ITER高温超导电流引线的高安全分流器研究

电流引线是室温电源电缆与低温磁体之间的电连接部件.高温超导材料在液氮温度下具有零电阻率和低热导率的特性,用它做成的电流引线可以大大减小低温系统的热负荷,从而减少制冷设备投资及系统运行费.高温超导电流引线可以分为阻性换热器段和高温超导段两部分(其中还包括各部件间的连接部分).高温超导段的分流器设计关系到冷端热负荷大小以及超导段失超后的安全问题.为了研究国际热核聚变试验堆(ITER)电流引线高安全性能,专门设计、试验了68kA引线的1/90实验样品.本文通过对比全CuBe(cu-2%Be)分流器、全不锈钢分流器和二元分流器的失冷故障(LOFA)实验结果,证明二元分流器能够克服安全性和冷端漏热矛盾,可以满足ITER高安全性的要求.     

ITER PF高温超导电流引线原型件分流器漏热分析

为了满足ITER(国际热核聚变反应堆计划) PF(极向场)高温超导电流引线运行所需要的5K端能量损耗,根据IO(ITER国际组织)的设计要求,对分流器进行了优化设计。为检验分流器漏热性能,对分流器的材料参数进行了研究,建立了分流器物理模型,并进行了理论漏热值计算,同时运用焓差法对漏热值进行了测试,结果表明理论值与试验值基本吻合,均满足IO的设计要求。该型高温超导电流引线分流器的成功应用将会为未来CFETR高温超导电流引线分流器的设计、制造及测试提供技术指导。     

Pt1000温度计在HTS电流引线失冷实验中的应用研究

首先对Pt1000温度计在20K到室温范围的温度进行校准,进而应用在ITER高温超导电流引线超导模件分流器安全性能实验研究中,实现低温到室温的测量和控制。实验和测量结果表明:Pt1000温度计在20K~70K的误差一般小于1K,完全可以代替Cernox温度计用于ITER高温超导电流引线超导模件分流器的安全性研究中,能够大大降低其实验测试费用。     

超导导体测试平台背场磁体降温实验研究

在成功建成世界首个全超导托卡马克装置EAST及加入ITER项目的基础上,我国正在进行聚变工程实验堆CFETR的设计工作。超导磁体作为CFETR主机系统重要的组成部分,其研制过程需要大电流、强磁场超导导体测试装置。文中详细介绍了超导导体测试平台的背场磁体系统,设计并研制了2kA二元高温超导电流引线、超导磁体失超探测及保护系统、低温系统,并开展了磁体降温及通电实验。     

Bi-2223带材制备的高温超导电流引线

为了降低沿电流引线的漏热,用于制备高温超导电流引线的B i-2223带材要求具有较低的热导率。文中介绍了低热导率银金合金B i-2223高温超导带材;给出了其热导率的测试结果;并采用该带材制造了高温超导电流引线样机。液氮条件下测试该段高温超导引线的临界电流为332A。     

气冷变截面电流引线优化设计与实验研究

电流引线是连接超导低温装置室温电源与超导单元的桥梁,其漏热直接关系到低温系统的运行稳定与运行成本.本文对传统的气冷电流引线分段计算方法做了一定的改进,提出了气冷变截面电流引线优化设计方法.应用此方法为一个YBCO高温超导带材临界电流特性测试装置设计了变截面电流引线.通过对电流引线的温度场分布进行实验测量,并与设计值进行比较,结果吻合较好,证明了气冷变截面电流引线设计方法的有效性和实际优化效果.本文的设计方法及相关实验研究为变截面电流引线在超导低温装置中的实际应用提供了一定的参考.     

6kA气冷二元电流引线优化

为了开展高温超导导体实验研究,中国科学院等离子体物理研究所正在建设背场达6 T,最大测试电流为30 kA的超导导体测试装置。在进行高温超导导体测试时,要为背场磁体提供约6 kA的电流。为了减少电流引线的漏热,设计了自洽气冷二元电流引线,主要由铜换热器段及高温超导段组成。并以电流引线低温端漏热最小及低温端漏热使得的液氦蒸发量等于冷却电流引线所需的氦气量为依据,采用自编c程序对电流引线的尺寸进行优化。同时从简化结构、增加对流换热系数的角度出发,设计出换热效率高、满足换热需求的铜换热器。     

ITER电流引线高温超导叠制作工艺及性能测试

ITER高温超导电流引线载流能力最大要达到68 kA,一根电流引线共需要1000多根银金基Bi-2223高温超导带并联.这些高温超导带分成90叠,每叠由12层带组成.银金基Bi-2223带价格是普通银基Bi系带的4～5倍,而目前欧洲超导公司提供的超导叠的报价几乎是其带价格加倍,所以开发超导叠的制作工艺是非常有价值的.本文详细的介绍了超导叠的真空钎焊制作工艺,并进行了77 K下超导带的接头电阻测试和77 K自场下的临界电流测试,以及模拟在实际运行温度65～5 K条件下高温超导叠的载流能力测试和接头电阻的测试.测试结果证明了此工艺的可行性.     

高温超导电流引线研究进展概述

超导装置中需要电流引线实现室温端外部电源与处于低温环境的超导磁体相连，采用高温超导电流引线可以有效降低端漏热，降低运行成本.在满足设计电流的基础上，尽可能降低电流引线的总漏热，提升其失冷时间与烧毁时间，是高温超导电流引线的优化目标.本文概述了高温超导电流引线的传热分析、结构设计、安全性评价以及国内外具体应用案例.     

高安全ITER高温超导电流引线的分流器材料选择

当高温超导失超后其电流由分流器承载,分流器材料的选择将影响电流引线冷端热负荷和运行费用.本文通过不同金属材料物性的对比计算,寻找最佳的分流器材料,使得ITER巨型超导磁体的高温超导电流引线运行可靠和费用最低.分流器横截面积确定基于分流器与Bi-2223基体AgAu的电阻率对失超后电流分配比,这样保证超导体转入电阻态后分流器分流大部分电流,同时由于分流器具有很好热沉作用,抑制超导体温度迅速上升,从而避免超导材料烧毁或过热.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.