钛合金在低温下的高速变形特性和绝热剪切

采用SHPB技术在室温和低温下,对相钛合金TB-2的高速变形特性和绝热剪切进行了宏观和微观研究。结果表明,TB-2是一个对应变率和温度敏感的材料,其热粘塑性本构特性可表为 =(0+E1（1+gln/0）（1-（T-Tn） /Tn）显微观察表明,TB2在低温下比在常温下对绝热剪切更敏感。低温下绝热剪切带的形态和结构也和常温下有所不同。把文献[9]所建议的绝热剪切的热粘塑性失稳准则,应用到不同的环境温度下,本文建议了一个既依赖于应变和应变率,又依赖于环境温度的三变量准则。理论预示和试验结果符合较好。     

钛合金在低温下的高速变形特性和绝热剪切

采用SHPB技术在室温和低温下,对β相钛合金TB-2的高速变形特性和绝热剪切进行了宏观和微观研究。结果表明,TB-2是一个对应变率和温度敏感的材料,其热粘塑性本构特性可表为 α=(σ_0+E_(1ε)(1+glnε/ε_0)(1-α(T-T_n) /T_n)显微观察表明,TB—2在低温下比在常温下对绝热剪切更敏感。低温下绝热剪切带的形态和结构也和常温下有所不同。把文献[9]所建议的绝热剪切的热粘塑性失稳准则,应用到不同的环境温度下,本文建议了一个既依赖于应变和应变率,又依赖于环境温度的三变量准则。理论预示和试验结果符合较好。     

高应变率下钛合金Ti-6Al-4V的热-粘塑性特性和绝热剪切变形

本文用SHPB 试验技术和金相观察相结合的方法研究了高应变率下钛合金 Ti6-6 Al-4 V的热-粘塑性本构关系和绝热剪切变形。发现用基于双曲型势垒热激活机制的热-粘塑性本构方程（1+（-s）0）-1=1-a0Tln（ep/es）能够很好地表述其应力、应变、应变率和温度间的关系。理论分析和试验还表明Ti-6Al-4V在室温下的绝热剪切临界条件是既与应变有关也与应变率有关的双变量准则,这和前人提出的各种单变量准则是有所区别的。     

红外热成像技术测量绝热剪切带温度的综述

绝热剪切是材料在高应变率载荷作用下的热粘塑性本构失稳现象,与材料失效有着密切的关系。采用红外热成像技术测量绝热剪切带内的温度变化,将有助于研究金属材料在高应变率下的力学性能及变形机理。简述了红外热成像技术及其系统组成;着重介绍了近年来采用红外热成像技术测量绝热剪切带温度的研究现状;讨论了采用红外热成像技术测量温度变化的应用需求及系统的设计要求。     

长杆弹对钛合金靶的冲塞实验研究

对长杆钢弹撞击钛合金靶的绝热剪切冲塞进行了实验研究。观测了初始弹速、弹长和靶厚对于绝热剪切冲塞、靶板塑性弯曲动态响应、弹头局部塑性变形和穿靶后弹体（塞子）剩余速度等的影响。将实验结果与基干热粘塑性双参量失稳理论的绝热剪切冲塞过程的二维数值模拟预示结果进行了比较，两者令人满意地符合，表明在绝热剪切冲塞过程研究中考虑应变率和应变相关的绝热剪切破坏准则以及弹靶耦合效应的重要性。     

高应变率下铁锰铸造合金正向和反向应变率效应的研究

对两种铁锰铸造合金在准静态和冲击动态下进行了宏观与微观相结合的试验研究。实验结果表明 ,在准静态下 ,铁锰铝硅合金的强度高于铁锰铝合金 ,但在高应变率动态加载下 ,铁锰铝合金的强度反而高于铁锰铝硅合金。铁锰铝合金表现出很强的应变率强化效应 (正向应变率效应 ) ,而铁锰铝硅合金表现出应变率无关或应变率弱化效应 (反向应变率效应 )。随着应变率的进一步提高 ,两者又都存在一定程度的应变率弱化倾向。根据这一现象 ,着重对高应变率下的绝热温升所致热软化、内部损伤的率相关演化、以及应力诱变马氏体相变等方面进行了探讨。     

高速冲击表面处理对金属材料力学性能和组织结构的影响

高速冲击表面处理过程中的应变率对金属材料的宏观力学性能和微观组织结构都具有重要影响。根据当前应变率效应的研究成果,从宏观与微观相结合的角度出发,综述了高速冲击表面处理过程中应变率对金属材料强度和塑性的影响规律,并重点阐述了不同应变率下金属材料内部微观组织结构的演变规律,主要包括晶粒结构、绝热剪切带、相变、位错组态和析出相以及变形孪晶等。此外,还分析了组织结构随应变率的演化和微观变形机制的转变对材料力学性能的强化和弱化机理。最后,对高速冲击表面处理梯度组织的变形特点进行了总结。提出了不同组织结构对材料性能影响的综合效应模型,以期为应变率效应的深入研究奠定基础。     

绝热剪切损伤和破坏的数值模拟研究

绝热剪切破坏是冲击载荷作用下金属材料中经常出现的一种重要破坏模式,尽管已经在实验中观察到了绝热剪切带内部的损伤现象,但是在理论和计算模型中往往还只是考虑它的热软化效应,对与之伴随的损伤破坏效应却鲜有讨论．该文在前人实验的基础上,提出了一个适用于绝热剪切带内部微孔洞损伤发展的演化方程,并在本构方程中同时考虑了温度和损伤对材料的影响,成功地模拟出了绝热剪切带的热软化效应和损伤破坏效应．     

不同加载状态下TA2钛合金绝热剪切破坏响应特性

一般认为绝热剪切现象在宏观上表现为材料动态本构失稳,即热软化大于应变硬化.本文采用帽型受迫剪切试样研究TA2钛合金的动态力学特性和本构失稳过程.首先对剪切区加载应力状态进行理论和数值分析,通过合理设计帽型试样,剪切区变形可近似按剪切状态处理;结合二维数字图像相关法(two-dimensional digital image correlation,DIC-2D)直接测试试样剪切区应变演化,给出帽型受迫剪切实验的等效应力-应变响应曲线.进一步,利用Hopkinson压杆对TA2钛合金开展动态压缩及帽型剪切对比试验研究,比较压缩、剪切试验得到的等效应力-应变曲线,采用"冻结"试样方法分析试样中绝热剪切局域化演化过程,探讨不同加载状态下TA2钛合金的绝热剪切破坏现象及其动态力学响应特性.实验结果表明,在塑性变形初始阶段,动态压缩及剪切加载下的等效应力-应变曲线符合较好,但随塑性损伤发展及绝热剪切带形成,两者出现分离,表明损伤及绝热剪切演化过程与应力状态相关.剪切试样实验得到的本构"软化"特性能够反映绝热剪切带起始、破坏演化过程的力学响应特性,而在动态压缩实验中,即使试样中已出现双锥形的绝热剪切带及局部裂纹分布,其表观等效应力-应变曲线并不出现软化特征,动态压缩实验无法得到关于绝热剪切起始、发展以及破坏的本构软化响应特性.     

圆柱形爆炸容器绝热剪切瞬态失效过程

开展了圆柱形爆炸容器逐级加载和破坏实验,根据容器最终的断裂面和微观形貌观测,提出了爆炸容器绝热剪切失效模式.建立了应变率-应变空间内的绝热剪切损伤演化模型,将绝热剪切不同演化阶段的临界状态与宏观的力学条件联系起来,并将这些力学临界条件作为动态失效准则引入到宏观计算程序中,模拟爆炸容器发生绝热剪切的的瞬态过程,模拟结果成...     

The strain-rate effect and the incremental plastic wave in copper

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the degree of sensitivity of commerically pure copper to strain rate and to note the effect of this sensitivity on the velocity of propagation of shearing strain in copper. Thin-walled cylindrical specimens of copper were loaded in torsion to eliminate the effects of radial inertia. All specimens were annealed and then cold worked in torsion to obtain necessary specimen uniformity. Quasi-static tests were performed on short-length specimens to determine the shearing stress-strain curve of copper at a very low strain rate. The strain-rate sensitivity of copper at low strain rates, from 3×10^?4/sec to 5/sec, was tested by loading short specimens at a very slow continuous rate and then suddenly increasing the strain rate. A quasi-static test was also performed to determine the effect of creep on prestressed copper. Dynamic tests involving strain rates up to 500/sec were performed on long specimens with a torsional impact machine. Specimens were tested under stress-free and prestressed initial conditions. The prestressed specimen was loaded at a slow, continuous rate before impact to avoid the undesirable effects of creep which would have occurred with a static preload. Results from the quasi-static tests showed that copper is noticeably sensitive to strain rate in the low strain-rate regions, but that the sensitivity becomes almost constant as the strain rate is increased. Results from the dynamic tests showed that large strains propagated at speeds which agreed well with speeds predicted by the strain-rate-independent theory of plastic-wave propagation. The lower-level strains in the prestressed specimen, however, propagated at much higher speeds than are predicted by the strain-rate independent. Because radial-inertia effects were not present, this discrepancy in measured and predicted speeds for low-level strains must be due to the strain-rate sensitivity of copper.     

An analysis of the shear failure of rigid-linear hardening beams under impulsive loading

A theoretical rigid-plastic analysis for the dynamic shear failure of beams under impulsive loading is presented when using a travelling plastic shear hinge model which takes into account material strain hardening. The maximum dynamic shear strain and shear strain-rate can be predicted in addition to the permanent transverse deflections and other parameters. The conditions for the three modes of shear failure, i.e., excess deflection failure, excess shear strain failure and adiabatic shear failure are analyzed. The special case of an infinitesimally small plastic zone is discussed and compared with Nonaka's solution for a rigid, perfectly plastic material. The results can also be generalized to examine the dynamic response of fibre-reinforced beams.     

不同应变率下泡沫铝的形变和力学性能

对低密度泡沫铝在不同变形率下的形变和力学性能进行了系统的试验研究。结果表明:（1）沿剪切方向骨架首先塌陷,即变形的局部化是低应变率下块体泡沫铝的主要变形特征;（2）在不同应变率下泡沫铝表现出体积应变基本上随工程应变呈线性变化,在低应变率下泊松比随轴向应变呈幂次关系增加,但在高应变率下泊松比随塑性应变增加,从一峰值降低并趋于稳定;（3）低应变率下泡沫铝材料塑性变形均匀,而高应变率下剪切变形较大;（4）泡沫铝材料的强度对应变率不很明显,但随塑性应变增加,它的率敏感性增加。     

Strain-rate history and temperature effects on the torsional-shear behavior of a mild steel

Previous investigations on the effects of strain-rate and temperature histories on the mechanical behavior of steel are briefly reviewed. A study is presented on the influence of strain rate and strain-rate history on the shear behavior of a mild steel, over a wide range of temperature Experiments were performed on thin-walled tubular specimens of short gage length, using a torsional split-Hopkinson-bar apparatus adapted to permit quasi-static as well as dynamic straining at different temperatures. The constant-rate behavior was first measured at nominal strain rates of 10^?3 and 10³ s^?1 for ?150, ?100, ?50, 20, 200 and 400°C. Tests were then carried out, at the same temperatures, in which the strain rate was suddenly increased during deformation from the lower to the higher rate at various large values of plastic strain. The increase in rate occurred in a time of the order of 20 μs so that relatively little change of strain took place during the jump. The low strain-rate results show a well-defined elastic limit but no yield drop, a small yield plateau is found at room temperature. The subsequent strain hardening shows a maximum at 200°C, when serrated flow occurs and the ductility is reduced. The high strain-rate results show a considerable drop of stress at yield. The post-yield flow stress decreases steadily with increasing temperature, throughout the temperature range investigated. At room temperature and below, the strain-hardening rate becomes negative at large strains. The adiabatic temperature rise in the dynamic tests was computed on the assumption that the plastic work is entirely converted to heat. This enabled the isothermal dynamic stress-strain curves to be calculated, and showed that considerable thermal softening took place. The initial response to a strain-rate jump is approximately elastic, and has a magnitude which increases with decrease of testing temperature; it is little affected by the amount of prestrain. At 200 and 400° C, a yield drop occurs after the initial stress increment. The post-jump flow stress is always greater than that for the same strain in a constant-rate dynamic test, the strain-hardening rate becoming negative at large strains or low testing temperature. This observed effect of strain-rate history cannot be explained by the thermal softening accompanying dynamic deformation. These and other results concerning total ductility under various strain-rate and temperature conditions show that strain-rate history strongly affects the mechanical behavior of the mild steel tested and, hence, should be taken into account in the formulation of constitutive equations for that material.     

Material aspects of dynamic neck retardation

Neck retardation in stretching of ductile materials is promoted by strain hardening, strain-rate hardening and inertia. Retardation is usually beneficial because necking is often the precursor to ductile failure. The interaction of material behavior and inertia in necking retardation is complicated, in part, because necking is highly nonlinear but also because the mathematical character of the response changes in a fundamental way from rate-independent necking to rate-dependent necking, whether due to material constitutive behavior or to inertia. For rate-dependent behavior, neck development requires the introduction of an imperfection, and the rate of neck growth in the early stages is closely tied to the imperfection amplitude. When inertia is important, multiple necks form. In contrast, for rate-independent materials deformed quasi-statically, single necks are preferred and they can emerge in an imperfection-free specimen as a bifurcation at a critical strain. In this paper, the interaction of material properties and inertia in determining neck retardation is unraveled using a variety of analysis methods for thin sheets and plates undergoing plane strain extension. Dimensionless parameters are identified, as are the regimes in which they play an important role.     

Time-asymptotic stability of non-newtonian fluid or plastic solid

We consider adiabatic shearing of solids exhibiting strain rate sensitivity and thermal softening or non-Newtonian liquids with temperature dependent viscosity. The processes are caused by a steady boundary force. We prove that there exists a unique solution and, as the time tends to ∞, the processes converge to the shearing under constant shear stress. The proof is based on a priori estimates, which are obtained with the help of identities for solutions of the system of conservation laws and constitutive relation describing the processes. The result idicates that, as expected, the viscosity or thermal diffusion play a stabilizing role.     

An Element Free Galerkin analysis of steady dynamic growth of a mode i crack in elastic–plastic materials

An Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method based formulation for steady dynamic crack growth in elastic–plastic materials is developed. A domain convecting parallel to the steadily moving crack tip is employed. The EFG methodology eliminates the stringent mesh requirements of the Finite Element Method (FEM) for such problems. Both rate-independent materials and rate-dependent materials are considered. The material is characterized by von Mises yielding condition and an associated flow rule. For rate-independent materials, both the influence of crack speeds and that of strain hardening on the mechanics of steady dynamic crack growth are investigated. For rate-dependent materials, only a non-hardening material is considered with emphasis on determining the influence of viscous properties of materials and crack speeds. The influence of strain hardening on steady dynamic crack growth shows the same trends as for steady quasi-static crack growth. The simplifications used in the literature in deriving analytical solutions for high strain-rate crack growth have been examined thoroughly using the numerical results.     

Strain-rate effect on initial crush stress of irregular honeycomb under dynamic loading and its deformation mechanism

The seemingly contradictory understandings of the initial crush stress of cellular materials under dynamic loadings exist in the literature, and a comprehensive analysis of this issue is carried out with using direct information of local stress and strain. Local stress/strain calculation methods are applied to determine the initial crush stresses and the strain rates at initial crush from a cell-based finite element model of irregular honeycomb under dynamic loadings. The initial crush stress under constant-velocity compression is identical to the quasi-static one, but less than the one under direct impact, i.e. the initial crush stresses under different dynamic loadings could be very different even though there is no strain-rate effect of matrix material. A power-law relation between the initial crush stress and the strain rate is explored to describe the strain-rate effect on the initial crush stress of irregular honeycomb when the local strain rate exceeds a critical value, below which there is no strain-rate effect of irregular honeycomb. Deformation mechanisms of the initial crush behavior under dynamic loadings are also explored. The deformation modes of the initial crush region in the front of plastic compaction wave are different under different dynamic loadings.     

Effect of material parameters on shear band spacing in work-hardening gradient dependent thermoviscoplastic materials

We study thermomechanical deformations of a viscoplastic body deformed in simple shear. The effect of material elasticity is neglected but that of work hardening, strain-rate hardening, thermal softening, and strain-rate gradients is considered. The consideration of strain-rate gradients introduces a material characteristic length into the problem. A homogeneous solution of the governing equations is perturbed at different values t₀ of time t, and the growth rate at time t₀ of perturbations of different wavelengths is computed. Following Wright and Ockendon's postulate that the wavelength of the dominant instability mode with the maximum growth rate at time t₀ determines the minimum spacing between shear bands, the shear band spacing is computed. It is found that for the shear band spacing to be positive, either the thermal conductivity or the material characteristic length must be positive. Approximate analytical expressions for locally adiabatic deformations of dipolar (strain-rate gradient-dependent) materials indicate that the shear band spacing is proportional to the square-root of the material charateristic length, and the fourth root of the strain-rate hardening exponent. The shear band spacing increases with an increase in the strain hardening exponent and the thermal conductivity of the material.     

试样形状对轴承钢绝热剪切带微观组织的影响

绝热剪切带(ASB)的微观组织受试样几何形状的影响。对圆柱、帽形和剪切压缩型三种不同形状的试样进行分离式霍普金森压杆高速冲击试验,研究试样形状对轴承钢绝热剪切带的形成和微观组织的影响。结果表明,在应变率为1 800～3 100 s^-1的范围内,材料对应变率的敏感性很低。圆柱试样呈现明显的应变硬化,而帽形试样和剪切压缩型试样(SCS)在不同应变率下分别出现应变硬化和无应变硬化的特征,但流变应力并未因应变硬化而提高。试样形状对ASB的微观形貌和组织有很大影响。圆柱试样上产生了窄且细长的ASB,只发生了应变诱发的晶粒细化,属于形变ASB;帽形试样和SCS则形成大片状的ASB,由等轴晶组成,且发生了体心立方体(BCC)马氏体转变为面心立方体(FCC)奥氏体的相变,属于相变ASB。尤其是SCS中ASB的等轴晶,有非常清晰的晶界,是典型的动态再结晶晶粒。温升计算结果显示,圆柱试样ASB的温升远低于奥氏体相变温度,而帽形试样和SCS的温升高于马氏体的熔点,导致局部熔融。