多工况应力和位移约束下连续体结构拓扑优化

将文「１」所提出的对拓扑变量的独立连续映射（ＩＧＭ）的拓扑估化方法应用于连续体结构,从而建立了统一的以重量为目标,考虑应力和位移约束的连续体结构拓扑优化模型。通过对位移－应力拓扑解和各工况下应力拓扑解的综合协调,进而对于协调拓扑解按照阈值完成从离散到连续的反演,并且采用分层与加权策略克服了“荷载病态”困难。给出的经典的二维平面问题和三维连续体结构拓扑优化算例表明,这种统一的模型由骨架结构发展到连续     

应力约束下三维连续体结构拓扑优化分析

本文基于ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法,建立了以连续体结构重量为目标的应力约束下多工况的三维连续体结构拓扑优化模型。利用von Mises强度理论,提出了应力约束全局化方法,从而将局部的应力约束转化为全局的应变能约束,由此减少了约束数目,降低了问题的规模,避免了敏度分析。另外,利用对偶理论,将建立的优化模型转化为对偶模型,用序列二次规划法进行了求解,从而减少了设计变量的数目,提高了求解效率。借助MSC．Patran和MSC．Nastran提供的软件平台,利用PCL语言实现了本文的优化算法。数值算例验证了方法的可行性与有效性。     

应力约束下薄板结构的拓扑优化

研究了应力约束下薄板结构的拓扑优化问题，分析了极限应力的影响，建立了拓扑优化的数学模型，讨论了若干优化过程中的技术问题，最后，进行了实例计算。     

应力约束全局化策略下的连续体结构拓扑优化

利用Mises强度理论,提出了应力约束全局化策略,将局部的应力约束问题转化为结构整体的应变能约束问题. 基于ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法,引入了独立、连续的拓扑变量,对单元重量、单元刚度和单元许用应力的过滤函数进行了选择,建立了以重量为目标,以结构应变能代替应力约束的多工况下连续体结构拓扑优化模型,寻找到了多工况下的最佳传力路径. 运用对偶二次规划方法对上述优化模型进行了求解. 另外,利用PCL语言,在MSC/PATRAN的开发平台上,实现了应用应力约束全局化策略进行连续体结构拓扑优化的模块化处理. 数值算例表明了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

多约束作用下连续体结构的拓扑优化

基于ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法建立了以结构重量最小为目标,以屈曲临界力、位移及应力三种约束同时作用的连续体拓扑优化模型:采用独立的连续拓扑变量,借助泰勒展式、过滤函数将目标函数作二阶近似展开。借助瑞利商、泰勒展式、过滤函数将屈曲约束化为近似显函数,借助于过滤函数,将位移约束用莫尔定理显式化;将应力这种局部性约束采用全局化策略进行处理,即借助第四强度理论、过滤函数将应力局部性约束转化为应变能约束,大大减少了灵敏度分析的计算量;将优化模型转化为对偶规划,减少了设计变量的数目,并利用序列二次规划求解,缩小了模型的求解规模。数值算例表明,ICM方法在解决屈曲、位移及应力三种约束共同作用的连续体拓扑优化问题上有优势。     

连续体结构屈曲约束的ICM方法拓扑优化

基于ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法解决具有屈曲约束的连续体拓扑优化问题。建立以结构重量为目标,以屈曲临界力为约束的拓扑优化模型;采用独立的连续拓扑变量,借助泰勒展式将目标函数作二阶近似展开;借助瑞利商、泰勒展式、过滤函数将约束化为近似显函数,避免了灵敏度的计算;将优化模型转化为对偶规划,并利用序列二次规划求解,减少了设计变量的数目,缩小了模型的求解规模。给出三个算例,结果表明:该方法可有效地解决屈曲约束的连续体拓扑优化问题,能够得到合理的拓扑结构,并有较高的计算效率。     

基于ICM方法三维连续体结构拓扑优化

基于ICM方法,建立了在应力和位移约束下以重量为目标的多工况下的三维连续体结构拓扑优化模型.利用von Mises强度理论,提出了应力全局化的方法,从而将局部的应力约束转化为全局的应变能约束问题,减少了约束数目,避免了敏度分析的困难;利用单位虚载荷法, 将位移约束表示为设计变量的显式关系.为减小由于不同物理量在数量级上相差太大引起数值计算的误差,将应变能约束和位移约束进行无量纲化,由此建立了包含两类约束的无量纲化的优化模型.同时处理了多工况下的最佳传力路径的问题.利用对偶规划理论对模型进行了求解.另外,利用PCL语言在MSC/Patran的开发平台上实现了该文算法.数值算例表明了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

基于改进的双向渐进结构优化法的应力约束拓扑优化

工程结构设计时经常需要限制最大名义应力,以避免发生断裂或疲劳破坏,一个有效的策略是采用拓扑优化方法. 常规的双向渐进结构优化法(bi-evolutionary structural optimization, BESO)不能有效求解应力约束拓扑优化问题,为此本文提出一种改进的双向渐进结构优化方法,处理体积和应力约束下的最小柔顺性问题. 引入基于K-S函数的全局应力度量,以减小大量局部应力约束引起的计算代价. 采用拉格朗日乘子法将应力约束函数引入到目标函数,然后由二分法确定合适的拉格朗日乘子的值使得应力约束得到满足. 而且,详细推导了基于BESO方法的应力约束拓扑优化模型及其灵敏度列式,最后通过三个典型拓扑优化算例验证改进方法的有效性. 为展示考虑应力约束的优点,将应力约束设计与传统的基于刚度的设计进行了比较. 结果表明, 改进的BESO方法优化迭代过程稳健,获得了边界灰度单元很少的清晰的拓扑构型,并实现了有效降低应力集中效应的设计.     

基于IGA-SIMP法的连续体结构应力约束拓扑优化

建立了一种IGA-SIMP框架下的连续体结构应力约束拓扑优化方法。基于常用的SIMP模型,将非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)函数用于几何建模、结构分析和设计参数化,实现了结构分析和优化设计的集成统一。利用高阶连续的NURBS基函数,等几何分析(IGA)提高了结构应力及其灵敏度的计算精度,增加了拓扑优化结果的可信性。为处理大量局部应力约束,提出了基于稳定转换法修正的P-norm应力约束策略,以克服拓扑优化中的迭代振荡和收敛困难。通过几个典型平面应力问题的拓扑优化算例表明了本文方法的有效性和精确性。应力约束下的体积最小化设计以及体积和应力约束下的柔顺度最小化设计的算例表明,基于稳定转换法修正的约束策略可以抑制应力约束体积最小化设计中的迭代振荡现象,获得稳定收敛的优化解;比较而言,体积和应力约束下的柔顺度最小化设计的迭代过程更加稳健,适合采用精确修正的应力约束策略。     

板壳结构的应力约束拓扑优化设计

应用ICM 方法求解应力约束板壳结构拓扑优化问题,建立了寻求应力约束下结构重量极小化,每个设计变量控制多个单元的板壳结构拓扑优化近似显式的ICM 模型. 依据畸变能理论,将应力约束转化为畸变能约束,减少了约束数目. 采用精确对偶映射下的序列二次规划算法进行求解. 以MSC.Patran 及MSC.Nastran 软件作为二次开发平台,应用PCL 语言实现本文算法. 算例对于设计变量数等于单元数时的情况进行了计算,表明该方法有效可行.     

Topology Optimization of Transient Thermo-elastic Structure Considering Regional Temperature Control

In this paper,a topology optimization model for transient thermo-elastic coupling problems is proposed.Based on the method of solid isotropic material with penalization,the coupled equations of transient thermomechanical field are established.In this model,the objective is to minimize the global structural compliance with volume and maximum temperature constraints during the working time.To efficiently restrict the maximum temperature of the transient thermo-elastic structure in time and spatial dimensions,the regional temperature control scheme is constructed using the aggregation function.The adjoint variable method is adopted to derive the sensitivity of objective function and constraints,and the design variables are updated through the method of moving asymptotes to obtain clear optimal topologies.The effects of the duration and magnitude of the thermal and structural loads on the optimization results are discussed through several numerical examples.     

Structural weight minimization under stress constraints and multiple loading

In this paper we present an approach for structural weight minimization under von Mises stress constraints and multiple load-cases. The minimization problem is solved by using the topological derivative concept, which allows the development of efficient and robust topology optimization algorithms. Since we are dealing with multiple loading, the resulting sensitivity is obtained as a sum of the topological derivatives associated with each load-case. The derived result is used together with a level-set domain representation method to devise a topology design algorithm. Several numerical examples are presented showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

基于相场描述的拉压不对称强度结构拓扑优化

运用了基于相场描述的拓扑优化方法,来寻找在拉伸和压缩中表现出不对称强度行为的连续体结构的最优布局。依据Drucker-Prager屈服准则和幂率插值方案,优化问题可以描述为在局部应力约束下的最小化结构的体积。用qp放松法来解决应力约束的奇异性,并采用基于P-norm函数的聚合方法对应力约束进行凝聚,该方法实现了约束个数的降低,同时引入了稳定转化法来处理大量的局部应力约束和高度非线性的应力行为,以修正应力,提高优化收敛的稳定性。在优化问题求解时,使用拉格朗日乘子法对目标函数和应力约束进行处理。利用伴随变量法进行灵敏度分析,并通过求解Allen-Cahn方程更新相场函数设计变量。数值算例证明了该优化模型和相应数值技术的有效性,相关算例还揭示了考虑拉压不同强度和考虑同拉压强度约束时得到的结构优化拓扑构型具有显著的差异。     

Plate/shell structure topology optimization of orthotropic material for buckling problem based on independent continuous topological variables

The purpose of the present work is to study the buckling problem with plate/shell topology optimiza-tion of orthotropic material.A model of buckling topology optimization is established based on the independent,con-tinuous, and mapping method, which considers structural mass as objective and buckling critical loads as constraints. Firstly, composite exponential function (CEF) and power function(PF)as filter functions are introduced to recognize the element mass,the element stiffness matrix,and the ele-ment geometric stiffness matrix.The filter functions of the orthotropic material stiffness are deduced. Then these fil-ter functions are put into buckling topology optimization of a differential equation to analyze the design sensitiv-ity.Furthermore,the buckling constraints are approximately expressed as explicit functions with respect to the design vari-ables based on the first-order Taylor expansion.The objective function is standardized based on the second-order Taylor expansion. Therefore,the optimization model is translated into a quadratic program.Finally,the dual sequence quadratic programming(DSQP)algorithm and the global convergence method of moving asymptotes algorithm with two different filter functions(CEF and PF)are applied to solve the opti-mal model.Three numerical results show that DSQP&CEF has the best performance in the view of structural mass and discretion.     

Manufacturing tolerant topology optimization

In this paper we present an extension of the topology optimization method to include uncertainties during the fabrication of macro, micro and nano structures. More specifically, we consider devices that are manufactured using processes which may result in （uniformly） too thin （eroded） or too thick （dilated） structures compared to the intended topology. Examples are MEMS devices manufactured using etching processes, nano-devices manufactured using e-beam lithography or laser micro-machining and macro structures manufactured using milling processes. In the suggested robust topology optimization approach, under- and over-etching is modelled by image processing-based ＂erode＂ and ＂dilate＂ operators and the optimization problem is formulated as a worst case design problem. Applications of the method to the design of macro structures for minimum compliance and micro compliant mechanisms show that the method provides manufacturing tolerant designs with little decrease in performance. As a positive side effect the robust design formulation also eliminates the longstanding problem of one-node connected hinges in compliant mechanism design using topology optimization.     

Topology Optimization of Geometrically Nonlinear Structures Under Thermal-Mechanical Coupling

A geometrically nonlinear topology optimization(GNTO)method with thermal-mechanical coupling is investigated.Firstly,the new expression of element coupling stress due to superimposed mechanical and thermal loading is obtained based on the geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis.The lightweight topology optimization(TO)model under stress constraints is established to satisfy the strength requirement.Secondly,the distortion energy theory is introduced to transform the model into structural strain energy constraints in order to solve the implicit relationship between stress constraints and design variables.Thirdly,the sensitivity analysis of the optimization model is derived,and the model is solved by the method of moving asymptotes(MMA).Numerical examples show that temperature has a significant effect on the optimal configuration,and the TO method considering temperature load is closer to engineering design requirements.The proposed method can be extended to the GNTO design with multiple physical field coupling.     

New Type of Optimal Topologies by Iterative Method

ABSTRACT

Optimal design with thousands of variables is a great challenge in engineering calculations. In this paper beside the short history of optimality criteria methods, a solution technique is introduced for the topology optimization of elastic disks under single parametric static loading. Different boundary conditions and thousands of design variables are applied. Due to a simple mesh construction technique, the checker-board pattern is avoided. The Michell-type problem is investigated minimizing the weight of the structure subjected to a compliance condition. The numerical procedure is based on an iterative formula that is formed by the use of the first-order optimality condition of the Lagrangian function. The application is illustrated by numerical examples. The effect of the different loading conditions is studied for the Michell-type topologies as well.     

基于NURBS插值的三维渐进结构优化方法

提出一种基于等几何控制点密度变量的三维双向渐进结构拓扑优化方法。在当前列式下,高阶NURBS基函数被同时用于CAD模型中NURBS实体片的几何场、位移场和温度场以及密度场插值,实现了几何模型、分析模型和优化模型的有效统一,确保了位移场、温度场及密度场的高阶连续性;详细推导了基于等几何控制点密度变量的三维渐进结构法模型及其灵敏度分析列式;最后几个典型的数值算例,包括最小柔顺性、热传导优化问题及三维结构自由振动的基频最大化问题,验证了本文方法的有效性。