Alkane Oxidation with Molecular Oxygen Using a New Efficient Catalytic System: N-Hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) Combined with Co(acac)(n)() (n = 2 or 3)

A novel class of catalysts for alkane oxidation with molecular oxygen was examined. N-Hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) combined with Co(acac)(n)() (n = 2 or 3) was found to be an efficient catalytic system for the aerobic oxidation of cycloalkanes and alkylbenzenes under mild conditions. Cycloalkanes were successfully oxidized with molecular oxygen in the presence of a catalytic amount of NHPI and Co(acac)(2) in acetic acid at 100 degrees C to give the corresponding cycloalkanones and dicarboxylic acids. Alkylbenzenes were also oxidized with dioxygen using this catalytic system. For example, toluene was converted into benzoic acid in excellent yield under these conditions. Ethyl- and butylbenzenes were selectively oxidized at their alpha-positions to form the corresponding ketones, acetophenone, and 1-phenyl-1-butanone, respectively, in good yields. A key intermediate in this oxidation is believed to be the phthalimide N-oxyl radical generated from NHPI and molecular oxygen using a Co(II) species. The isotope effect (k(H)/k(D)) in the oxidation of ethylbenzene and ethylbenzene-d(10) with dioxygen using NHPI/Co(acac)(2) was 3.8.     

The selective aerobic oxidation of methylaromatics to benzaldehydes using a unique combination of two heterogeneous catalysts

A unique combination of a supported cobalt complex and the first example of supported NHPI in acetic acid gives a surprisingly stable heterogeneous catalytic system for the selective aerobic oxidation of methylaromatics to benzaldehydes at atmospheric pressure.     

双（呋喃甲醛）缩二胺钴（II）配合物的合成及其氧合和催化氧化性能研究

合成和表征了氯化双（呋喃甲醛）缩邻苯二胺合钴（II）（1）、氯化双（呋 喃甲醛）缩乙二胺合钴（II）（2）、氯化双（呋喃甲醛）缩1,2-丙二胺合钴（ II）（3）和氯化双（呋喃甲醛）缩1,3-丙二胺合钴（II）（4）。在吡啶溶液中 和不同温度下,测定了配合物的饱和吸氧量,求出了氧加合常数和热力学参数ΔH °,ΔS°。并以这些配合物为催化剂,活化分子氧氧化环已烯得到高选择性的烯 丙位氧化产物。讨论了温度、配体结构对配合物氧合性能的影响和配体结构以及添 加NHPI（N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺）对环已烯氧化反应的影响。     

On the mechanism of oxidation process initiation by the N-hydroxyphthalimide-cobalt (II) acetate system

The effect of the structure of radical catalysts, N-hydroxyphthalimides (NHPI), on the oxidation process initiation in the presence of cobalt (II) acetate is studied. It is shown that the magnitude of the synergic effect of the system NHPI-Co(OAc)₂ depends on the structure of NHPI molecule. The proposed mechanism is confirmed according to which of the NHPI molecules in the inner sphere of the metal are catalytically active.     

N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺及其类似物催化下的分子氧氧化反应

本文综述了近年来N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺（NHPI）及其类似物催化下分子氧氧化的各种反应,并对它们的催化机理作了简要介绍。NHPI与过渡金属离子组成的催化体系能高效的催化乙烷氧化为乙酸、环烷烃氧化为二元羧酸、甲苯氧化为苯甲酸、烯烃氧化为环氧化物、炔烃氧化为炔酮、酰胺氧化为酰亚胺;NHPI单独使用能催化金刚烷发生氧化羰基化反应、催化氧化醇制取过氧化氢;NHPI与有机助催化剂如：偶氮二异丁腈、溴化季铵盐、蒽醌、醇等也能催化分子氧氧化反应。     

Studies on Phenol Oxidation with H2O2 Catalyzed by Schiff Base Cobalt(II) Complexes in Micellar Solution

The two Schiff base cobalt(II) complexes, CoL¹ and CoL², were synthesized and characterized. The metallomicelle made up of the cobalt(II) complexes and surfactants (CTAB, LSS and Brij35), as mimic peroxidase metalloenzyme, were used in the catalytic oxidation of phenol by H₂O₂. The mechanism and a kinetic mathematic model of the phenol catalytic oxidation were studied. The acid effect of reaction system, structural effect of the complexes, and effect of temperature on the rate of the phenol oxidation catalyzed by the mimetic peroxidases have been discussed. The results showed that the schiff base cobalt(II) complexes and their metallomicelles as peroxidase mimics exhibit good catalytic activity and similar catalytic character to natural enzyme.     

Efficient oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds with molecular oxygen catalyzed by N-hydroxyphthalimide combined with a Co species

Highly efficient catalytic oxidation of alcohols with molecular oxygen by N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) combined with a Co species was developed. The oxidation of 2-octanol in the presence of catalytic amounts of NHPI and Co(OAc)2 under atmospheric dioxygen in AcOEt at 70 degrees C gave 2-octanone in 93% yield. The oxidation was significantly enhanced by adding a small amount of benzoic acid to proceed smoothly even at room temperature. Primary alcohols were oxidized by NHPI in the absence of any metal catalyst to form the corresponding carboxylic acids in good yields. In the oxidation of terminal vic-diols such as 1,2-butanediol, carbon-carbon bond cleavage was induced to give one carbon less carboxylic acids such as propionic acid, while internal vic-diols were selectively oxidized to 1,2-diketones.     

高分子希夫碱金属配合物活性中心对催化活化分子氧性能的影响

以交联聚苯乙烯担载酪氨酸希夫碱为配体,制备了其锰、钴、铜高分子金属配合物,分别以环己烯、异丙苯和乙苯为底物,氧气为氧源,研究了温和条件下不同金属中心活化分子氧能力,发现高分子担载铜金属配合物的催化活化分子氧能力最强,对反应机理进行了探讨.     

Enhancing the Deperoxidation Activity of Cobalt(II)Acetylacetonate by the Addition of Octanoic Acid

The homolytic scission of peroxides with catalytic amounts of cobalt(II) complexes is used in several industrial oxidation processes. In this contribution, we report that addition of small amounts of octanoic acid significantly enhances the catalytic deperoxidation activity of the cobalt(II)acetylacetonate complex. We attribute this to the stabilization of the Co? OOR bond upon coordination of octanoic acid, preventing the unimolecular scission. As such, the cobalt peroxo intermediate is forced to enter an alternative catalytic cycle which causes its rapid conversion to the highly reactive cobalt hydroxy. This shift in catalytic cycle results in a higher pre‐exponential rate factor, over‐compensating the higher barrier of the new rate‐determining step.     

Studies on the Phenol Oxidation by H2O2 Catalyzed by Metallomicelle Made from Crowned Schiff Base Co(II) Complexes Containing Benzoaza-15-crown-5

Three novel cobalt(II) complexes of the benzoaza-15-crown-5 Schiff base, CoL¹, CoL², and CoL³ were synthesized and characterized. Metallomicelles made from CoL and surfactants (CTAB, LSS, and Brij35) were used as mimetic peroxidase in the catalytic oxidation of phenol by H₂O₂. For comparison, the catalytic activity of the complexes (CoL¹, CoL², and CoL³) were also investigated. The mechanism and a kinetic mathematic model of the phenol catalytic oxidation were studied. The acid effect of reaction system, structural effect of the complexes, and effect of temperature on the rate of the phenol catalytic oxidation by the mimetic peroxidase were discussed. The results show that the Schiff base cobalt(II) complexes and their metallomicelles as peroxidase mimics exhibit good catalytic activity and similar catalytic character to natural enzyme.     

Efficient oxidation of ethylbenzene catalyzed by cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-67 and NHPI

Efficient catalytic oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone was realized using the catalytic system of cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-67/N-hydroxyphthalimide （NHPI） under mild conditions. 95.2% conversion of ethylbenzene with 90.3% selectivity to acetophenone could be obtained at 373 K under 0.3 MPa 02 for 9 h. The results show that there exists synergetic effect between ZIF-67 and NHPI. 1-Phenylethyl hydroperoxide （PEHP） was generated via a radical process involving the hydrogen abstraction from ethylbenzene by phthalimide N-oxyl, and subsequently effectively decomposed to acetophenone by ZIF-67.     

离子液体中芳烃侧链分子氧催化氧化反应研究

分别以离子液体[Hex-mim]BF4, [Bmim]BF4, [Bmim]PF6和[Omim]BF4为溶剂, Co(Ⅱ), Mn(Ⅱ)或Ni(Ⅱ)/NHPI(AIBN)为复合催化剂, 考察了不同离子液体-催化剂体系中常压分子氧氧化芳烃侧链烷基的反应. 在[Hex-mim]BF4中, Co(Ⅱ)或Mn(Ⅱ)/NHPI可有效地催化芳烃侧链烷基的分子氧氧化. 在优化条件下, 乙苯、正丙苯和正丁苯分别以高达90%, 94%和93%的收率得到相应的芳香酮; 甲苯和对位取代甲苯以32%~47%的收率被氧化为相应的芳香酸. 离子液体及金属催化剂体系在减压下除水后, 可循环使用.     

Catalytic ozonation of alkylnaphthalenes in acetic acid

The oxidation of alkylnaphthalenes with ozone in acetic acid in the presence of cobalt(II) acetate is reported. Under the catalytic conditions, the ozonolysis of the aromatic system can be prevented to a considerable extent and the reaction can be directed toward the oxidation of the alkyl group. The kinetics of the main steps of the process is reported, and the mechanism of redox catalysis is presented.     

First Ritter-type reaction of alkylbenzenes using N-hydroxyphthalimide as a key catalyst

The first Ritter-type reaction of alkylbenzenes with nitriles has been successfully achieved by the use of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as a key catalyst. Thus, treatment of ethylbenzene with ammonium hexanitratocerate(IV) (CAN) in the presence of a catalytic amount of NHPI in EtCN under argon produced the corresponding amide in good selectivity.     

氮杂冠醚取代单Schiff碱过渡金属配合物催化氧化对二甲苯研究

本文将苯并-10-氮杂-15-冠-5或吗啉基取代的单Schiff碱过渡配合物作为催化剂,在常压和120℃条件下,以空气为氧源,研究了对二甲苯催化氧化反应。实验探讨了Schiff碱配合物中心金属离子、Schiff碱配体中挂接的氮杂冠醚环、配体芳环上取代基和反应时间等对对二甲苯催化氧化反应的影响。实验结果表明:Schiff碱配合物中氮杂冠醚的存在能显著缩短反应诱导期,提高催化反应活性和产物选择性;Schiff碱Mn(III)配合物比Schiff碱Co(II)具有更高的催化反应活性;氮杂冠醚Schiff碱Mn(III)配合物对于二甲苯的催化氧化反应转化率大于60%,对甲苯甲酸产物的选择性均高于70%。     

Indium tin oxide electrodes modified with tris(2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) iron(II) and the catalytic oxidation of tris(4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine) cobalt(II)

Indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes modified by attachment of tris(2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid) iron(II) are examined. The mode of attachment is believed to be via the COOH functions in a manner similar to attachment of similar carboxylate-containing compounds to TiO2 surfaces. On the surface the complex resides as a stable electrochemically active monolayer. These modified electrodes can efficiently catalyze the oxidation of certain cobalt complexes, specifically, tris(4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine) cobalt(II). On the unmodified ITO surfaces this cobalt complex is essentially electrochemically inert. The catalytic process approaches diffusional control at very slow scan speeds. Also, the electro-catalysis is sufficiently efficient that the peak oxidation current for Co2+, under certain conditions, exceeds the i(p) for the surface oxidation of the adsorbed Fe2+ by >x100 and the current for the uncatalyzed oxidation of Co2+ by considerably more than that.     

Aerobic oxidation of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene using N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as key catalyst

The first systematic study on the aerobic oxidation of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene was examined by the use of N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as a key catalyst. It was found that 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene was efficiently oxidized with O₂ in the presence of a catalytic amount of NHPI and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) at 75 °C. Upon treatment of the resulting products with sulfuric acid followed by acetic anhydride led to 5-acetoxy-1,3-diisopropylbenzene and 3,5-diacetoxy-1-isopropylbenzene as major products and a small amount of 1,3,5-triacetoxybenzene. When t-butylperoxypivalate (BPP) was employed as a radical initiator, the oxidation could be achieved in good yield even at 50 °C. This oxidation provides a facile method for preparing phenol derivatives bearing an isopropyl moiety, which can be used as pharmaceutical starting materials.     

Selective oxidation of cellulose catalyzed by NHPI/Co(OAc)2 using air as oxidant

With NHPI/Co(OAc)₂ as catalyst and air as oxidant, carboxylic group functionalized cellulose was prepared by oxidation of cellulose in acetic acid. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to detect the generation of carboxylic group and the acid amount was determined by acid–base titration method. The present results revealed that C6 primary hydroxyl groups on glucose units were partly converted to carboxylic groups during the catalytic oxidation process. The degree of polymerization of oxidized cellulose, which was determined by viscosity measurement, decreased slightly as compared with its parent. The structure of cellulose was characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, and it was almost unchanged.     

Oxidation of styrene epoxide–acid binary system and styrene epoxide–acid–amine ternary system catalyzed by Co(II) salts

The Co(II) salt (nitrate, chloride)-induced acceleration of styrene epoxide (SE) consumption and oxidation by molecular oxygen in acetonitrile solutions of three- and four-component systems, SE–acetic acid–cobalt salt and SE–acetic acid–cobalt salt–aniline, was found and investigated. The heterolytic epoxide ring opening in SE and homolysis (oxidation) catalyzed by cobalt salts can be accomplished in the presence of acid co-catalyst. The competition between homolysis and heterolysis processes in the presence of metal-containing catalyst was discovered for the first time for this type of system. The cobalt catalyst is deactivated during the styrene epoxide conversion.