层状正极材料LiNi0.5Co0.25Mn0.25O2的结构及电化学行为

采用溶胶-凝胶方法制备了正极材料LiNi_0.5Co_0.25Mn_0.25O₂。XRD、XPS测试结果表明：LiNi_0.5Co_0.25Mn_0.25O₂中阳离子排列有序度较高，层状结构明显；Co、Mn分别以+3、+4价形式存在，Ni以+2、+3价形式存在，且Ni²⁺与Ni³⁺的含量之比约为1∶1。SEM测试结果表明：正极材料LiNi_0.5Co_0.25Mn_0.25O₂结晶粒径较均匀。充放电测试结果表明：与LiCoO₂相比，尽管LiNi_0.5Co_0.25Mn_0.25O₂的放电电压平台较低，但放电容量较高；在恒流充电模式下，当充电截止电压由4.35 V升高至4.75 V时，首次放电容量由179 mAh·g^-1增至201 mAh·g^-1，50次循环后，容量保持率由74.95%增至78.48%；在先恒流再恒压的充电模式下，电池首次放电容量为212 mAh·g^-1，50次循环后，容量保持率提高到87.71%。循环伏安测试表明：在2.80～4.80 V扫描范围内，该正极材料发生Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺，Co³⁺/Co⁴⁺两对电化学反应。EIS测试表明：随着充电截止电压的增大，该正极材料的传荷电阻变小。     

三(三甲基硅烷)类添加剂助力5 V镍锰酸锂电池实用化

基于LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄的5 V电池尚未实现实际应用,解决这一问题的关键在于电解液调控和电极界面优化。我们系统性研究了三（三甲基硅烷）硼酸酯（TMSB）和三（三甲基硅烷）亚磷酸酯（TMSPi）作为常规碳酸乙烯酯（EC）-LiPF₆基电解液添加剂在LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄电池体系中的应用。结合理论计算、物理化学表征以及电化学手段分析了三（三甲基硅烷）类添加剂在高压电解液中的作用机制。研究发现,TMSB和TMSPi均可以通过优化电极/电解液界面来提高LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄循环稳定性和库仑效率。TMSB中缺电子B可与阴离子相互作用,稳定PF₆^-,抑制LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄正极阻抗的持续增加。TMSPi具有更高的最高占据分子轨道（HOMO）能级,可在更低电位下钝化高压正极,提高LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄放电电压平台和放电容量。此外,TMSPi还可通过亲核反应参与石墨界面组分优化,改善负极循环性能。石墨LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄软包电池在含1% TMSPi电解液中1C循环100次后的容量保持率为88.9%,优于基础电解液（60.5%）和含1% TMSB的电解液（77.4%）。     

LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 / MWNTs复合物超级电容器电极材料的研究

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were used as the conductive additive in the electrode materials. The electrochemical properties of supercapacitors based on LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ / MWNTs composite and LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂/acetylene black composite and MWNTs in 1.0 mol·L^-1 LiClO₄ / EC+DEC [V(EC)∶V(DEC)=1∶1] electrolyte were investigated by means of constant charge/discharge current tests, respectively. The experimental results show that the LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ / MWNTs composite has better performance than that of others, and the maximum specific capacitance of the supercapacitor can reach 271.6 F·g^-1, while the energy density is up to 339.5 Wh·kg^-1. Furthermore, it is remarkable that the performance of MWNTs is better than that of acetylene black as the conductive additive.     

高温固相法合成LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2及其性能研究

采用高温固相法合成出层状锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂。通过XRD、ICP、SEM和电化学测试手段对产物的结构、组成、形貌及电化学性能进行了研究。XRD结果表明此方法合成的LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂具有标准的α-NaFeO₂型层状结构，SEM照片显示颗粒粒径大约在500 nm左右，粒径分布较窄。以20 mA·g^-1电流密度放电，充放电电压在2.8～4.4 V之间，其首次放电比容量为170 mAh·g^-1，40次循环容量保持率为85.3%。进一步加入石墨导电剂后，同样条件下首次放电比容量变为179 mAh·g^-1，50次循环容量保持率为89.6%。容量衰减主要发生在前10次循环。XRD和SEM测试表明循环初期容量衰减的原因是由材料本体结构变化和界面反应共同作用的结果。     

锌掺杂提高LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2正极材料的电化学稳定性

通过共沉淀法与固相法相结合制备了掺锌的高稳定性Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)_1-xZn_xO₂ (x=0, 0.02, 0.05)正极材料. 循环伏安(CV)曲线表明Zn掺杂使氧化峰与还原峰的电势差减小到0.09 V, 电化学阻抗谱(EIS)曲线表明Zn掺杂使电极的阻抗从266 Ω减小到102 Ω. Li⁺嵌入扩散系数从1.20×10^-11 cm²·s^-1增大到 2.54×10^-11 cm²·s^-1. Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)_0.98Zn_0.02O₂正极材料以0.3C充放电在较高的截止电压(4.6 V)下比其他两种材料的电化学循环性能更稳定, 其第二周的放电比容量为176.2 mAh·g^-1, 循环100周后容量几乎没衰减; 高温(55 °C)下充放电循环100周, 其放电比容量平均每周仅衰减0.20%, 远小于其他两种正极材料(LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂平均每周衰减0.54%; Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)_0.95Zn_0.05O₂平均每周衰减0.38%). Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)_0.98Zn_0.02O₂正极材料以3C充放电时其放电比容量可达142 mAh·g^-1, 高于其他两种正极材料. 电化学稳定性的提高归因于Zn掺杂后减小了电极的极化和阻抗, 增大了锂离子扩散系数.     

焙烧气氛对LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2中Li/Ni混排及电化学性能的影响

用固相法分别在氧气和空气气氛下合成了层状锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂, 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)及充放电性能测试对其结构、形貌和电化学性质进行表征, 用Rietveld精修计算晶体结构中的Li/Ni混排率, 研究了混排率与电化学性能的关系. 结果显示, 在不同的焙烧气氛下均能合成出纯相和结晶性良好的LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂, 但两种材料在电化学性能上存在一定的差异. 氧气气氛下焙烧合成的材料在首次放电容量, 循环稳定性方面均优于空气气氛下合成的材料. 在0.1C充放电条件下氧气气氛下焙烧得到的LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂材料首次放电容量达到178 mAh·g^-1, 充放电循环50圈后容量为165 mAh·g^-1, 容量保持率为92.7%; 而在空气气氛下焙烧得到的LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂材料首次放电容量为164 mAh·g^-1, 充放电循环50圈后容量为137 mAh·g^-1, 容量保持率为83.5%. 氧气气氛下合成的材料具有较优的电化学性能可归因于氧气气氛下焙烧合成的LiNi_0.5Mn_0.5O₂具有较小的Li/Ni混排率.     

LiNi0.5Co0.5O2体系的结构稳定化作用和独立充放电机理

为了解释锂离子二次电池正极材料LiNi_0.5Co_0.5O₂具有的优良充放电循环性能和高比容量特征，采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理计算方法对LiNi_0.5Co_0.5O₂和LiNiO₂的相关特性进行了研究。结果表明LiNi_0.5Co_0.5O₂的结构稳定性优于LiNiO₂的原因在于充放电过程中体系中Ni、Co离子交替存在的价电子构型t_2g⁶e_g⁰。依据LiNi_0.5Co_0.5O₂体系中Ni离子和Co离子相互独立的电极反应提出了适用于LiNi_xCo_1-xO₂(0≤x≤1)体系的独立充放电机理(0.2C、3.0～4.2 V vs Li⁺/Li)，并得到实验的证实。     

以α型氢氧化物前驱体制备LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2及其电化学性能

本文采用球形Al/Co部分取代α型Ni(OH)₂为前驱体成功制备了锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂。首先采用氢氧化钠与碳酸钠为沉淀剂合成出Al/Co部分取代α型Ni(OH)₂,然后将之与LiOH·H₂O混合,最后在氧气气氛中不同温度下热处理8 h,即可得到球形LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂材料。X射线衍射结果表明,LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂材料为α-NaFeO₂相。扫描电镜结果表明,材料颗粒形貌为球形。热重分析结果表明合成LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂的主反应温度在700～750 ℃之间。振实密度测试结果表明, 750 ℃下制备的LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂材料可达2.2 g·cm^-3。恒流充放电结果表明,该材料在0.5 mA·cm^-2电流密度下,在3.0～4.3 V间的首次充电容量可达210.3 mAh·g^-1,首次放电容量为179.7 mAh·g^-1,充放电效率为85.4%。与采用以β-Ni_0.85Co_0.15(OH)₂为前驱体合成的LiNi_0.85Co_0.15O₂和Al掺杂的LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂相比,尽管其首次放电容量与放电效率都有所降低,但循环性能有所提高,50周期后容量仍为初始容量的89.5％。研究表明,以球形Al/Co部分取代α型Ni(OH)₂作为前驱体为球形氧化镍钴铝锂材料的制备提供了一条新的途径。     

固相反应法制备α-LiAlO2包覆LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2的电化学性能研究

以提高锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂的循环性能为目的,以LiNO₃和Al(OH)₃为原料,采用固相反应法制备了α-LiAlO₂包覆LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂正极材料。微观组织结构分析结果表明,包覆热处理后LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂颗粒表面形成了一层不均匀絮状包覆物α-LiAlO₂。电化学测试表明,α-LiAlO₂包覆处理有效减缓了充放电循环过程中总阻抗的增加,改善了材料的循环性能。3wt% LiAlO₂包覆的正极材料在室温1C充放电循环100次后,平均每次衰减率由包覆前的0.19%下降到0.14%。     

LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2的Si/F复合掺杂及电化学性能

以共沉淀法合成的(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)(OH)₂为前驱体，在氧气氛中合成了层状正极材料LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂，用F、Si离子复合掺杂的方法对其进行改性。X射线粉末衍射(XRD)分析表明，复合掺杂没有改变晶体的六方单相层状结构。扫描电镜(SEM)观察到产物呈类球形且颗粒均匀，平均粒径在0.1～0.2 μm。循环伏安(CV)性能显示，复合掺杂提高了该材料中Li⁺离子脱-嵌过程的可逆性。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试结果表明，复合掺杂降低了该材料的电化学极化，抑制其在循环过程中电化学反应阻抗的增加。复合掺杂后的层状材料首次放电容量为172.8 mAh·g^-1 (0.2C)，20次循环后仍有166.4 mAh·g^-1。     

N-Phenylmaleimide as a new polymerizable additive for overcharge protection of lithium-ion batteries

Electrochemical properties and overcharge behavior of N-phenylmaleimide (NPM) as a new polymerizable electrolyte additive for overcharge protection of lithium-ion batteries are studied by cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge performance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that NPM can electrochemically polymerize at the overcharge potential of 3.8–4.2 V (vs. Li/Li⁺) and form a thin polymer film on the surface of the cathode, thus preventing voltage runaway. On the other hand, the use of NPM as an overcharge protection electrolyte additive does not influence the normal performance of lithium-ion batteries.     

A Designed Durable Electrolyte for High-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries and Mechanism Analysis

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) dominate the energy market, from electronic devices to electric vehicles, but pursuing greater energy density remains challenging owing to the limited electrode capacity. Although increasing the cut-off voltage of LIBs (>4.4 V vs. Li/Li⁺) can enhance the energy density, the aggravated electrolyte decomposition always leads to a severe capacity fading and/or expiry of the battery. Herein, a new durable electrolyte is reported for high-voltage LIBs. The designed electrolyte is composed of mixed linear alkyl carbonate solvent with certain cyclic carbonate additives, in which use of the ethylene carbonate (EC) co-solvent was successfully avoided to suppress the electrolyte decomposition. As a result, an extremely high cycling stability, rate capability, and high-temperature storage performance were demonstrated in the case of a graphite|LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂ (NCM622) battery at 4.45 V when this electrolyte was used. The good compatibility of the electrolyte with the graphite anode and the mitigated structural degradation of the NCM622 cathode are responsible for the high performance at high potentials above 4.4 V. This work presents a promising application of high-voltage electrolytes for pursuing high energy LIBs and provides a straightforward guide to study the electrodes/electrolyte interface for higher stability.     

Succinonitrile as a high-voltage additive in the electrolyte of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2/graphite full batteries

As a functional additive, succinonitrile (SN) can be used in LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂/graphite lithium ion batteries to broaden the oxidation electrochemical window of the electrolyte and significantly improve its rate performance and high-voltage cycle performance. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) shows that EC/EMC-based electrolytes with SN have higher oxidation potentials (approximately 6.1 V vs Li/Li⁺). The capacity retention of LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂/graphite full cell with 0.5-wt% SN added to the electrolyte and 120 cycles between 2.75 and 4.4 V was significantly increased from 67.96% to 84.0%. It is indicated that the LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ (NCM523) battery containing 0.5-wt% SN-based electrolyte has better cycleability and capacity retention at high cutoff voltage. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the full cell were used to characterize the effect of SN on the cell. It is proved that the SN participates in the interfacial reaction between the electrode and the electrolyte to form a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, thereby effectively suppressing the increase of the charge transfer resistance and reducing the elution of the transition metal cations. These results indicate that SN can be used as a functional additive for high-voltage lithium-ion batteries.     

4-溴苯甲醚用作锂离子电池过充保护添加剂的研究

通过在锂离子电池电解液中添加4-溴苯甲醚(4-Bromoanisole, 简称4BA)来提高锂离子电池的过充保护能力. 对电池分别进行了过充实验、循环伏安扫描、红外光谱分析、交流阻抗和容量特性测试, 实验结果表明, 在1 mol•L－1 LiPF6/EC＋DEC＋DMC(质量比1/1/1)中添加5% 的4BA(质量分数)时, 当外加电压为4.4 V(相对于Li/Li＋)时, 4BA开始发生电聚合反应且生成高分子聚合物膜, 使电池内阻增大而阻止电压的升高, 从而使电池处于比较安全的状态. 该体系正常充放电过程中, 添加5%的4BA对电池容量特性基本没有影响, 4BA 的防过充机理为阻断机理.     

Investigations on novel electrolytes,solvents and SEI additives for use in lithium-ion batteries: Systematic electrochemical characterization and detailed analysis by spectroscopic methods

Electrolyte solutions have vital function in lithium-ion batteries. Due to their modular composition, there is a broad variety of electrolyte component combinations. In this work, we present electrochemical results on newly investigated electrolyte solution components. The standard electrolyte salt in commercial batteries, LIPF₆, was replaced by new imide and sulfonate anion based salts, with enhanced stability. The use of propylene carbonate was enabled by the application of new SEI forming electrolyte additives. Electrolyte solvents, such as adiponitrile and γ-butyrolactone were investigated in combination with LiBF₄ as electrolyte salt. In order to evaluate these materials, various electrochemical techniques like galvanostatic cycling, conductivity and electrochemical stability window detection, cyclic voltammetry, etc. were applied. Furthermore, the electrode/electrolyte interfaces and interphases were studied via spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques.     

Synthesis of aminoalkylsilanes with oligo(ethylene oxide) unit as multifunctional electrolyte additives for lithium-ion batteries

Aminoalkylsilanes with oligo(ethylene oxide) units were designed and synthesized as multifunctional electrolyte additives for lithium-ion batteries. The chemical structures were fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and their thermal properties, viscosities, electrochemical windows, and ionic conductivities were systematically measured. With adding one of these compounds (1 vol. %, DSC3N1) in the baseline electrolyte 1.0 M LiPF₆ in EC: DEC (1:1, in volume), Li/LiCoO₂ half cell tests showed an improved cyclability after 100 cycles and improved rate capability at 5C rate condition. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) analysis confirmed the acid scavenging function and film forming capability of DSC3N1. These results demonstrated that the multifunctional organosilicon compounds have considerable potential as additives for use in lithium-ion batteries.     

Studies on Co-oxidation resistances of electrolytes based on sulfolane and lithium bis(oxalato)borate

How to exert the high-voltage performance of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ and break through the bottleneck effect of corresponding electrolyte have become key points in advanced lithium-ion battery. Lithium bis(oxalato) borate (LiBOB) and sulfolane (SL) are chosen as additives to investigate their effects on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery with LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode. The quantum chemistry calculation theory shows that oxidation potential of SL–BOB^– is dramatically increased, consistent with the experimental result in CV measurement. Meanwhile, results of CV and charge–discharge cycling indicate that LiBOB and SL would be involved in the initial oxidation reaction to form an effective solid electrolyte interface film on surfaces of the cathode electrode thus enhance the cycling performance of LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄/Li cells. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data proves that SL is beneficial to resistance decrease. All these data will become important corroborations that the combined electrolyte LiBOB and SL have good oxidation resistances.     

Xylene as a New Polymerizable Additive for Overcharge Protection of Lithium Ion Batteries

The electrochemical properties and overcharge protection mechanism of xylene as a new polymerizable electrolyte additive for overcharge protection of lithium ion batteries were studied by cyclic voltammetry tests, charge- discharge performance and battery power capacity measurements. It was found that when the battery was overcharged, xylene could electrochemically polymerize at the overcharge potential of 4.3—4.7 V (vs. Li/Li＋) to form a thin polymer film on the surface of the cathode, thus preventing voltage runaway. On the other hand, the use of xylene as an overcharge protection electrolyte additive did not influence the normal performance of lithium ion batteries.     

Synergistic Dual‐Additive Electrolyte Enables Practical Lithium‐Metal Batteries

A rechargeable Li metal anode coupled with a high‐voltage cathode is a promising approach to high‐energy‐density batteries exceeding 300 Wh kg^?1. Reported here is an advanced dual‐additive electrolyte containing a unique solvation structure and it comprises a tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane additive and LiNO₃ in a carbonate‐based electrolyte. This system generates a robust outer Li₂O solid electrolyte interface and F‐ and B‐containing conformal cathode electrolyte interphase. The resulting stable ion transport kinetics enables excellent cycling of Li/LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂ for 140 cycles with 80 % capacity retention under highly challenging conditions (≈295.1 Wh kg^?1 at cell‐level). The electrolyte also exhibits high cycling stability for a 4.6 V LiCoO₂ (160 cycles with 89.8 % capacity retention) cathode and 4.95 V LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ cathode.