铝弹丸超高速撞击防护结构的研究进展

以空间碎片防护为背景,回顾了超高速铝弹丸正撞击单层和双层铝合金防护结构的研究进展,讨论了目前针对超高速撞击的弹丸发射技术和数值模拟方法(如Euler方法、无网格方法等)的优缺点。数值模拟不仅建立在离散方法上,还需要提供准确的材料本构模型和状态方程。介绍了常用材料模型(包括Johnson-Cook、Steinberg-Guinan模型)和状态方程(包括Tillotson、ANEOS、SESAME、GRAY三相状态方程)。基于实验和数值模拟,目前对7 km/s以下的超高速撞击物理过程已经认识得比较清楚。对单层板,重点讨论了板的穿孔特征和孔径模型;对双层板,除了前板的穿孔外,还讨论了碎片云的分布特征、材料相变、碎片云的相态分布、弹丸形状的影响、碎片云的散布模型以及碎片云对后板造成的破坏特征。最后介绍了工程防护中较为重要的防护结构的弹道极限方程。单层板和双层板的弹道极限方程研究近年来取得了较大进展。本文回顾了国内外常用的弹道极限方程以及近年来新提出的理论模型和基于人工神经网络的模型等。     

铝网防护结构高速正撞击防护性能的实验研究

利用二级轻气炮发射2017-T4铝球弹丸,高速正撞击5052铝网防护结构,模拟空间碎片对航天器防护结构的高速撞击作用,研究了铝网防护结构的高速撞击防护特性。在面密度相同的情况下,分析了影响铝网填充防护结构高速撞击防护性能的铝网尺寸效应及组合效应。实验撞击速度为2.90~4.95km/s,弹丸直径分别为3.97和6.35mm,撞击角为0°。实验结果表明:厚度为0.5mm的2A12铝板对高速撞击铝球的初次破碎能力优于相同面密度的5052铝网层,但作为填充介质,5052铝网层比2A12铝板具有更好的保护后板作用;在一定的丝径范围内,丝径越小,撞击防护效果越好;前网后板填充层比前板后网填充层具有更好的均匀破碎效果。     

铝球弹丸高速斜撞击铝Whipple防护结构时后板的损伤特性

 为了研究空间碎片对航天器防护结构的高速斜撞击损伤特性,采用二级轻气炮发射铝球弹丸,对铝Whipple防护结构进行高速斜撞击实验。弹丸直径为3.97 mm,撞击速度为1.14～5.35 km/s,撞击角度为0°～70°。实验得到了铝Whipple防护结构在不同撞击速度区间的后板损伤模式,分析了后板撞击损伤及弹坑分布特性,建立了预测铝球弹丸高速斜撞击铝Whipple防护结构时后板弹坑分布的经验公式。结果表明：在大角度斜撞击条件下,对于一定的撞击速度,铝Whipple防护结构的后板弹坑分布会出现两个区域;弹丸的撞击破碎临界速度将影响后板损伤随撞击角的变化关系;对于铝Whipple防护结构,存在使后板撞击损伤最严重的临界撞击角。     

弹丸超高速撞击防护屏碎片云数值模拟

 低地球轨道的各类航天器易受到微流星体及空间碎片的超高速撞击。这些撞击损伤航天器飞行的关键系统,进而导致航天器发生灾难性失效。为了保证航天员的安全及航天器的正常运行,微流星体及空间碎片防护结构设计是航天器设计的一个重要问题。采用AUTODYN软件进行了弹丸超高速正撞击及斜撞击防护屏所产生碎片云的SPH法数值模拟,给出了二维及三维模拟结果;研究了防护屏厚度、弹丸形状、撞击速度以及材料模型等对碎片云的影响。模拟结果同高质量实验研究的结果进行了比较,模拟的碎片云形状和碎片云特征点的速度同实验相吻合。验证了数值模拟方法的有效性。     

玄武岩纤维布超高速撞击损伤分析

 在航天器空间碎片超高速撞击防护领域中,采用高技术纤维作为防护材料是当今防护结构发展的趋势之一,玄武岩纤维（Basalt Fiber）是近年来受到关注的一种高强度纤维。对玄武岩纤维织物受铝合金弹丸超高速撞击时的宏观穿孔损伤特性和细观纤维丝断裂损伤特性进行了分析研究,观察到了冲击高压造成的材料熔化现象,根据实验结果拟合得到了玄武岩纤维布撞击孔的孔径方程,根据纤维丝断口形貌分析了纤维丝的断裂原因。研究结果可为玄武岩纤维材料在空间碎片防护结构中的应用提供有益参考。     

双层A3钢靶对平头杆弹的抗侵彻性能研究

 钢板被广泛用于构建防护结构,大量文献报道了单层金属靶的防护性能,而对双层金属靶,特别是大间隙双层金属靶,报道的却很少。在轻气炮上进行了平头杆弹体正撞击由两层5 mm厚A3钢板组成的接触式和具有200 mm间隙的间隙式双层靶的实验研究,得到了两种结构的初始-剩余速度曲线。实验表明：（1）两种形式双层靶均发生了充塞剪切;（2）接触式双层靶的弹道极限是5 mm单层A3靶的1.92倍;（3） 间隙式双层靶的抗侵彻性能具有较大的分散性,通过高速摄像和对回收靶板的分析表明,该分散性产生的原因是,弹体贯穿第一层靶后存在两种典型弹道状态;（4）间隙式双层靶存在两个弹道极限;（5）接触式双层靶的弹道极限接近或者大于间隙式双层靶的弹道极限。使用ABAQUS/EXPLICIT有限元软件进行了相应的数值模拟,得到了与实验一致的现象和结果。     

碎片云超高速撞击声发射信号特征分析

为了掌握带防护屏的航天器结构受空间碎片超高速撞击时的声发射信号特征,利用二级轻气炮发射球形弹丸撞击铝合金双层板结构,获取了碎片云撞击铝合金板舱壁产生的声发射信号,并利用小波包技术和能量熵理论对信号进行了分析。实验结果表明:弹丸初始速度、防护屏厚度及弹丸直径是决定二次碎片云形态及声发射信号特征的重要因素;在本实验工况范围内,小波包能量熵值能够描述声发射信号频率的复杂程度;当弹丸初始速度处于破碎段(3~7km/s)时,随着初始速度的增大,二次碎片云进一步细化,撞击产生的声发射信号幅值趋于减小、频率成分趋于复杂化,其小波包能量熵值逐渐增大;防护屏厚度对声发射信号的小波包能量熵值影响较大,弹丸直径对其影响较小。研究结果有助于实现对碎片云撞击舱壁结构的损伤模式识别。     

弹丸超高速撞击铝靶成坑数值模拟

 低地球轨道的各类航天器易受到微流星体及空间碎片的超高速撞击，损伤航天器飞行关键系统，进而导致航天器发生灾难性的失效。微流星体及空间碎片防护结构设计，是航天器设计的一个重要问题。采用AUTODYN软件进行了弹丸超高速正撞击及斜撞击铝靶成坑的数值模拟，给出了二维及三维模拟结果。研究了弹丸密度、弹丸形状、板厚度、弹丸速度、弹丸直径和弹丸撞击入射角等对靶成坑的影响。模拟结果同实验结果进行了比较，模拟的成坑形状和特征尺寸同实验相吻合。验证了数值模拟方法的有效性。     

碎片超高速撞击防护结构粒子场三维重构

为模拟空间碎片超高速撞击航天器防护结构表面材料喷射/溅射粒子场演化过程,并获取粒子场相关物理信息,基于粒子场同轴激光全息图像开展了碎片撞击过程的三维重构技术研究.首先对全息图像进行边缘剪切和缩放,将其划分为分辨率300×300左右的子图像以便于进行网格剖分;对于粒子堆叠区域子图像,采用基于三角化的网格剖分算法;剖分后形成的单一粒子采用Sobel算子提取其二维轮廓,然后将其投影到特定的三维空间形成三维形体;基于MAXScript语言实现了粒子场演化过程模拟.重构结果表明,无论是粒子场静态三维重构结果还是其演化过程均与撞击试验全息图像吻合较好,从而验证了该重构技术的有效性,为研究空间碎片对航天器防护结构的损伤效应提供了一种新的思路.     

碎片超高速撞击防护结构粒子场三维重构

为模拟空间碎片超高速撞击航天器防护结构表面材料喷射/溅射粒子场演化过程,并获取粒子场相关物理信息,基于粒子场同轴激光全息图像开展了碎片撞击过程的三维重构技术研究.首先对全息图像进行边缘剪切和缩放,将其划分为分辨率300×300左右的子图像以便于进行网格剖分;对于粒子堆叠区域子图像,采用基于三角化的网格剖分算法;剖分后形成的单一粒子采用Sobel算子提取其二维轮廓,然后将其投影到特定的三维空间形成三维形体;基于MAXScript语言实现了粒子场演化过程模拟.重构结果表明,无论是粒子场静态三维重构结果还是其演化过程均与撞击试验全息图像吻合较好,从而验证了该重构技术的有效性,为研究空间碎片对航天器防护结构的损伤效应提供了一种新的思路.     

密度梯度薄板超高速撞击特性的实验研究

以二级轻气炮作为加载手段,在撞击速度范围为4.0—7.0 km/s内获得了Ti6Al4V/Ly12 Al/聚酰胺纤维密度梯度薄板的穿孔特性、验证板损伤特性和弹道极限特性.与Ly12 Al薄板的相应实验结果的对比显示,在相同撞击速度下,该密度梯度薄板的穿孔直径更大,且随撞击速度的增大而增加;其验证板上的撞击坑尺寸小,且随撞击速度的增大而减小;其弹道极限比Ly12 Al薄板的弹道极限高50%以上.分析认为,超高速撞击下Ti6Al4V/Ly12 Al/聚酰胺纤维密度梯度薄板中高阻抗的Ti6Al4V产生的峰值冲击压力比Ly12 Al薄板的峰值冲击压力高,这增强了对弹丸的破碎能力;而其中的聚酰胺纤维层延长了冲击波在薄板中的传播时间,增大了冲击波的耗散,使撞击过程中转化的不可逆功增多,从而消耗了弹丸更多的动能.使用这种密度梯度材料作为防护屏具有很好的抗撞击能力,在航天器空间碎片防护工程应用中具有很大的潜力.     

Micro-crack detection of nonlinear Lamb wave propagation in three-dimensional plates with mixed-frequency excitation

We propose a nonlinear ultrasonic technique by using the mixed-frequency signals excited Lamb waves to conduct micro-crack detection in thin plate structures. Simulation models of three-dimensional(3D) aluminum plates and composite laminates are established by ABAQUS software, where the aluminum plate contains buried crack and composite laminates comprises cohesive element whose thickness is zero to simulate delamination damage. The interactions between the S_0 mode Lamb wave and the buried micro-cracks of various dimensions are simulated by using the finite element method.Fourier frequency spectrum analysis is applied to the received time domain signal and fundamental frequency amplitudes,and sum and difference frequencies are extracted and simulated. Simulation results indicate that nonlinear Lamb waves have different sensitivities to various crack sizes. There is a positive correlation among crack length, height, and sum and difference frequency amplitudes for an aluminum plate, with both amplitudes decreasing as crack thickness increased, i.e.,nonlinear effect weakens as the micro-crack becomes thicker. The amplitudes of sum and difference frequency are positively correlated with the length and width of the zero-thickness cohesive element in the composite laminates. Furthermore,amplitude ratio change is investigated and it can be used as an effective tool to detect inner defects in thin 3D plates.     

Temperature effects in ultrasonic Lamb wave structural health monitoring systems

There is a need to better understand the effect of temperature changes on the response of ultrasonic guided-wave pitch-catch systems used for structural health monitoring. A model is proposed to account for all relevant temperature-dependent parameters of a pitch-catch system on an isotropic plate, including the actuator-plate and plate-sensor interactions through shear-lag behavior, the piezoelectric and dielectric permittivity properties of the transducers, and the Lamb wave dispersion properties of the substrate plate. The model is used to predict the S(0) and A(0) response spectra in aluminum plates for the temperature range of -40-+60 degrees C, which accounts for normal aircraft operations. The transducers examined are monolithic PZT-5A [PZT denotes Pb(Zr-Ti)O3] patches and flexible macrofiber composite type P1 patches. The study shows substantial changes in Lamb wave amplitude response caused solely by temperature excursions. It is also shown that, for the transducers considered, the response amplitude changes follow two opposite trends below and above ambient temperature (20 degrees C), respectively. These results can provide a basis for the compensation of temperature effects in guided-wave damage detection systems.     

Combined spectral estimator for phase velocities of multimode Lamb waves in multilayer plates

A novel combined spectral estimate (CSE) method for differentiation and estimation the phase velocities of multimode Lamb waves whose wave numbers are much close or overlap one another in multiplayer plates is presented in this paper, which based on auto-regressive (AR) model and 2-D FFT. Simulated signals in brass plate were processed by 2-D FFT and CSE. And experiments are performed by using two conventional angle probes as emitter and receiver on the same surface of three-layered aluminum/xpoxy/aluminum plates, which include symmetrical and unsymmetrical plates. The multimode Lamb waves are excited in these laminates, and the received signal is processed by 2-D FFT and CSE, respectively. The results showed that the phase velocities of multimode signals whose wave numbers are much closed cannot be differentiated by 2-D FFT, but CSE has strong spatial resolution. Compared the measured phase velocities with the theoretical values, the error is smaller than 2% on the whole. It promises to be a useful method in experimental signals processing of multimode Lamb waves.     

High-throughput, high-damage-threshold broadband beam splitter for high-order harmonics in the extreme-ultraviolet region

We demonstrate a high-throughput and high-damage-threshold beam splitter for high-order harmonics in the soft-x-ray region that uses Si and (or) SiC plates set at Brewster's angle with respect to the pump wavelength. The beam splitters are guaranteed to have a damage threshold of at least 0.8 TW/cm2 (average power density, 0.25 W/cm2) and an attenuation rate of 10(-4)-10(-5) for a 30-fs pump pulse. The measured reflection efficiency at the 27th harmonic (29.6 nm) was 0.56 for Si and 0.45 for SiC. These beam splitters are useful not only for high harmonics but also for longitudinally pumped x-ray lasers.     

Fatigue crack growth in fiber-metal laminates

Fiber-metal laminates(FMLs)consist of three layers of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 and two layers of glass/epoxy prepreg,and it(it means FMLs)is laminated by Al alloy and fiber alternatively.Fatigue crack growth rates in notched fiber-metal laminates under constant amplitude fatigue loading were studied experimentally and numerically and were compared with them in monolithic 2024-T3 Al alloy plates.It is shown that the fatigue life of FMLs is about 17 times longer than monolithic 2024-T3 Al alloy plate;and crack growth rates in FMLs panels remain constant mostly even when the crack is long,unlike in the monolithic 2024-T3 Al alloy plates.The formula to calculate bridge stress profiles of FMLs was derived based on the fracture theory.A program by Matlab was developed to calculate the distribution of bridge stress in FMLs,and then fatigue growth lives were obtained.Finite element models of FMLs were built and meshed finely to analyze the stress distributions.Both results were compared with the experimental results.They agree well with each other.     

多通道超声兰姆波检测板状结构中的裂纹

超声兰姆(Lamb)波在结构缺陷检测方面愈来愈受到重视,但目前Lamb波的应用局限于单信号源激励,单通道接收的方法,容易受到噪声干扰,其后续的信号分析处理也比较复杂。本文旨在采用多通道Lamb波对板状结构中的裂纹进行定量分析与诊断。在铝板的表面凿刻出不同深度的凹槽作为裂纹,通过线阵换能器采集在一定传播距离内的多通道Lamb波信号,并采用二维傅里叶变换分析在不同深度的裂纹下,Lamb波模式能量的变化规律。结果表明,相对于完好铝板中的Lamb波信号,裂纹的存在会使Lamb波发生模式转换现象,并且转换模式能量百分比随裂纹深度的增加而线性增加。其结果为Lamb波评价板状结构中的裂纹状况提供了一种可能的方法。     

High frequency vibration energy transfer in a system of three plates connected at discrete points using statistical energy analysis

Vibration energy transfer in a system of three plates separated by a small distance and connected at a few discrete points, like solar panels in a spacecraft, is investigated. Coupling loss factors are obtained experimentally using the power injection technique. The system is then subjected to the acoustic excitation in a reverberant chamber. The measured responses of the inner plate are significant. But the measured responses of the inner plates are higher than the responses estimated based on the coupling loss factors obtained. When the system is subjected to mechanical excitation the measured responses of the inner plate closely match with the estimated responses. The difference is perhaps due to the sound radiated from the outer plates not being considered for the calculation, requiring further studies.