四元交互体系Li~＋，K~＋／Cl~－，SO_4~（2－）－H_2O50，7

采用等温溶解平衡法测定了四元交互体系Ｌｉ～＋，Ｋ～＋／Ｃｌ～－，７５℃的溶解度和平衡溶液的物化性质（密度、粘度、折光率）．该四元交互体系５０，７５℃的溶解度等温图有５个相区：即Ｌｉ＿２ＳＯ＿４·Ｈ＿２Ｏ，ＫＬｉＳＯ＿４，ＫＣｌ，Ｋ＿２ＳＯ＿４，ＬｉＣｌ·Ｈ＿２Ｏ，７条单变量曲线，３个共饱点，其中Ｌｉ＿２Ｏ＿４·Ｈ）２Ｏ＋ＫＣｌ＋ＬｉＣｌ·Ｈ＿２Ｏ为一致零变量点。用我们以往提出的经验公式处理了平衡溶液的密度和折光率，由所测得的溶解度数据，求得了高温和高锂浓度下的电解质溶液Ｐｉｔｚｅｒ模型的离子相互作用参数。计算了各平衡溶液中盐的活度和水的活度。还计算了该四元交互体系２５℃的溶解度，考察了Ｐｉｔｚｅｒ电解质溶液理论在水－盐溶解度计算中的应用。     

HCl-NaCl-C3H8O3-H2O体系溶液热力学性质

在恒定丙三醇质量分数x=0．1的条件下，测定了无液接电池（A）和电池（B）的电动势根据电池（A）电动势确定了丙三醇和水混合溶剂中的Ag－AgCl电极的标准电极电势，讨论了HCl的迁移性质；由电池（B）测得的电动势计算了HCl在该体系中的活度系数γA，计算的结果表明，对于所讨论的体系，在溶液中总离子强度保持恒定，HCl的活度系数服从Harned规则．在溶液组成恒定时，IgγA是温度倒数1／T的线性函数，讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓及介质效应．     

影响电池性能的因素：金属离子溶剂化结构衍生的界面行为还是固体电解质界面膜?

通过电解液分解在电极上形成的固体电解质界面（SEI）层被认为是影响电池性能的最重要因素。 然而，我们发现金属离子溶剂化结构也会影响其电极性能，尤其可以阐明许多SEI无法解释的实验现象。基于该综述，本文总结了金属离子溶剂化结构和衍生的金属离子去溶剂化行为的重要性，并建立了相应的界面模型以展示界面行为和电极性能之间的关系，并将其应用于不同的电极和电池体系。我们强调了电极界面离子/分子相互作用对电极性能的影响，该解释与以往基于SEI的解释不同。该综述为理解电池性能和指导电解液设计提供了一个新的视角。     

液流电池用季铵化聚醚砜阴离子交换膜材料的研究

离子交换膜是液流电池的关键部件之一，理想的离子交换膜应具有较低的活性物质渗透率（即有较高的选择性）和较低的面电阻（即有较高的离子传导率），同时还应具有较好的化学稳定性和较低的成本。目前，全钒液流电池主要采用全氟磺酸类阳离子交换膜（如Nafion），其化学稳定性优异，但易造成钒离子的渗透，降低了电池的使用寿命，且Nafion膜价格昂贵；全钒液流电池的电解质溶液由不同钒电解质溶解在硫酸中组成，采用阴离子交换膜时，     

盐酸在氨基酸水溶液中热力学性质的研究——Ⅰ.甘氨酸+盐酸+水体系

生物体液可看作是由多种离子与氨基酸、蛋白质组成的混合电解质溶液,研究电解质或离子与这些氨基酸、蛋白质间的相互作用对了解生物体液内复杂的作用机理,揭示许多生命现象具有重要意义。1978年以来,Kelley采用有液体接界的电池研究了几种氨基酸或肽与一些碱金属氯化物的相互作用自由能,为研究电解质与氨基酸、蛋白质间的相互作用奠定了基础。研究溶质的迁移热力学性质是了解溶质-溶剂间相互作用以及溶液微观结构的常用手段。以氨基酸水溶液作为含水离子溶剂,用电动势法研究电解质从水到该溶液中的迁移热力学性质,进而研究电解质与氨基酸间的相互作用是可行的,目前这方面的研究工作很少见文献报导。本文通过测定电池:     

基于纳米有机液体的高性能温差电池

传统液体温差电池较低的热电转换性能一直无法得到有效改善,亟需寻找新的热电转换机制来提升热电转换效率。本文采用分子动力学（MD）方法,数值模拟研究了不同温度下以不同配比的甘油-水为溶剂的氯化钠溶液在碳纳米管（CNT）内离子、分子分布情况。结果表明：离子、分子的分布受温度影响较大,近壁面净电荷、电势分布随温度升高出现明显的分层。根据模拟结果提出以CNT为电极材料,甘油氯化钠溶液或甘油水氯化钠溶液为电解质溶液组成温差电池。其热电转换性能远优于大多数温差电池,同时温度适用范围也显著增加。以多孔碳为电极材料,甘油氯化钠溶液为电解质溶液组成的热电转换装置实验验证了可行性。     

PP14TFSI离子液体在可充镁电池电解液的应用

制备了可充镁电池电解质苯酚基镁盐,以四氢呋喃（THF）与N-甲基-N-丁基-哌啶-双三氟甲基磺酰胺（PP14TFSI）离子液体混合物代替四氢呋喃作为该电解质的溶剂. 当THF与PP₁₄TFSI体积配比为1:1时,该苯酚基镁盐电解液镁可逆溶出性能最佳,电化学窗口宽（2.7 V vs. Mg）,离子电导率高（7.77 mS·cm^-1）. 此外,热重测试表明离子液体的加入大大降低了THF溶剂的挥发性,提高了可充镁电池的安全性能. 四氢呋喃 + N-甲基-N-丁基-哌啶-双三氟甲基磺酰胺混合溶剂有望作为可充镁电池电解液的首选溶剂.     

钴氰化钠/氯化钠固体溶液微晶体的电化学制备及其特性

钴氰化钠与铁氰化钠结构类似,而其在固/液界面上的电子转移特性却并不显著. 使用扫描电化学显微镜（SECM）构建了fL~pL体积的电化学微体系. 在微体系中溶剂蒸发,电解质则会浓缩结晶. 当电活性物质与支持电解质的晶格参数匹配时,二者可发生共结晶形成固体溶液. 本文采用该方法制得钴氰化钠/氯化钠固体溶液微晶体,结合微加工技术构建了固体电极/固体溶液界面,该钴氰化钠在固体溶液中即有很好的电子转移特性.     

四(十二烷基)氯化铵基小分子凝胶电解质染料敏化太阳电池

采用小分子胶凝剂四（十二烷基）氯化铵胶凝3-甲氧基丙腈基液体电解质制备了凝胶电解质，并组装成准固态染料敏化太阳电池．差示扫描量热测试结果表明，凝胶电解质的溶液-凝胶转变温度（TSG）为74℃．分析了凝胶电解质中I3^-／I^-电对的表观扩散系数低于液体电解质的原因，同时结合电化学阻抗技术考察了电池内部二氧化钛多孔薄膜电极／电解质界面处的暗反应，分析了凝胶化对电池光伏性能的影响．老化实验结果表明，凝胶电池的稳定性明显优于液体电池．     

三元体系Yb（ClO_4）_3·3H_2O·18C6－CH_3COCH_3（2

三元体系Ｙｂ（ＣｌＯ＿４）＿３·３Ｈ＿２Ｏ·１８Ｃ６－ＣＨ＿３ＣＯＣＨ＿３（２５℃）相平衡研究李谦定，陈红娟任德厚（西安石油学院化工系７１００６１）（西北大学化学系７１００６９）采用在一定溶剂中按某种摩尔比混合盐和醚，经适当后处理来制备固态稀土盐冠醚...     

The renaissance in redox flow batteries

Although redox flow batteries were invented as early as 1954, no system development took place until NASA demonstrated an Fe/Cr redox flow battery system in 1970s. In hibernation for several years, redox flow battery systems have begun to catch the attention of policy makers globally. The resurrection of redox flow batteries rests heavily on their techno-economic feasibility as large-scale energy storage systems for emerging grid network that are being developed by climate change mitigation industries, namely, wind and solar. This article reviews various redox flow battery technologies with a cost and market prognosis.     

Technology of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for an energy-sustainable society

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been widely used to understand the chemistry and physics of battery systems. This review covers electrochemical impedance spectroscopy used for the interpretation of impedance data of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from advanced equivalent circuit models to the mathematical model, which is developed by John Newman. In addition, as a method to realize an energy-sustainable society using diagnostics based on the combination of LIBs and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, on-board diagnostics of battery packs are achieved based on an input signal generated by a power controller in a battery management system instead of the conventionally used frequency response analyzer. The diagnostic system is applicable to energy management systems which are installed in homes, buildings, and communities, accumulating the impedance data on state of health of LIBs. Finally, a future possibility regarding the diagnostics of battery packs coupled with the machine learning of impedance data is introduced.     

Polymer battery R&D in the U.S.

Polymer electrolytes that have been developed for battery applications fall into two general classes, neat or “pure” polymer and plasticized or gel in which the polymer is combined with a conducting organic electrolyte. The polyethylene oxide (PEO) and its modifications are typical of the “pure” polymer electrolytes. They have poor conductivity at room temperatures, but at elevated temperatures, their conductivity is of the order of 10⁻³ to 10⁻⁴ S/cm. The PEO electrolytes have found application in the high temperature (>60°C) lithium metal anode battery systems. The high temperature necessary for good operation makes them unsuitable for use in small consumer appliances. The polymer electrolyte battery development activities have resulted in several high performance battery systems now just entering the market. Not all of the developments have resulted in commercial cell production. The commercialization activities of high performance lithium‐ion (Li‐Ion) batteries have been based on two general plastic polymer systems: poly‐vinylidene difluoride‐hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVdF‐HFP) and polyacrylates. The polymer cells are expected to have advantages in manufacturing, flexibility, thin cell formats and lightweight packaging. Important parameters in PVdF gel electrolyte performance include the electrolyte type (combination of organic carbonates), temperature, and HFP copolymer content. Li‐Ion coin cells fabricated with a polyolefin separator with either liquid electrolyte or with the PVdF gel polymer electrolyte have equivalent performance.     

Water-in-salt widens the electrochemical stability window: Thermodynamic and kinetic factors

Originating from the 1.23 V potential window of pure water, the narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW) has always been the most stubborn problem for aqueous battery systems. However, the water-in-salt system magically widens the ESW of aqueous electrolyte from 1.23 V to above 3 V by the super-concentrated LiTFSI solution. The mechanisms of widening aqueous battery ESW have been a crucial topic, in which the significant factors, including unique solid–electrolyte interface, solvation structure, and others, have been highlighted. Here, we specify the concept of ESW in detail and review the influence factors of ESW in the water-in-salt system from both thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives to explore the importance of each factor.     

Thermal behavior of new polymer electrolytes

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) have been identified as a class of materials which could enable the fabrication of high energy density solid state lithium rechargeable batteries which could meet the performance requirements for advanced portable electronic and automotive applications. In order to achieve this goal, novel SPE systems having high ionic conductivity and good mechanical properties at or near ambient temperature must be developed. Novel lithium salts believed to be useful in realizing this objective have recently been proposed. The thermal behavior of SPE systems based on high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and on two novel salts, the lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and the lithium tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-methanide (LiTSFM) is reported and compared with the thermal behavior of the high molecular weight PEO–lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate (LiTFLT) SPE system. Phase diagrams for the PEO–LiTFSI and PEO–LiTFSM SPE systems have been established and are discussed in terms of their impact on SPE-based rechargeable lithium battery technologies. The use of a novel plasticizer in conjunction with the PEO–LiTFSI-based SPE system is reported and it is shown how this modifies the thermal behavior of the PEO–LiTFSI SPE system.     

The application of synchrotron X-ray techniques to the study of rechargeable batteries

The increased use of rechargeable batteries in portable electronic devices and the continuous development of novel applications(e.g. transportation and large scale energy storage), have raised a strong demand for high performance batteries with increased energy density, cycle and calendar life, safety and lower costs. This triggers significant efforts to reveal the fundamental mechanism determining battery performance with the use of advanced analytical techniques. However, the inherently complex characteristics of battery systems make the mechanism analysis sophisticated and difficult. Synchrotron radiation is an advanced collimated light source with high intensity and tunable energies. It has particular advantages in electronic structure and geometric structure(both the short-range and long-range structure)analysis of materials on different length and time scales. In the past decades, synchrotron X-ray techniques have been widely used to understand the fundamental mechanism and guide the technological optimization of batteries. In particular, in situ and operando techniques with high spatial and temporal resolution, enable the nondestructive, real time dynamic investigation of the electrochemical reaction,and lead to significant deep insights into the battery operation mechanism.This review gives a brief introduction of the application of synchrotron X-ray techniques to the investigation of battery systems. The five widely implicated techniques, including X-ray diffraction(XRD), Pair Distribution Function(PDF), Hard and Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) will be reviewed, with the emphasis on their in situ studies of battery systems during cycling.     

高性能锂离子电池正极黏合剂研究进展

正极黏合剂是维持锂离子电池正极结构稳定性的关键材料,对于锂离子电池的能量密度及安全性具有重要作用.本文综述了锂离子电池正极黏合剂材料的研究及应用进展,重点介绍了锂离子电池正极黏合剂对于正极材料及锂离子电池电化学性能的影响,详细总结了以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚酰亚胺(PI)、功能性聚合物黏合剂为代表的油溶性黏合剂和以聚丙烯酸(PAA)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为代表的水溶性黏合剂的特点:PVDF具备良好的化学稳定性,黏合效果较好,但耐高温性能差且在电解液中易溶胀;PI的耐高温性能优异,机械性能较好,但成本相对较高;功能性聚合物黏合剂具备良好的导电性,可有效抑制Li-S锂电池中多硫化物的穿梭效应,但制备工艺复杂;PAA的柔性较好,抗高压能力较强,但是力学性能较差;CMC具有良好的分散性,机械强度较大,因脆性较大需与丁苯橡胶(SBR)配合使用.结合已有的研究报道,探讨了高性能锂离子电池先进正极黏合剂材料的未来发展方向及前景.     

Energy scavenging for long-term deployable wireless sensor networks

The coming decade will see the rapid emergence of low cost, intelligent, wireless sensors and their widespread deployment throughout our environment. While wearable systems will operate over communications ranges of less than a meter, building management systems will operate with inter-node communications ranges of the order of meters to tens of meters and remote environmental monitoring systems will require communications systems and associated energy systems that will allow reliable operation over kilometers. Autonomous power should allow wireless sensor nodes to operate in a "deploy and forget" mode. The use of rechargeable battery technology is problematic due to battery lifetime issues related to node power budget, battery self-discharge, number of recharge cycles and long-term environmental impact. Duty cycling of wireless sensor nodes with long "SLEEP" times minimises energy usage. A case study of a multi-sensor, wireless, building management system operating using the Zigbee protocol demonstrates that, even with a 1 min cycle time for an 864 ms "ACTIVE" mode, the sensor module is already in SLEEP mode for almost 99% of the time. For a 20-min cycle time, the energy utilisation in SLEEP mode exceeds the ACTIVE mode energy by almost a factor of three and thus dominates the module energy utilisation thereby providing the ultimate limit to the power system lifetime. Energy harvesting techniques can deliver energy densities of 7.5 mW/cm(2) from outdoor solar, 100 microW/cm(2) from indoor lighting, 100 microW/cm(3) from vibrational energy and 60 microW/cm(2) from thermal energy typically found in a building environment. A truly autonomous, "deploy and forget" battery-less system can be achieved by scaling the energy harvesting system to provide all the system energy needs. In the building management case study discussed, for duty cycles of less than 0.07% (i.e. in ACTIVE mode for 0.864 s every 20 min), energy harvester device dimensions of approximately 2 cm on a side would be sufficient to supply the complete wireless sensor node energy. Key research challenges to be addressed to deliver future, remote, wireless, chemo-biosensing systems include the development of low cost, low-power sensors, miniaturised fluidic transport systems, anti-bio-fouling sensor surfaces, sensor calibration, reliable and robust system packaging, as well as associated energy delivery systems and energy budget management.     

有机氧化还原液流电池的研究进展

氧化还原液流电池（简称液流电池）是一种正在积极研制开发的新型大容量电化学储能装置,其活性物质是流动的电解质溶液,最显著的特点是规模化蓄电. 在广泛利用可再生能源的呼声高涨形势下,可以预见液流电池将迎来一个快速发展的时期. 氧化还原活性物质是液流电池能源转化的载体,也是液流电池中最核心的部分.传统液流电池利用无机材料作为活性物质,然而,无机材料成本高、毒性、资源有限、形成枝晶和电化学活性低等缺点限制了液流电池的大规模应用. 有机活性物质由于具有成本低、“绿色”、资源丰富、分子能级易于调节和电化学反应快等优点,引起了国内外的广泛关注. 近年来,有机液流电池的性能得到快速提升,一系列有机活性物质相继被开发出来. 本文梳理了近年来有机液流电池的研究进展. 首先简要介绍了液流电池的应用领域和技术特点;然后根据电解液种类的不同,详细讨论了有机活性物质在水系和非水系液流电池的应用情况;最后展望了有机液流电池走向实际应用所面临的挑战和潜在研究方向.     

A New Perspective on Li–SO2 Batteries for Rechargeable Systems

Primary Li–SO₂ batteries offer a high energy density in a wide operating temperature range with exceptionally long shelf life and have thus been frequently used in military and aerospace applications. Although these batteries have never been demonstrated as a rechargeable system, herein, we show that the reversible formation of Li₂S₂O₄, the major discharge product of Li–SO₂ battery, is possible with a remarkably smaller charging polarization than that of a Li–O₂ battery without the use of catalysts. The rechargeable Li–SO₂ battery can deliver approximately 5400 mAh g^?1 at 3.1 V, which is slightly higher than the performance of a Li–O₂ battery. In addition, the Li–SO₂ battery can be operated with the aid of a redox mediator, exhibiting an overall polarization of less than 0.3 V, which results in one of the highest energy efficiencies achieved for Li–gas battery systems.