higher-order structure of the HSSD PEN fibers was investigated by focusing on the radial anisotropy of the fibers. A nucleating agent was added to the PEN fibers, and its effect on the formation of the higher-order structure was also studied. Highly crystalline PEN fibers predominantly composed of α-phase crystallites were produced by operating the HSSD system at 4?km/min. The PEN fibers exhibited a melting temperature of 288.8?°C and a storage modulus of 31.4?GPa. The excellent thermal stability of the HSSD PEN fibers was presumably brought about by the formation of a shish-kebab-like structure. The generation of the shish-kebab-like structure and radial anisotropy seemed to be more dependent on the effect of tensile stress during the drawing process rather than from the nucleating additive. The nucleating agent used in this study effectively increased both the α- and β-phase crystallite sizes. Such structural modification, however, did not appear to contribute to the thermal stability enhancement of the PEN fibers.     

高精度干涉式光纤陀螺热漂移分析

为了改进干涉式光纤陀螺的测量精度和温度性能,建立了该仪器输出偏置的解析模型。通过把光纤双折射这一从未被考察过的相位微扰与其它已知误差源进行线性叠加,该模型首次显式地把陀螺性能直接与光纤的力学、光学、热学和几何参数联系起来。利用该模型对常用于10-3 deg/h精度量级光纤陀螺的64层四极对称环圈进行计算,结果表明,保偏光纤所固有的高双折射及其温度涨落对陀螺输出偏置及其热漂移的影响分别在10-3 deg/h和10-2 deg/h量级,而过去研究较多的单模光纤中的舒普效应和热致光弹效应的影响分别在10-4 deg/h和10-3 deg/h量级。该模型表明保偏光纤所固有的高应力双折射是干涉式光纤陀螺的主要误差源,同时较为完备地描述了光纤陀螺中源于光纤性能的误差,也解释了该误差对光纤双折射的非线性依赖。