新型无卤硅-氮成炭剂的合成及其热稳定性

以三聚氯氰和γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷为原料,经取代反应制得2-氯-4,6-二(3-三乙氧基硅烷-1-丙氨基)-1,3,5-三嗪(3); 3与二乙烯三胺(4)反应合成了一种新型的无卤高含硅量的成炭剂(5),其结构和性能经¹H NMR, FT-IR和TGA表征。考察了物料比、缚酸剂、反应时间、反应溶剂和反应温度对5收率的影响。实验结果表明:最佳反应条件为：甲苯为溶剂,三乙胺为缚酸剂, n(3): n(4)= 3.3 : 1,于100 ℃反应11 h,收率62.7%; 5的初始分解温度为197 ℃, 700 ℃时残炭为36.7%。     

新型P－N－Si无卤阻燃剂的合成及其在棉纤维中的应用

以二氯磷酸苯酯(1)和γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(2)为原料,合成了一种新型的P－N－Si三元无卤阻燃剂--苯氧基-双-(三乙氧基硅丙基)磷酰胺(3),其结构经¹H NMR, ³¹P NMR和FT-IR表征。研究了溶剂,反应温度,反应时间,投料比r［n(2) : n(1)］和缚酸剂对3产率的影响。结果表明:在最佳合成条件［THF为溶剂,三乙胺为缚酸剂,1 8 mmol, r=2.4,于40 ℃反应6 h］下, 3的产率为88.2%。利用TGA测试了3的阻燃性能。结果表明：3的初始分解温度为150 ℃, 600 ℃残炭为14.6%。3在棉纤维(c)中的添加量为15%(质量百分数,即c-3¹⁵)时,600 ℃残炭为33.4%,高于c(7.6%)。     

新型磷-氮有机金属阻燃剂的合成及其热稳定性

以γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(1)和二苯基氯化膦(2)为原料,经取代反应制得N-(二苯基膦基)-1,1-二苯基-N-［3-(三乙氧基甲硅烷)丙基］膦氮配体(3); 3与六水合氯化镍(4)反应合成了一种新型的磷-氮有机金属阻燃剂(5),其结构经¹H NMR, ³¹P NMR和FT-IR表征。研究了物料比［r=n(2) : n(1)］、溶剂、反应时间和反应温度对3收率的影响。结果表明：在最佳反应条件［二氯甲烷为溶剂,1 19 mmol, r=2.3,于25 ℃反应14 h］下,3收率89.5%。 TGA测试结果表明：5的初始分解温度为252 ℃, 700 ℃残炭为31.9%。     

新型单组分磷-氮膨胀型阻燃剂的合成及其阻燃性能

以氯化螺环磷酸酯(1)和对甲苯胺(2)为原料,经亲核取代反应合成了"三源"一体的新型单分子磷-氮膨胀型阻燃剂——季戊四醇螺环磷酰对甲苯胺(3),其结构经1H NMR和IR表征。考察了溶剂、原料配比、反应温度、反应时间和缚酸剂对3产率的影响。合成3的最佳反应条件为:乙腈为溶剂,三乙胺为缚酸剂,1 10mmol,n(1)∶n(2)=1∶3,于80℃反应4 h,产率79.3%。阻燃性能研究结果表明,3的初始分解温度为220℃,500℃成炭率达43.3%。     

1,1-二苯基(或4,4'-二溴二苯基)-3-(3-三乙氧基硅基)丙基脲的合成

以三乙胺为缚酸剂,二苯胺和4,4'-二溴二苯胺分别与三光气反应制得N,N-二苯基氨基甲酰氯(2a)和N,N-(4,4'-二溴二苯基)氨基甲酰氯(2b);2a和2b分别与3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷反应合成了两个新型的含非对称取代脲的功能性有机硅氧烷——1,1-二苯基-3-(3-三乙氧基硅基)丙基脲和1,1-(4,4'-二溴二苯基)-3-(3-三乙氧基硅基)丙基脲,其结构经1H NMR,13C NMR和IR表征。     

新型磷-氮膨胀型阻燃剂的合成及其在硬质聚氨酯泡沫中的应用

以2-笼状季戊四醇磷酸酯-4,6-二氯均三嗪(1)和对氨基苯磺酸钠(2)为原料,经取代反应合成了集炭源、酸源和气源于一体的新型磷-氮膨胀型阻燃剂——2-笼状季戊四醇磷酸酯-4,6-二对氨基苯磺酸钠-均三嗪(3),其结构经1H NMR,31P NMR和IR表征。考察了溶剂、反应时间、物料比和缚酸剂种类对3产率的影响。合成3的最佳反应条件为:以丙酮为溶剂,三乙胺为缚酸剂,1 10 mmol,n(1)∶n(2)=1.0∶2.5,于56℃反应4 h,产率71.0%。阻燃测试结果表明,3在硬质聚氨酯泡沫(Ⅰ)中的添加质量份数为25(即Ⅰ-325)时,氧指数为27.5;垂直燃烧测试结果表明:Ⅰ-325的阻燃级别为V0。     

聚γ-(β-氰乙基)胺丙基硅氧烷铂配合物的合成与催化性能

γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷与丙烯腈反应，得到γ-(β-氰乙基)胺丙基三乙氧基硅烷。后者用气相法二氧化硅固载，再与氯亚铂酸钾反应，合成了聚γ-(β-氰乙基)胺丙基硅氧烷铂配合物。研究了它对不饱和烃与三乙氧基硅烷的硅氢加成反应的催化特性。     

合成E-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸的新方法

以1,8-辛二醇（1）为起始原料,经4步反应合成了（E）-10-羟基-2-癸烯酸,其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和MS确证。考察了乙酰氯、缚酸剂种类及其用量［r=n（1）: n（乙酰氯）: n（缚酸剂）］对8-乙酰氧基-1-辛醇（2）收率的影响以及反应温度、三乙胺滴加温度、低温停留时间对8-乙酰氧基辛醛（3）收率的影响。结果表明：以三乙胺为缚酸剂,r=1.0 : 1.1 : 2.0时,2产率达78%;反应温度为-65 ℃、三乙胺滴加温度低于-50 ℃、低温反应3 h, 3产率达97%。     

降冰片烯桥联双酰胺化合物的合成与表征

在干燥非质子性溶剂中,以3,6-桥-亚甲基-1,2,3,6-四氢邻苯二甲酰氯与N-(3-氨基丙基)眯唑和1-氨基-4-甲基哌嗪为原料,合成了两种降冰片烯桥联双酰胺化合物,并考察了反应温度、溶剂及缚酸剂对酰氯氨解反应的影响,目标化合物结构经核磁共振氢谱、核磁共振碳谱、红外光谱及元素分析进行表征确证.     

微波辐射合成4,4′,4″-三硝基三苯胺

以对硝基苯胺(1)和4-氯硝基苯(2)为原料,二甲基亚砜为溶剂,叔丁醇钾为缚酸剂,氟化钾和四甲基氯化铵为催化剂,在微波辐射下合成了4,4′,4″-三硝基三苯胺(3),其结构经IR表征.正交实验确定最佳反应条件为:13 mmol,n(1)∶n(2)∶n(叔丁醇钾)=1∶3∶2,在125 W下,于130℃反应30 min,3的收率达98.2%.     

Synthesis of a novel hyperbranched and phosphorus‐containing charring‐foaming agent and its application in polypropylene

In this work, a novel hyperbranched and phosphorus‐containing triazine derivative (HPCFA) is synthesized. HPCFA is used as charring‐foaming agent and combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as intumescent flame retardant to flame retard polypropylene (PP). PP/HPCFA/APP composite can achieve limited oxygen index value of 31% and pass UL 94V‐0 rating by addition of 20 wt% HPCFA/APP (1/2, w/w). Besides, HPCFA is compared with another hyperbranched charring‐foaming agent (HCFA). HPCFA and HCFA have similar chemical structure, and their only difference is that HPCFA has phosphorus‐containing unit in the main chain compared with HCFA. HPCFA/APP system exhibits superior flame retardancy compared with HCFA/APP system. Char residue analysis demonstrates that HPCFA/APP system can form denser and more compact char layer in comparison with that of HCFA/APP system.     

Synergistic effects between a triazine-based charring agent and aluminum phosphinate on the intumescent flame retardance of thermoplastic polyether ester

The triazine-based charring agent (CFA) with perfect charring ability was synthesized and characterized. The synergistic effects between CFA and aluminum phosphinate (AlPi) on flame retardancy, thermal degradation, and flammability properties of thermoplastic polyester-ether elastomer (TPEE) were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimeter test (CCT), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), laser Raman spectroscopy (LSR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results from UL-94 test showed that, by compounding 14 wt% AlPi and 4 wt% CFA with TPEE, the LOI value reached 28.5% and the UL-94 rating reached V-0 (1.6 mm). TGA results indicated that there is good synergistic charring ability between CFA and AlPi, especially the increased residues at high temperature (T > 700 °C). The CCT test results showed that CFA could change the combustion behavior of TPEE and effectively accelerate the formation of expanded carbon layers. The residues after combustion were measured by LRS and SEM, demonstrating that CFA can promote the formation of dense and stable carbon layers during the combustion, which could inhibit the melt dropping and improve the fire retardancy of TPEE composites. Thus, CFA was a promising synergistic agent in halogen-free flame retardant TPEE.     

Organically modified montmorillonite as a synergist for intumescent flame retardant against the flammable polypropylene

Low flame retardant efficiency is a key bottleneck for currently available retardants against the flammable polypropylene (PP). Herein, the organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) was utilized as a synergist for our previously reported intumescent flame retardant (IFR) that was constructed from ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and hyperbranched charring foaming agent (HCFA) to further enhance the retardant efficiency against PP. The resultant's combustion behavior was thoroughly investigated by cone calorimetry, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that 20% addition of IFR with OMMT showed a positive effect and improved the flame retardancy of the PP systems. Especially, addition of 2 wt% OMMT obviously increased the LOI values of PP systems with 20% total loading flame retardants from 29% to 31.5% and the samples meet V‐0 rating as well as the reduction of the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), CO₂, and CO production occurred. On the other hand, the SEM images were also revealed that OMMT initiated a dense and strong char on the surface of the material, which resulted in efficient flame retardancy of PP matrix during combustion. In addition, thermal degradation behavior discussed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that OMMT could improve the thermal stability of PP systems under high temperature, and promoted char residues of PP/IFR systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of charring agents on solvent‐free fireproof coatings

The choice of charring agent is one of the major issues for solvent‐free fireproof coatings. The effects of processing method and charring agent on the thermal insulation and fire resistance of the coatings were investigated in simulated fire scenarios. Dipentaerythritol (DPER), triazine agent (CFA), and pentaerythritol phosphate (PEPA) were compared as charring agent, and the thermal, combustion, fire resistance, and charring behaviors in different fire scenario were characterized for the fireproof coatings. Compared with high‐speed dispersing equipment, kneading processing equipment is favorable for improving the thermal stability and fire resistance of the coatings, because the stronger shearing force has promoted mixing and dispersion of the ingredients in solvent‐free fireproof coatings. As for charring agents, it is found that the fireproof coatings containing CFA or PEPA show better thermal and flame‐retardant performances. More residue was observed under nitrogen atmosphere in thermogravimetric analysis, less heat and smoke were released in cone calorimetry test. However, during the high temperature fire resistance test, their char layers were prone to delaminate while DPER‐containing coatings produced intact and stronger char layer with better heat insulation. For practical applications, the coating formulations need to be optimized to achieve both fire resistance and flame retardancy.     

Synthesis of a triazine-based macromolecular hybrid charring agent containing zinc borate and its flame retardancy and thermal properties in polypropylene

Abstract

A triazine-based macromolecular hybrid charring agent containing zinc borate (MCA-K-ZB) was synthesized and combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to improve the flame retardancy of polypropylene (PP). The flame retardancy and thermal properties of PP composites were investigated using limited oxygen index, vertical burning test, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed APP/MCA-K-ZB can improve the flame retardancy of PP compared with APP/MCA-K/ZB. The morphology of the char residues was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM result shows that MCA-K-ZB can improve the compactness and continuity of char residue compared with MCA-K/ZB, therefore improving the flame retardancy of PP composites.     

Enhancement of a hyperbranched charring and foaming agent on flame retardancy of polyamide 6

A hyperbranched polyamine was prepared using an A₂ + B₃ approach. It acted as a hyperbranched charring and foaming agent (HCFA) in combination with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form a new intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system for polyamide 6 (PA6). Effect of HCFA on flame retardant and thermal degradation properties of IFR‐PA6 was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 vertical burning, cone calorimeter, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests. The IFR system presented the most effective flame retardancy in PA6 when the weight ratio of APP to HCFA was 2:1. The LOI value of IFR‐PA6 could reach 36.5 with V‐0 rating when the IFR loading was 30 wt%. Even if the loading decreased to 25 wt%, IFR‐PA6 could still maintain V‐0 rating with an LOI value of 31. TGA curves indicated that APP would interact with both PA6 and HCFA in PA6/APP/HCFA composite under heating. The interaction between APP and HCFA improved the char formation ability of IFR system and then much more char was formed for PA6/APP/HCFA composite than for PA6/APP. Therefore, better flame retardancy was achieved. Moreover, the structure and morphology of char residue were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that compact and foaming char layer containing P‐O‐C structure was formed for PA6/APP/HCFA system during combustion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synergistic effect between a novel hyperbranched charring agent and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardant and anti-dripping properties of polylactide

A novel hyperbranched polyamine charring agent (HPCA), a derivative of triazines, was synthesized and well characterized by ¹H NMR and FTIR. HPCA and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were added into polylactide (PLA) resin as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system to impart flame retardancy and dripping resistance to PLA. The flammability and thermal stability of IFR-PLA composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning, cone calorimetry and thermogravometric analysis (TGA) tests. The results showed that the IFR system had both excellent flame retardant and anti-dripping abilities for PLA. The TGA curves suggested that HPCA has good ability of char formation and when combined with APP, would induce synergistic effect which could be clearly observed. This effect greatly promoted the char formation of IFR-PLA composites, hence improved the flame retardant property. Additionally, the structure and morphology of char residues were studied by XPS, FTIR and SEM.     

“One‐pot” synthesis of crosslinked silicone‐containing macromolecular charring agent and its synergistic flame retardant poly(l‐lactic acid) with ammonium polyphosphate

A crosslinked silicone‐containing macromolecular charring agent (CSi‐MCA) was synthesized via “one‐pot” process, and it was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to synergistically improve the flame retardancy of poly(l ‐lactic acid) (PLA). The chemical structure of synthesized CSi‐MCA was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid‐state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance. The thermal gravimetric analyzer indicated that the CSi‐MCA displayed good thermal stability and high residue via the catalytic crosslinking. Furthermore, the flame retardant effect of CSi‐MCA and APP as intumescent flame retardants in PLA system was investigated by limited oxygen index, UL94, and cone calorimeter test. When the content of CSi‐MCA was 5 wt% and APP was 10 wt% (CSi‐MCA/APP = 1/2), the limited oxygen index value of composites was 33.6 and UL94 classed a V‐0 rating. The peak heat release rate and total heat release of PLA composites containing both APP and CSi‐MCA decreased significantly in comparison with those with APP or CSi‐MCA alone. The flame retardancy mechanism was investigated via analyzing residual chars by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as the possible chemical reaction between APP and CSi‐MCA by thermal gravimetric analyzer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the enhanced flame retardancy was attributed mainly to synergistic effect of CSi‐MCA and APP, which could form a compact, continuous, and protective layer during combustion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of a semi‐bio‐based triazine derivative on intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene

A semi‐bio‐based synergist (N, N′, N″‐1, 3, 5‐triazine‐2, 4, 6‐triyltris‐glycine [TTG]) was prepared by using glycine and cyanuric chloride. The structure of TTG was characterized by ¹H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The TTG was applied in polypropylene (PP)/intumescent flame‐retardant compounds to improve its flame retardancy. The flame‐retardant properties of PP compounds were evaluated by limiting oxygen index and vertical burning tests (UL‐94). The results showed that 17 wt% intumescent flame‐retardant and 1 wt% TTG makes PP achieve the UL‐94 V‐0 rating without drippings, and the limiting oxygen index value is increased to 29.5 vol%. The thermal degradation behavior and char morphology of PP compounds were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that TTG accelerates the formation of char layer, regulates the porous structure of char layer, and enhances its barrier property. Therefore, the temperatures of PP compound after two ignitions during the UL‐94 test are decreased significantly as shown in infrared thermal imaging. In addition, the combustion characteristics of PP compounds were investigated by cone calorimeter. The peak of heat release rate (PHRR) of PP compound is 67% reduced, and the t_PHRR is delayed from 223 to 430 seconds, indicates that the combustion risk of PP compound is reduced.