黑腔靶辐射温度实验研究

研究腔靶辐射温度与靶型及激光辐照条件的关系.实验利用神光Ⅱ基频光,激光能量为3—5kJ8束,脉宽为0.6—0.9ns打Au腔靶.采用滤片x射线二极管(XRD)阵列谱仪及平响应x射线二极管(PXRD)分别测量腔靶诊断口辐射软x射线强度谱及其角分布,给出了等效辐射温度为140—180eV.同时,利用多针孔时、空分辨成像技术,观测诊断口发射软x射线时空特性,实验现象表明两种诊断口(衬Be环与无Be环)在160—170eV辐射温度条件下,辐射烧蚀产生的等离子体云均对腔内发射x射线流形成一定程度的阻挡作用,数据处理     

黑腔靶辐射温度实验研究

研究腔靶辐射温度与靶型及激光辐照条件的关系.实验利用神光-Ⅱ基频光,激光能量为3-5 kJ/8束,脉宽为0.6-0.9ns打Au腔靶.采用滤片-x射线二极管(XRD)阵列谱仪及平响应-x射线二极管(P-XRD)分别测量腔靶诊断口辐射软x射线强度谱及其角分布,给出了等效辐射温度为140-180eV.同时,利用多针孔时、空分辨成像技术,观测诊断口发射软x射线时空特性,实验现象表明两种诊断口(衬Be环与无Be环)在160-170eV辐射温度条件下,辐射烧蚀产生的等离子体云均对腔内发射x射线流形成一定程度的阻挡作用,数据处理结果,给出了相应条件下辐射温度推算中需要的等效诊断口面积修正因子,平均值为0.79,并用此数据对测量的软x射线强度谱进行修正,达到提高辐射温度测量精度的目的.     

小孔等离子体运动实验方法

在间接驱动惯性约束聚变的黑腔中,辐射烧蚀的高Z等离子体的流体力学运动过程对激光注入黑腔的效率、辐射场均匀性和通过诊断口的黑腔辐射温度诊断都有显著影响。为研究诊断口在黑腔辐射场中的等离子体缩口过程,用激光产生X光辐射加热低Z泡沫填充的金黑腔诊断口,以激光辐照钛平面靶产生的2～5 keV高能段窄能区X光作为背光源,用X光分幅相机获得了源靶和小孔靶两种靶型的小孔等离子体运动过程图像,研究了X光烧蚀的小孔等离子体的流体力学运动过程,探索了定量测量小孔等离子体面密度的空间分布与时间演化过程的实验诊断方法,初步给出小孔等离子体的面密度。     

软X光平面镜反射率标定实验

报道了掠入射软X光平面镜反射率标定实验。实验利用北京同步辐射装置 (BSRF) 3W 1B束线及反射率计靶室 ,在束流 35mA～ 110mA、贮存环电子能量 2GeV专用光运行模式下 ,在 5 0eV～ 85 0eV能区分四个能段 ,进行了 5°掠入射Ni平面镜反射率标定实验。标定过程中用高灵敏度无死层的硅光二极管代替X射线二极管作探测器 ,输出信号提高 2～ 3个量级 ,可标定能区从 15 0eV～ 2 70eV拓展到 5 0eV～ 85 0eV ,给出了完整的 5°Ni平面镜反射率标定曲线。最后把实验数据与理论计算作了比对并进行了分析。     

神光Ⅱ升级装置软X光能谱仪研制北大核心CSCD

软X光能谱仪（SXS）是惯性约束聚变黑腔辐射流、辐射温度测量的主要诊断设备。根据神光Ⅱ升级装置实验需求,完成软X光谱仪系统研制,并开展了性能研究。谱仪采用环形透镜成像准直方法保证瞄准精度,通过固定角度平面镜安装机构来减少角度偏差。利用滤片、平面镜以及X光二极管（XRD）探测器的标定实验结果,得到谱仪测量能区为0．05～4．97keV。在短脉冲激光装置上开展通道时间响应性能研究,确定系统时间分辨力为99．22ps。     

强激光束与空腔靶相互作用实验研究

1.06μm波长的强激光束辐照Au材料制作的空腔靶,采用目前国内最先进的诊断设备。对腔内高温等离子体现象演变规律进行了实验观察,获得了反射激光、能量吸收、X光转换、亚千X光能谱及时空特性、辐射温度、超热电子等重要物理信息,并就实验结果作了必要的分析和讨论     

黑腔靶X光转换,输运的定量测量

为了测量黑腔靶X光引光效率、转换效率,我们设计了相应的分解靶(泄漏靶)实验,1989～1992年在″神光″装置上共进行了四次漏靶分解实验,利用灵敏度作了绝对标定的平响应X光二极管对漏靶注入孔、引光孔流出的X光角分布进行了测量,测出了x光角分布,得到了黑腔靶X光转换效率为50％～60％,引光效率约6％,为以后辐射驱动内爆研究的理论计算和靶的优化设计提供了重要的数据。     

“神光”Ⅱ黑腔物理分解实验

本项目主要关注金腔靶内辐射烧蚀等离子体运动对辐射场特性及其诊断产生的影响和抑制方法。黑腔诊断口附近金等离子体喷射容易造成堵口现象，对X光发射能谱特性和角分布测量产生不利影响。腔内金等离子体向心运动还会使入射激光光路偏折，从而改变着靶点位置和能量沉积区域，影响腔内辐射场分布。为便于实验诊断分析，采用半腔靶和静态充气腔靶两种分解靶型进行研究，分别对应以下研究内容：了解金腔靶诊断口附近等离子体喷射对X光诊断的影响和抑制方法；利用填充气体抑制腔壁金等离子体喷射，证实静态充气黑腔靶实验的技术可行性。     

激光腔靶辐射时间特性研究

介绍了激光加热腔靶辐射时间特性研究。实验采用滤长为１．０５３μｍ，能量为３０－７５０Ｊ，脉宽为６００－１１００ｐｓ的高斯型激光脉冲，辐照柱型腔靶，用两台具有一定和时间分辨的亚千Ｘ射线能谱仪，分别观察激光入射口和Ｘ光输运口的辐射时间特性，实验结果给出了腔靶源区发射Ｘ光时间过程及其与发射口面积，形状，发射能区等的关系。     

神光Ⅲ原型1 ns激光驱动黑腔辐射温度实验研究

在神光Ⅲ原型装置上,利用八束三倍频激光注入金柱腔靶,开展了光学高温计与软X射线能谱仪测量辐射温度的比对研究;利用功率平衡关系式,分析了神光Ⅲ原型1 ns内爆标准腔、1 ns输运腔的辐射温度与激光功率的关系,得到了两种腔靶X射线转换效率（耦合效率）约为50%—55%. 关键词： 辐射温度 冲击波 黑腔靶 激光靶耦合效率     

辐射加热腔诊断孔堵口特性实验研究

研究辐射加热腔诊断孔堵口现象。实验采用波长为１．０５３μｍ、能量为３００－４００Ｊ、脉宽为－８００ｐｓ的高斯型激光脉冲，双束对打具有双源区的腔靶。在激光入射口及内腔口服两台亚千电子伏特Ｘ射线能谱仪监测源区与内爆区发射的Ｘ光谱。定性分析和讨论了堵口现象。     

激光腔靶X射线面、体发射特性实验研究

介绍了在“神光”装置上进行的不同类型腔靶Ｘ射线面、体发射物理机制的实验研究。实验采用波长为１．０５３μｍ的激光,脉冲波形为高斯型,能量为５００一７００Ｊ／束,脉冲宽度为６００一１０００ｐｓ．典型靶由三个柱型腔组成,采取双束对打,两端的腔为吸收－转换区（源区）,中间腔为辐射加热的内爆区。给出源区及内爆区Ｘ射线面、体发射测量结果,并通过分析、估算给出面、体发射强度比。 关键词：     

‘神光Ⅱ’上冲击波法测量黑腔辐射温度

 在“神光Ⅱ”三倍频装置上,由黑腔产生的辐射驱动铝台阶样品产生冲击波,采用光学条纹相机测量冲击波速度,利用冲击波速度与黑腔辐射温度的定标关系,获得了与软X光能谱仪测量相一致的辐射温度;采用热波关系和能量守恒原理对辐射温度进行了分析,计算结果与实验结果一致。     

激光等离子体喷射空间特性实验观测

用１．０５３μｍ的高功率激光辐照不同类型的柱形腔靶，采用空间成像技术分别获取激光注入孔、腔内和输运口等离子体喷射空间分辨图像，对激光等离子体喷射空间特性进行了实验观测。还采用了平面靶和特殊构形的转换体靶观测等离子体喷射行为。本文给出了实验中获得的典型结果，并对这些结果进行了简要的分析讨论。     

Review of collisional excitation neon-like and nickel-like soft X-ray lasers pumped by multiple infrared laser pulses at the Institute of Laser Engineering,Osaka University

We report on the soft X-ray laser developments performed at the Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University especially for the collisional excitation X-ray lasers at wavelengths between 25 nm and 4 nm. The performance of neon-like and nickel-like ion X-ray lasing pumped by a train of short laser pulses has been investigated. We have also demonstrated double pass amplification using a soft X-ray multi-layer mirror at wavelengths of 19.6 nm and 7.9 nm. Based on these results and experimental technique, two targets were placed in series to double the gain length. Two opposing laser beams irradiated the double targets with a suitable time difference for quasi-traveling wave pumping. The double target amplification was successfully demonstrated with two beam irradiation for Ag, Nd, Yb, Hf and Ta lasing. The estimated absolute photon flux from the saturated amplification Ag X-ray laser was ∼300 μJ. Based on the experimental results, we also discuss the applications of an X-ray laser as a super-high brightness soft X-ray source.     

Nonequilibrium laser-produced plasma of volume-structured media and inertial-confined-fusion applications

We review the results of experimental and theoretical studies of the properties of a nonequilibrium plasma produced from volume-structured media, containing micro- and nano-size internal elements, under laser-pulse irradiation. We consider two types of materials, i.e., regularly and stochastically structured materials. The first type is either a set of flat layers or cylindrical and spherical shells of micrometer thickness, and the second type is either foams of light elements or light foams containing clusters of heavy elements with dimensions in the range of 10–100 nm. We study the properties of high-temperature laser-produced plasmas of such materials and applications directed to developing the design of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets and creating powerful sources of thermonuclear neutron and soft X-ray emission initiated by the laser pulse. The foam materials can be used as absorbers capable of providing homogeneity of laser-energy absorption by the target. A neutron yield up to 1014−1015 DT neutrons per shot can be achieved by heating regularly structured materials using a laser pulse in the regime of the consequent thermal explosions of solid elements containing isotopes of hydrogen. Laser-radiation conversion into soft X-ray emission with the efficiency controlled in a wide range may be realized in laser-produced plasmas of porous media doped with clusters of heavy elements. In particular, such a material can be used as an absorber–converter of laser radiation in inertial confinement fusion targets. Under direct irradiation of an ICF target by a laser pulse, such a converter can provide transformation of 20–30% of the absorbed laser energy into the energy of X-ray radiation transferred to thermonuclear capsules.     

High X-ray conversion efficiency with target irradiation by a frequency tripled Nd : Glass laser

High conversion efficiency of laser energy into X-rays from a laser irradiated target is of great interest for a variety of dynamical (pulsed) studies, e.g.: radiography of laser-imploded targets, structure determination by diffraction and absorption fine-structure, and X-ray laser pumping. We report here on a frequency tripled Nd : glass laser used to irradiate targets of various materials at ～5 x 10¹⁴W/cm². We find conversion efficiencies of between 1% and 0.1% (with respect to the incident laser energy) for individual X-ray lines between 1.8 and 7.8 keV. These efficiencies are more than an order of magnitude higher than whose achieved with 1.06 μm lasers.     

SODIUM-LIKE RECOMBINATION X-RAY LASER

Experimental studies of soft X-ray laser for the sodium-likerecombination scheme conducted at the LF12 Laser Facility of SIOM(Shanghai Instituteof Optics and Fine Mechanics)are reported.Soft X-ray amplification was observed insodium-like copper ions by line-focused laser irradiation of slab targets.Based on thespatially-resolved measurements,the spatial distribution of the laser gain for the transition6g—4f(72.22(?))of sodium-like copper ions was obtained,and the maximums of gaincoefflcients and gain-length products at 550μm from target surface were 2.0 cm~(-1) and 3. 6,respectively.The evolution of spectrally discriminated spatial uniformity of line-shapedplasmas as lasing gain media produced by uniform laser illumination in line-focus isalso investigated.It is found that under this experimental condition the line-shapedplasma is very uniform after laser heating.