基于面阵CCD的激光光束参数测量系统精度分析

研究了使用面阵CCD探测器测量激光束空间参数中的问题,采用计算机模拟的方法讨论了CCD的积分范围、动态范围、A/D转换量化精度和光斑最大光强对于光束参数的影响,根据分析结果提出了对CCD器件和测量方法的要求。     

利用空间分辨漫反射无损测量生物组织的光学参量

利用空间分辨漫反射光确定生物组织的光学参量进行了实验研究，分别用光纤探测器和CCD无损测量了半无限大生物组织(牛脂肪和牛肉)表面的漫反射光的径向分布．由漫射方程对漫反射光强的相对分布值作非线性拟合确定了生物组织的吸收系数和约化散射系数，所得结果与国外报道的绝对测量法测量的结果相比，其差别小于9．4％．研究结果表明，光纤测量和CCD测量有较好的一致性，而CCD探测具有测量准确、简单和快捷的特点。     

近场分布式平面光源光强测试方法

对近场分布式光度测量方法及测量机理进行研究,基于自主搭建的近场光源发光特性测量装置采集平面光源不同方向的亮度图像,分析了近场光度参量之间的转换关系及亮度数据处理方法,最终实现了近场分布式平面光源空间光强分布测量。通过构建平面光源发光模型,基于光度学和几何光学原理分析发光平面各个方向的光线分布,完成对光源不同方向的发光状态表征。与远场测量相比,所提近场分布式测量方法结果与远场配光曲线吻合良好,在所采用成像式亮度计亮度相对误差优于6.51%的情况下,所测得的光强相对误差小于8.38%,0°配光曲线匹配指数高达98.33%,验证了所提方法在近场光度测量中的有效性。     

激光束截面光强分布参数及其稳定性的测量

报道了使用光束诊断仪对市售He-Ne激光管输出激光束的截面光强分布的测量结果及几种激光束截面光强分布参数的稳定性,并对测量结果作了定性说明。     

利用CCD光电测量系统测量杨氏弹性模量

提出一种测量微小伸长量的光电测量方法,即利用CCD光电测量系统将单缝衍射的光强分布转换为电信号,经过计算机处理后输出光强分布曲线,从相邻波谷读出衍射条纹间隔,通过软件的简单操作直接输出测量结果.实现了数据采集及运算结果的实时化、半自动化,并克服了传统方法的测量困难和数据处理的复杂计算.利用这一方法测定了钢丝的杨氏弹性模量,与标称值符合得较好.     

具有不同涂层的样品表面双向反射分布函数的三维测量

利用半球空间双向反射分布函数测量装置,采用样本比值法,实验测量了不同材质及涂层表面对激光束在整个半球空间内的双向反射分布函数.分析了漫反射板与无涂层铝板（裸板）表面,以及不同涂层和不同入射角下同一涂层对入射光的反射光强的空间分布,得出了所测几种样品在特定波长激光照射下的表面反射与散射特性.     

散射成像法测量激光强度分布中的光斑畸变校正

在利用散射成像法测量激光强度分布中,CCD像面与散射屏平面存在较大角度时,光斑形状和强度分布都会产生严重畸变,给强度分布测量带来较大影响。分析了畸变产生的原因,给出了畸变坐标和理想坐标的数学模型,提出一种结合CCD像素合并的网格法来校正这种畸变。"网格法"利用自制标准网格成像,通过识别网格像边界来确定标准网格和畸变网格的对应关系,利用此对应关系在输出图像时恢复光斑;利用均匀光源成像来校正系统光强分布畸变。结果表明,该方法能够较好地校正光斑的形状畸变;能够实时恢复光斑的真实光强分布,单元强度畸变恢复误差小于1%。该校正方法在激光强度分布散射成像测量中非常实用。     

激光衍射法测细丝直径——三种光强分布测量方法的比较

通过对激光遇到细丝产生的夫琅禾费衍射图样进行定量分析,可以精确测量细丝的直径。文中对衍射图样的光强分布采用了三种不同的测量方法:直测法、光电探测法和CCD成像法。其中直测法装置简单、测量精度高,光电探测法有着较高精度和可靠性,而CCD成像法则适合高效率的批量检测。     

一种大面积高能激光光束参数的在线测量方法

 提出了一种大面积连续波高能激光光束参数的在线测量方法——环形光刀扫描测量法。该方法采用偏心安装的斜面环形光刀高速扫描反射，光电探测器阵列沿反射光圆周均匀布置探测，使得绝大部分被测激光沿原光路传播，只有少量取样光被反射到探测器阵列上。通过对采集得到的探测器响应信号进行空间映射计算和图像复原，得到激光束的光强分布参数。该方法可用于光束直径数百mm的高能激光光束测量，测量空间分辨率约2 mm，时间分辨率为30~50 ms。     

高功率脉冲激光的远场能量密度分布测试方法研究

在分析现有的激光远场能量密度分布测试方法的基础上提出了一种新的测试方法.采用激光束照射漫反射靶,CCD相机对靶上激光光斑成像并在靶面上布置能量计探头以获取能量抽样绝对值的方法进行激光束远场大气传输后空域分布测试.从基本组成、测试原理、试验结果等方面对新测试方法进行了分析研究,并通过采用532nm脉冲激光照射1Km外的漫反射靶的实验对新测试方法进行了可行性验证,获得了远场激光光斑的图像和能量抽样值.     

Total emissivity measurements without use of an absolute reference

Total emissivity measurement by ordinary steady state radiometric methods are difficult at low temperature; besides, those methods require an emissivity reference. In this paper, several new periodic methods suitable for total emissivity measurements are presented. First it is shown that the thermal modulation of a sample allows direct emissivity measurements, even at low temperature, with an ordinary equipment involving no cooled vessel. Very accurate measurements have been performed within a few minutes at room temperature, on reflective materials. Second, it is shown that indirect total emissivity measurements are also feasible, provided source and sample temperatures are equal. This condition can be fulfilled with a modulated temperature hemispherical gray surface as IR source, or in a simpler way, with a mobile part of a hemisphere. Third, it is shown that if both sample and source temperatures are modulated, simultaneous direct and indirect measurements can be carried out. This results in an absolute emissivity measurement without reference. As an experimental validation, simultaneous direct and indirect measurements of the total directional emissivity are carried out on three samples at room temperature. Periodic radiometry methods are found to be reliable and accurate, emission and reflection measurements giving the same result.     

Dynamic properties of speckled speckles with relation to velocity measurements of a diffuse object

This paper investigates, experimentally, the dynamic properties of triply-scattered speckled speckles and their application to the velocity measurement of a moving diffuse object, which is behind a transparent diffuse screen. The comparison between triply-scattered speckled speckles and singly-scattered normal speckles shows that the triply-scattered speckle pattern has a high degree of randomness in the spatial domain and that its time-varying intensity fluctuations have a rate 72 times that of the normal speckle case in the temporal domain. Consequently, a velocimeter using the triply-scattered speckles can measure the object velocity with a greatly reduced measuring time than when using normal speckles.     

基于LED阵列与漫反射自由曲面的均匀照明光源设计

提出一种由平面LED阵列与高漫反射率自由曲面构成的间接照明方式。基于LED光源与理想漫反射表面的朗伯特性,构建照明系统的数学模型。根据目标平面预期的光强分布,建立一组微分方程,利用数值方法求解得到漫反射自由曲面的面形轮廓,通过光学软件对该漫反射光源系统实体模型进行非序列光线追迹仿真,模拟结果显示检测区域辐照均匀度达到90%以上,验证了该方案设计均匀照明光源的正确性与有效性。     

漫反射接触测量中压力不敏感径向检测位置存在性研究

近红外无创漫反射检测中光纤探头与被测组织之间接触压力变化会导致测量准确性和稳定性较差。以压力不敏感径向检测位置采集漫反射光信号,以此削弱接触压力带来的测量误差,并在Monte Carlo模拟与在体实验中验证了压力不敏感位置的存在性。首先,结合人体皮肤结构模型和力学特性,建立了接触压力与皮肤组织参数之间的定量关系,并利用Monte Carlo模拟仿真分析了不同接触压力下1 000～1 320 nm波段内,不同径向检测距离处漫反射光强的变化;其次,搭建了基于超辐射发光二极管光源的多环光纤束检测系统,在体测量了三位志愿者在不同压力下的漫反射光信号。最后,评价了人体压力不敏感径向检测位置与其他位置处接收的光信号稳定性。模拟结果表明,在距入射径向距离1.3～1.5 mm范围内,接收到的漫反射光强近似不受压力变化影响,即存在压力不敏感径向检测位置。在体实验表明,在1 050,1 219和1 314 nm波长下均存在压力不敏感径向检测位置,位于距入射点0.78～1.0 mm范围内,初步验证了压力不敏感径向检测位置在人体的存在性,与其他径向位置相比,在压力不敏感径向检测位置处测得光强信号信噪比更高。因此,基于压力不敏感径向检测位置的测量方法可以有效降低接触压力变化对接收光谱的影响,有望提高近红外无创漫反射检测的精度。     

时域飞秒散斑的特性与测量

阐述了飞秒激光脉冲在随机介质传播过程中产生时域散斑的原理,并对时域飞秒散斑进行了测量. 时域飞秒散斑的产生是飞秒脉冲在随机介质中经历多重散射形成的随机干涉现象在时域的体现. 初步讨论了时域散斑的统计特性并给出了相应的实验结果. 关键词： 时域散斑 飞秒脉冲 随机介质     

Degree of polarization based on the three-component pBRDF model for metallic materials

An expression of degree of polarization(DOP) for metallic material is presented based on the three-component polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function(p BRDF) model with considering specular reflection, directional diffuse reflection and ideal diffuse reflection. The three-component p BRDF model with a detailed reflection assumption is validated by comparing simulations with measurements. The DOP expression presented in this paper is related to surface roughness, which makes it more reasonable in physics. Test results for two metallic samples show that the DOP based on the three-component p BRDF model accords well with the measurement and the error of existing DOP expression is significantly reduced by introducing the diffuse reflection. It indicates that our DOP expression describes the polarized reflection properties of metallic surfaces more accurately.     

Dynamic laser speckles and their application to velocity measurements of the diffuse object

In connection with the parameters of the optical configuration used to produce speckles and under illumination of a Gaussian beam over a moving diffuse object, this paper discusses the statistical properties of dynamic speckles produced in the diffraction and image fields by the diffuse object moving in a plane with constant velocity. Especially, the space-time correlation function of the dynamic speckle intensity is examined in detail. Two typical speckle motions of translation and boiling are interpreted for various optical configurations in the diffraction and image fields. As one of the interesting applications of dynamic speckles to metrology, various methods for velocity measurements of the diffuse object are introduced.     

基于测量不确定度评定的数据处理方法

中利用直接测量量和间接测量量的测量不确定度评定方法,根据误差理论的教学经验与实践,给出了直接测量量和间接测量量的实验数据处理的具体方法步骤,并结合实际的测量数据,举例说明了如何运用直接测量量和间接测量量的实验数据处理方法,既便于学生理解又利于他们更好地掌握。     

Effect of reflecting modes on combined heat transfer within an anisotropic scattering slab

Under various interface reflecting modes, different transient thermal responses will occur in the media. Combined radiative-conductive heat transfer is investigated within a participating, anisotropic scattering gray planar slab. The two interfaces of the slab are considered to be diffuse and semitransparent. Using the ray tracing method, an anisotropic scattering radiative transfer model for diffuse reflection at boundaries is set up, and with the help of direct radiative transfer coefficients, corresponding radiative transfer coefficients (RTCs) are deduced. RTCs are used to calculate the radiative source term in energy equation. Transient energy equation is solved by the full implicit control-volume method under the external radiative-convective boundary conditions. The influences of two reflecting modes including both specular reflection and diffuse reflection on transient temperature fields and steady heat flux are examined. According to numerical results obtained in this paper, it is found that there exits great difference in thermal behavior between slabs with diffuse interfaces and that with specular interfaces for slabs with big refractive index.     

多模式可调节光学机构的苹果可溶性固形物近红外光谱检测

利用多模式可调节的光学机构采集了苹果漫透射、全透射和漫反射三种检测方式的光谱,研究在不同的检测方式下苹果的光谱特征并采用PLS建立苹果可溶性固形物含量SSC预测的模型。首先分别采集每个样品赤道上四点的漫透射、全透射和漫反射光谱,然后分别使用多元散射校正MSC、基线偏移校正BOC、归一化Normalize和高斯滤波平滑GFS等方法对平均后的120个光谱做预处理,并结合竞争性自适应权重取样CARS法对漫反射光谱进行特征波长筛选,最后采用偏最小二乘法PLS回归建立预测苹果SSC的模型,并另购30个苹果验证模型性能。结果表明,苹果在三种检测方式下采集的光谱吸收峰和波谷所处的波段大致相同,但光谱强度有差异。三种光谱经3点高斯滤波平滑GFS预处理后建立预测苹果SSC含量的模型均取得很好的结果。漫透射的模型性能为R_cal=0.972,R_pre=0.967和RMSEC=0.436%,RMSEP=0.507%;全透射的模型性能为R_cal=0.964、R_pre=0.957和RMSEC=0.5%,RMSEP=0.574%;漫反射的模型性能为R_cal=0.963,R_pre=0.949和RMSEC=0.522%,RMSEP=0.536%;三种光谱经归一化预处理后融合建模的模型性能为R_cal=0.894,R_pre=0.857和RMSEC=0.836%,RMSEP=0.966%。进一步将漫反射光谱结合CARS算法筛选特征波长,使用119个变量建立模型的性能为R_cal=0.986,R_pre=0.977和RMSEC=0.323%,RMSEP=0.362%。最后将该模型导入新型多模式可调节的水果检测系统中,使用30个未参与建模的冰糖心苹果检验该模型预测苹果SSC的性能。结果显示30个外部验证集的相关系数为0.906,验证均方根误差为0.707%。进一步表明使用多模式可调节的水果内部品质检测系统采集的漫反射光谱结合光谱预处理、波段筛选算法和偏最小二乘回归方法可以建立较好的模型预测苹果可溶性固形物SSC含量。本研究为苹果的品质检测提供新的技术支持。