Elimination of zero-order diffraction in digital off-axis holography

A simple experimental method of eliminating zero-order diffraction in the reconstructed image of off-axis digital holography is presented. Holographic diffraction grating acting as a beam splitter, an off-axis holography system is formed. The holograms of object with different recording parameters are obtained by adjusting the reflecting mirror in the recording optical system to vary the incidence orientation of the object beam in CCD to introduce a phase shift. The zero-order image can be eliminated by numerically processing the holograms of object with different recording parameters. The theoretical analyses have been done in detail and the experimental results are also given. The zero-order image eliminated, the area of reconstructed image increases remarkably, the image quality can then be significantly improved and the better resolution obtained. The experimental results show that the method presented in this paper is feasible, simple in optical system and easy in operation and data processing.     

一种消除数字离轴全息零级像的实验方法

提出一种消除数字离轴全息零级像的实验方法.这种方法是将全息衍射光栅作为分光元件,形成数字离轴全息记录系统,通过调节记录光路系统中平面镜,改变物光波到达CCD的入射方向而引入相移,从而得到不同记录参数的全息图.再通过对不同记录参数全息图的数字处理,即可达到零级像消除的目的,并对这种方法进行了理论分析和实验验证.给出了利用这种方法获得的实验结果.实验结果证明了该方案的可行性,并且具有光路系统简单、操作和处理容易等特点.     

双随机相位加密全息标识防伪技术研究

在输入面和频谱面上分别放置随机相位加密模板对图像数据进行加密是一种高密级的有效数据加密技术。在研究双随机相位数据加密技术的基础上,结合数字全息技术和印刷技术的特点,提出了一种新的双随机相位加密同轴相位全息标识(简称同轴相位全息标识)印刷防伪方法。理论分析证明了同轴相位全息标识方法能有效地恢复原始图像数据,仿真实验证明了该方法具有强抗随机干扰能力和抗位压缩性能。通过打印和扫描实验验证了同轴相位全息标识可以通过普通的数字印刷技术印制在证件等印刷品中作为防伪标识,印刷品中的同轴相位全息标识可以通过扫描输入计算机,变换生成数字图像,通过解密模板可从中恢复出原始图像数据。     

菲涅尔数字全息的脉冲响应

数字全息是用CCD记录全息图并用计算机数值重建全息像的一种全息新方法.在数字全息中,通过对不同记录参数下记录的全息图的数值处理,可以消除零级光和共轭光,从而将数字全息系统看作是一个线性系统.本文依据全息理论和付里叶频谱分析,对菲涅尔数字全息系统的脉冲响应和分辨本领进行了理论分析.结果表明,在矩形等间隔抽样的情形下,菲涅尔数字全息的脉冲响应是由CCD有限大小的孔径衍射斑调制的矩形函数;菲涅尔数字全息的分辨率由CCD的孔径尺寸决定;由于CCD像素具有一定的大小,使得点光源的像发生弥散.     

相移同轴无透镜傅里叶数字全息的分析与实验

应用菲涅耳衍射和全息理论，详细分析了无透镜傅里叶变换数字全息图的记录、再现方法和再现像的特点，分析了相移数字全息图的记录和再现方法，并进行了相应的实验验证。结果表明：直接对无透镜傅里叶数字全息图进行傅里叶逆变换可同时得到与物体完全相同的再现像及其共轭像；同轴无透镜傅里叶数字全息术能最大程度满足CCD对采样条件的要求，从而可以增大记录物体的尺寸，减小记录距离，明显提高再现像的清晰度和分辨率；相移数字全息术能有效地消除数字再现光场中的零级光场和共轭像，显著提高再现像的信噪比。条件许可时，相移同轴无透镜傅里叶数字全息术是目前解决数字全息术中再现像的分离与满足采样条件之间矛盾的最佳方法。     

基于多角度无透镜傅里叶变换数字全息的散斑噪声抑制成像研究

在数字全息成像中,散斑噪声严重影响了再现像的信噪比和成像分辨率,因此为了提高数字全息成像质量,迫切需要抑制再现像的散斑噪声.分析并给出了矩形散射光斑的强度协方差,定量计算了特定实验条件下产生退相关散斑图样的最小角度差.结合透镜的性质设计并搭建了多角度无透镜傅里叶变换数字全息成像系统,利用光纤端面在透镜焦平面的二维机械移动代替传统反射镜的旋转,使照明光束在不改变照明位置和大小的同时,可任意改变光束方向.移动光纤端面使多角度照明满足最小角度差,获取了81幅数字全息图.利用单次快速傅里叶逆变换实现数值再现,对多幅再现像的强度像求平均,实验结果表明散斑对比度降低为单幅再现像的14.6%,使图像信噪比提高了6.9倍.该抑制散斑的多角度数字全息成像方法有效的抑制了散斑噪声,且成像光路结构简单,可操作性强.     

基于Hilbert变换实现数字全息高精度相位重建

为了提高数字全息相位重建精度,研究了基于Hilbert变换重建相位的理论和方法,并通过像面数字全息实验对该方法的有效性进行了验证,同时与数字全息常规重建方法得到的结果进行了比较.结果表明:Hilbert变换本身具有消除直流项的作用,对利用频域滤波滤除零级谱后的全息图进行Hilbert变换,能够彻底消除零级衍射项的干扰,从而提高相位重建精度.与常规重建结果相比,基于Hilbert变换的相位重建结果的标准偏差降低了14.0%.本文结果对提高数字全息相位重建精度具有重要的指导意义.     

雾化场光学全息与数字全息联合测量

针对雾化场光学全息测量存在干板湿化学处理繁琐、再现像采集耗时的问题,提出光学全息与数字全息联合测量的方法,建立由同轴光学全息、同轴数字全息以及数字延迟信号发生器组成的测量系统,并以双孔直射式喷嘴产生的雾化场为测量对象,利用该测量系统在一次测量中同时获得雾化场的光学全息和数字全息的再现图像,两者具有很好的一致性。光学和数字再现图像相对应的视场范围分别为27.87 mm4.77 mm和27.59 mm6.67 mm,数字方式获得视场范围内单一层面再现像的时间仅为8 s,而光学方式将近1 h。结果表明,光学全息与数字全息联合测量时,通过数字全息的雾化再现图像能够对实验总体效果进行实时评估,提高了雾化场全息测量的实验效率。     

Studies on aperture synthesis in digital Fresnel holography

Aperture synthesis can improve image resolution in digital holography by increasing the numerical aperture of the system. In this paper, we show that both the lateral resolution and image field of view can be enhanced at the same time using a more general Fresnel holography setup and hologram stitching. The impact of aperture synthesis on the lateral resolution is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In the experiment, the synthesis is executed by moving the compact digital holographic system in two directions. Nine holograms are recorded and stitched into one hologram. The reconstruction results show that expanding aperture improves the lateral resolution. The lensless Fresnel holography used in this paper is demonstrated to have the ability to provide a larger numerical aperture and can compress the object spectrum in recording process.     

基于相位分析的时间平均数字全息测振研究

传统的时间平均全息术通过对再现像光强分布的测量来实现振幅分布的检测,由于噪音影响往往得不到满意的结果.第一类零阶贝塞尔函数相位只有0和π两个取值,所以利用再现光场的相位可以确定振幅分布.理论分析发现,以往的讨论忽略了照明光之间位移引起的相位变化,研究通过叠加一个相位因子对此进行了修正,并利用贝塞尔函数平方的相位特点提出了消除该相位因子的办法.实验结果表明,该相位因子确实存在并影响测量,用本文所提出的方法可以很好地消除该相位因子的影响,使利用时间平均数字全息再现光场的相位检测振动物体的振幅分布变得方便和准确.     

基于空间光调制器的非相干数字全息单次曝光研究

菲涅耳非相干相关全息术(Fresnel incoherent correlation holography,FINCH)利用在空间光调制器(spatial light modulator,SLM)上加载双透镜模式对同一物点光分束自相干,并通过改变加载的相位因子得到不同的相移全息图.本系统利用SLM可分区编码调制特性,将FINCH成像中SLM上分三次加载的0°,120°,240°相位双透镜掩模各提取1/3组成一幅复合相移模式加载,并研究了三种相位分布方式对FINCH成像质量的影响.结果表明:三个相位在SLM上分布间隔越大,再现像越清晰.在此基础上,提出了一种新的掩模加载方式,在SLM加载透镜阵列,每一个相位因子对应一个双透镜,具有一个光轴.实验表明,通过这种加载方式,通过SLM后形成的三个相移图能够一次在电荷耦合器上记录,并且三个相移图不重叠,然后通过MATLAB编程计算将不同相移角度的全息图分别提取出来,通过三步相移计算合成一幅包含有物光波的复值全息图,最后通过数值再现算法重建待测样品.此系统可用于对光源相干性较低的实时成像系统,也为微小形变测量、动态物体的观测提供了新方法,为非相干数字全息术的发展提供了新思路.     

无零级衍射干扰的彩色数字全息研究

彩色数字全息研究中,用球面波为重建波及角谱衍射公式进行波前重建是一种有效的方法.然而,重建图像上通常伴有强烈的零级衍射干扰.本文通过理论分析,对波前重建过程作了重要改进.用改进后的方法进行彩色数字全息的实验研究表明,重建彩色图像的质量获得显著改善. 关键词： 彩色数字全息 波前重建 零级衍射干扰     

双Lloyd镜数字全息显微测量术

提出了一种双Lloyd镜数字全息显微测量技术.其基本思想是将Lloyd镜的共光束自干涉特性与双波长光学相位解包裹方法相结合,使用两个Lloyd镜调节参考光与物光夹角以形成共光束自干涉,从而获得一张双波长复合全息图,再通过角谱法再现得到每个波长对应的包裹相位,利用两波长的相位差求得解包裹后的相位图和三维高度分布图.采用532和632 nm两波长记录全息图,通过数值再现重构被测物体的振幅和相位信息.与标定值相比,实验值的误差小于5%,证明了该方法的有效性.     

A method of hard X‐ray phase‐shifting digital holography

A new method of phase‐shifting digital holography is demonstrated in the hard X‐ray region. An in‐line‐type phase‐shifting holography setup was installed in a 6.80 keV hard X‐ray synchrotron beamline. By placing a phase plate consisting of a hole and a band at the focusing point of a Fresnel lens, the relative phase of the reference and objective beams could be successfully shifted for use with a three‐step phase‐shift algorithm. The system was verified by measuring the shape of a gold test pattern and a silica sphere.     

Study on the simplified phase-shifting digital holographic microscopy

In this paper, a new simplified technique for effectively eliminating the zero order and the conjugate virtual image in digital holographic microcopy, which makes use of two-step phase-shifting method of just recording two holograms and an intensity image of object wave, is proposed. Meanwhile, combined with the principle of making full use of spatial bandwidth of the CCD sensor by in-line lens-less Fourier holographic recording geometry, the theory and experimental methods to increase the resolution of the reconstructed image in digital holography by using phase-shifting technique are detailedly analyzed. At end, the validity and availability of this technique has been demonstrated through the off-axis and in-line Fourier transform recording geometry. The study provides some theoretical and experimental guidance for the design and operation of a digital holographic microscopy system.     

全息模拟再现像的三维重构

提出一种全息模拟再现像的三维重构方法,可以模拟再现得到三维再现像.计算机模拟再现许多幅在不同深度位置的二维光强分布;利用灰度级变化的聚焦度评价方法,通过寻找最大聚焦度值,确定再现三维像各像点的深度信息.实验证明,该方法能实现模拟再现像的三维重构,使数字全息术有希望成为一种全新的三维面形检测技术.再现像三维重构的实现可以更客观地对全息图进行像质评价,并验证计算机制全息术算法的正确性.     

Study on the reduction of speckle noise in the reconstructed image of digital hologram

As one of the most important 3-D display technique, reduction of speckle noise in the reconstructed image of digital holography should be grounded on the digital hologram itself. Based on the whole process of the recording and reconstruction of digital holography, the optical distributions of recorded object and reconstructed image of digital holography have been studied. It has been proposed that the root formation cause of speckle noise in its reconstructed image is the speckle noise formed on the recorded object surface when illuminated by coherent light because of its optical roughness. A novel approach has been presented to reduce speckle noise in digital holography by changing the interference structure of hologram itself. First, by reducing the speckle noise in the reconstructed image, the distribution of ideal reconstruction light with reduced speckle noise is acquired. Then in turn, taking the ideal reconstruction light with reduced speckle noise as ideal object light, a new hologram can be rebuilt, which can reconstruct the ideal object light. The experimental results are given to confirm the proposed method. Therefore, it offers a brand-new thought and practical way to reduce the speckle noise in the reconstructed image of digital holography.     

A new method of aperture synthetizing in digital holography

This paper proposes a new method of aperture synthetizing in digital holography based on the principle of holography. In the new method aperture synthetizing is achieved by reconstructing each sub-hologram respectively, firstly, moving each reconstructed wave field referred to the benchmark reconstructed wave field according to the relationship between spacial motion and frequency shift, and finally splicing them by using superposition. Two different recording ways, using plane wave to record and using spherical wave to record, are analyzed, and their moving formula is deduced, too. Simulation and experiment are done. The results show that in comparison with the traditional method of aperture synthetizing in digital holography, the new method can decrease calculation and save reconstructed time obviously which has better applicability.     

Optical encryption of gray-level image using on-axis and 2-f digital holography with two-step phase-shifting method

In this paper we propose an encryption/decryption technique of gray-level image information using an on-axis 2-f digital holographic optical encrypting system with two-step phase-shifting method. This technique reduces the number of holograms in phase-shifting digital holography and minimizes the setup of the encryption system more than multistep phase-shifting technique. We are able to get the complete decrypted image by controlling the K-ratio which is defined as the reference beam intensity versus the object beam intensity. We remove the DC-term of the phase-shifting digital hologram to reconstruct and decrypt the original image information. Simulation results show that the proposed method can be used for encryption and decryption of a 256 gray-level image. Also, the result shows some errors of the decrypted image according to K-ratio.     

像面数字全息的重建相位误差分析和改善

像面数字全息是数字全息技术中常用的测量和成像方式,它通常采用离散傅里叶变换和频率滤波的方法进行物光波的重建.本文讨论了这些算法对重建相位的影响.首先分析了频谱泄露对于相位误差的影响,结果表明当采样周期为整数时,重建相位误差很小,因此具有极高的相位重建精度;而当不满足整周期采样时,相位重建误差有了明显的增加.为了改善频谱泄露所引起的相位误差,采用Hanning函数对数字全息图进行了预处理,结果表明Hanning窗的加入能够有效地提高重建相位的准确程度.