双束回旋行波放大器的研究

提出了运用双束电子束增加回旋行波放大器带宽的新想法,建立了模型并对其做了理论分析和数值模拟.研究表明：该模型不仅可产生宽的输出带宽和高的输出功率,且与已有宽带模型相比,增益要高得多.当两束电子束的电流均为10A,电压分别为90和153kV,速率比分别为1.0和0.62,纵向动量散度分别为5.5%和1.2%时,器件输出的饱和带宽至少可达到22%,峰值功率和指数增益分别为395kW和62dB,效率为16%;如果在相互作用区的末段对引导磁场进行弱的锥化,可以得到约23%的常量驱动带宽,输出功率仍有280kW. 关键词：     

具有超辐射特性的回旋器件模拟研究

 在详细分析快波结构中的束波互作用基础上,采用2.5维PIC粒子模拟软件设计了一种回旋器件。该器件采用摇摆器形成回旋电子束,并采用强耦合方式和优化的互作用段长度，在束压250 kV、束流200 A、脉宽1 ns的电子束驱动下，模拟获得了峰值功率7 MW、频率38.5 GHz的微波短脉冲输出，峰值功率转换效率达到14%。其峰值输出功率与束脉宽之间的平方关系符合超辐射效应的特征。     

低速度零散会切电子枪的设计和数值仿真

根据拉格朗日方程对电子在平滑会切磁场中的径向波动与速度零散的关系进行讨论。运用Matlab,Magic软件相互结合的方法设计电子枪结构和磁场。用Matlab程序模拟单电子在给定电场、磁场中的运动,分析了单电子径向速度对零散的影响,并优化磁场分布。设计的磁场可以有效地减小单电子束径向速度,降低电子束速度零散。用Magic软件对电流为1 A、能量为30 keV的电子束在优化磁场中的运动进行仿真,得到的电子束速度比约为2,速度零散小于2.5%,轴向速度零散小于8.5%。     

增加回旋行波放大器带宽的一种新方法

提出了一种增加回旋行波放大器带宽的新模型,其特点是适当地选取轴向引导磁场的初值并从相互作用区的给定位置开始使其缓慢地线性减小.该模型的输出带宽可达到已有宽带模型的水平,但效率有较大提高.对波束相互作用的物理机制进行了理论分析并用数值模拟的方法进行了证实.当电子束的电流为7A,电压为90kV,速率比为10,纵向动量散度为2%时,计算得到了20%的常数驱动带宽和42%的效率,输出的峰值功率和增益分别为260kW和47dB. 关键词：     

毫米波回旋超辐射的粒子模拟与实验研究

 为开发回旋超辐射在毫米波和亚毫米波超辐射高功率微波源中的优势,采用3维PIC粒子模拟对回旋超辐射的工作特性进行了分析,并在此基础上优化设计了器件结构及工作参数范围。模拟表明,微波峰值功率与电子束脉宽在一定范围内成平方关系,符合超辐射的典型特征。初步实验在210 kV, 250 A的电子束参数下获得了6 MW的微波峰值功率输出,工作频率37.2 GHz,模式为TE01,与粒子模拟的结果基本一致。     

通过锁相使一种过模复合器件运行频率稳定

 提出了一种过模复合器件。自洽地导出了由外电磁信号和预群聚电子束同时驱动的一种过模复合器件的辐射波相位锁定方程；讨论了到达锁相运行的时间、频率移动和带宽。分析表明：当由预群聚电子束和外电磁信号同时锁相时，通过调节参数，可以缩短到达锁相运行的时间，减小运行频率对要锁定的频率（外电磁信号频率）的移动和增大锁相运行的带宽。     

大回旋电子束双磁会切电子枪的设计

 分析了Ka波段二次谐波回旋行波管双磁会切电子枪的理论模型，计算了电子枪的设计参数；采用EGUN软件进行模拟，设计出了产生大回旋电子束的双磁会切电子枪。该枪电压为70 kV，电流为3.35 A，电子束横纵速度比为1.62，速度零散为4.2%。给出了电子束速度比、速度零散沿轴线的分布，进而讨论了阳极电压对电子束性能的影响，结果表明选择适当的阳极电压和阴极磁场对得到好的电子束参量作用明显。     

低磁场S波段相对论返波振荡器的工作特性

为了实现高功率微波发生器的小型化,开展了S波段低磁场相对论返波振荡器工作特性的研究工作。由于S波段返波振荡器频率低,对应的电子回旋共振磁场强度也很低,因此低磁场条件下面临着电子束传输效率低和束波互作用效率低两大问题。为解决上述问题,采取下列措施:通过加大电子束与器件内壁的距离,提高电子束传输效率;采用较深的慢波结构作为提取腔,实现高束波互作用阻抗;提取腔前采用浅深度慢波结构,使提取腔区域的电子速度与微波相速同步。粒子模拟证明,以上措施有效,在引导磁场强度仅为0.17 T、电子束电压435 kV、电流6.5 kA的条件下,该返波管获得功率为670 MW、效率约为25%的输出微波。相对于常规S波段相对论返波振荡器的磁场系统(B=0.8 T),适用于该返波管的0.17 T低强度磁场系统螺线管外半径下降了20%,能耗下降了约93.8%。     

多束速调管的增益带宽

 研究了M个束、N个共振腔的多束速调管(MBK)的增益和带宽，得到了描述小信号增益和带宽与器件结构参数和电子束参数关系的公式，给出了在不同参数下增益随频率的变化曲线。分析了多腔对增益，多束对带宽的影响。计算结果表明：多腔可以提高增益；多束可以降低Q值，从而可以增中带宽，带宽增加工了3.6%，还可以提高增益；对于MBK，频率交叉调谐对增加带宽不如频率调谐好；空间电荷波只对增益有影响，对带宽没有影响。最后，预估一种L带多束速调管的增益带宽为8.1%。     

100 keV回旋电子束参数测量

 利用电子束轰击快响应荧光屏获得电子束横截面图像的方法，对100 keV大回旋轨道空心电子束(Cusp电子束)在横截面上的束轮廓及电荷密度分布进行了测量，计算出回旋电子束半径、螺旋角等参数，并与相同条件下的计算机数值模拟结果进行了对比和分析。测量结果表明初始磁场强度从0.003 5 T增加到0008 2 T时，电子束的拉莫半径从3.2 mm增加到3.9 mm，螺旋角从0.7增加到1.0，满足使用此电子束的回旋行波放大器的调试需求。     

二次谐波回旋行波管Cusp电子枪的模拟与实验研究

 利用3D PIC软件和乌克兰开发的电子光学计算软件TAU对二次谐波回旋行波管Cusp电子枪进行模拟，提取电子的3维运动速度计算横纵速度比。在阳极电压和阴极电流变化的条件下，对电子速度比和速度零散随之而变化的情况进行了模拟，得到平均速度比1.1和平均速度零散9.5%的结果。基于电子平均半径，并根据电子平均半径与横向速度、纵向速度的关系提出了一种实验测量速度比的方法。当电子轰击荧光屏玻璃时，玻璃上的荧光物质感应到光斑，测量空心光斑的平均半径可计算得到电子速度比，其结果与模拟值误差15%。     

Electrostatic Fluid Accelerator under High‐Speed Free Air Stream

The electrostatic fluid accelerator (EFA) generates ionic wind with a simple structure that barely obstructs the free air stream or produce excessive noise. This paper presents the velocity characteristics of an EFA under a high speed free air stream to simulate an EFA‐powered propulsor. The results show that when the EFA generates identical velocity to the free air stream, the EFA contributes 25% of the resultant velocity. When the EFA is replaced by a rotary fan that generates identical velocity to the free air stream, the fan contributes only 13.4% of the resultant velocity. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Quantitative analysis of PC MRI velocity maps: pulsatile flow in cylindrical vessels.

The accuracy of MR phase contrast (PC) velocity mapping, and the subsequent derivation of wall shear stress (WSS) values, has been quantitatively assessed. Using a retrospectively gated PC gradient-echo technique, the temporal-spatial velocity fields were measured for pulsatile flow in a rigid cylindrical vessel. The experimental data were compared with values derived from the Womersley solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. For a sinusoidal waveform, the overall root-mean-square (rms) difference between the measured and analytical velocities corresponded to 13% of the peak fluid velocity. The WSS derived from the data displayed a 14% rms difference with the analytical model. As an example of a more complicated flow, a triangular saw-tooth waveform was deconstructed into its Fourier components. Velocity maps and the WSS were calculated by the superposition of the individual solutions, weighted by the Fourier series coefficient, for each harmonic. The velocity and experimentally derived WSS agreed with the analytical results (4% and 12% rms difference, respectively). Evaluation of the analytical models allowed an estimate of the inherent accuracy in the measurement of velocity maps and WSS values.     

Effect of electron velocity spread on gyro-peniotron efficiency

The paper describes the influence of the velocity spread of the electrons on the interaction efficiency and on other operational characteristics in the gyro-peniotron oscillator. Numerical simulation shows a drastic efficiency reduction from more than 45% to less than 30% with an electron velocity spread of 10% for a 35GHz, TE₀₃ mode gyro-peniotron operating at the third harmonic. The operation ranges of the device parameters at a defined efficiency level are also decreased when the velocity spread of the electrons increases.     

Simultaneous velocity and temperature measurements in gaseous flow fields using the VENOM technique

We present an initial demonstration of simultaneous velocity and temperature mapping in gaseous flow fields using a new nitric oxide planar laser-induced fluorescence-based method. The vibrationally excited NO monitoring (VENOM) technique is an extension of two-component velocimetry using vibrationally excited NO generated from the photodissociation of seeded NO(2) [Appl. Opt. 48, 4414 (2009)], where the two sequential fluorescence images are obtained probing two different rotational states to provide both velocity and temperature maps. Comparisons to computational fluid dynamics simulations show that the initial VENOM measurements provide good velocity and temperature maps in the relatively high-density regions of the flow, where the rms uncertainties are approximately 5% for velocity and 9% for temperature.     

高速弹丸的磁感应测速方法

 由固定磁体感应弹速测试技术与数字化波形存储器、微机相结合组成的速度测量自动化系统，已在23 mm口径二级轻气炮上应用成功。采用压缩磁场结构设计和严格的信号计时处理方法，使1~7.5 km/s范围的时间判读精度达到0.03%，整套系统的速度测量误差约0.1%，给二级轻气炮这类动高压设备提供了一种精确可靠的速度测试手段。     

Acoustic inspection of bond strength of steel-reinforced mortar after exposure to elevated temperatures

In order to evaluate the bond strength between the reinforcement and concrete after fire damage, a combination of acoustic through-transmission and pull-out tests were used. Previous studies have shown a 25% decrease in the ultrasonic pulse velocity at 90% of the maximum load at room temperature. The specimens were kept in the oven at an elevated temperature for 1, 2, or 3 h. They were then removed and cooled to room temperature. Inspection was conducted using a high-power ultrasonic pulse velocity system while a pull-out load was applied. The correlation between preheated temperature, acoustic wave velocity, and the applied load was analyzed. Initial results show that bond strength and pulse velocity decreased substantially as the temperature or the heating time increased.     

Dispersion in the Ether: Light over the Water

This is an account of measurements of the velocity of light by James Young (1811-1883) and George Forbes (1849-1936) around 1880 based upon an improved version of Fizeau's toothed-wheel method. They presented evidence for a dispersive effect resulting in a difference in the velocity of 1.8% across the visible spectrum. This conflicted with Albert A. Michelson's measurements and prompted discussions by Lord Rayleigh, Arthur Schuster, Léon Gouy, J. Willard Gibbs, and Paul Ehrenfest that led to the conclusion that not the phase velocity but the group velocity was being measured, and that there was no theoretical foundation for Young and Forbes's result.     

Flow measurement in a transonic centrifugal impeller Using a PIV

Laser velocimetries, such as LDV or laser-2-focus (L2F) velocimetry, have been widely used for a flow measurement in a high-speed rotating impeller. A particle image velocimetry (PIV) is one of the popular velocity measurement techniques for the ability to measure a velocity field. And a PIV offers an extensive velocity field in an extremely shorter measurement time than the laser velocimetries. In the present experiment, a PIV was applied to a flow measurement in a transonic centrifugal impeller. A phase locked measurement technique every 20% blade pitch was performed to obtain a velocity field over one blade pitch of the inducer. The measured velocity field at the inducer of impeller clearly showed a shock wave generated on the suction surface of a blade. The validity of the present technique was also discussed.