超临界CO2磨料射流流场影响因素的模拟分析

为了揭示超临界CO₂磨料射流流场特性,利用计算流体动力学模拟软件,对超临界CO₂磨料射流结构及不同因素对射流流场的影响规律进行了研究。结果表明:超临界CO₂磨料射流轴向速度和冲击力随着喷距的增大,先增大后减小,即存在最优喷距,喷射压差为10~30 MPa时最优喷距为3~6倍喷嘴直径;喷射压差一定时,围压由10 MPa增至30 MPa对射流速度场及液相冲击力会造成较小的负面影响。通过超临界CO₂射流破岩实验对上述2因素进行了辅助对比验证;流体温度由333 K增至413 K,固液两相轴向速度增大,而流体密度降低,导致液相冲击力减弱;磨料浓度由3.0%连续增至11.0%,射流固液两相轴向速度逐渐降低,降幅逐渐减小。     

管内搅拌流传热模型及实验研究

基于搅拌流压力波动特性及搅拌流与环状流的相似性,假设搅拌流也分为近壁液膜区和气体核心区两部分,但是两区界面呈三角函数波动;在此基础上,根据传热学基本理论首次建立了搅拌流传热模型,并给出了模型中所需参数的计算方法,从理论上解决了搅拌流温度场的计算问题;为进一步研究搅拌流传热特点,进行了大量室内搅拌流传热实验。对比实验结果表明:本文建立的传热模型得到的对流换热系数计算值与实验值的总体误差在±10%以内,大部分在±5%以内,模型准确度较高,且计算值的变化规律与实验值相符合;本模型与均相和分相搅拌流传热模型相比更接近实际流动。另外,通过实验研究了液体流量和气体流量对对流换热的影响规律,结果表明由于搅拌流独特的流动结构,液体流量和气体流量均对搅拌流对流换热的影响不大,在实际工程运算中可以忽略这两种因素的影响。     

轴对称管口激波绕射诱导的复杂两相流动的数值分析

基于稀颗粒群假定下的双流体简化模型,采用具有高精度、高分辨率的数值方法,研究了粉尘气体中轴对称管口激波绕射诱导的复杂两相流动。得到非平衡两相流动不同于纯气体流动的一些基本物理特征,以及粒子物性参数改变对这些特性的影响。     

面向发动机再生冷却的流热耦合拓扑优化

再生冷却作为一种主动热防护形式,被广泛应用于高超声速飞行器发动机的热防护系统.为了进一步提高再生冷却结构的换热性能,发展了考虑变热物理性质和输运性质的流热耦合拓扑优化设计方法.首先建立了流热耦合拓扑优化模型,基于连续伴随法对考虑变物性的伴随方程和灵敏度进行了推导,并利用开源计算平台OpenFOAM构建了拓扑优化求解器,耦合了滤波和投影等技术以缓解可能出现的数值问题,结合了建表-插值法对冷却剂物性和相关偏导项进行计算.随后对流热耦合结构进行了拓扑优化设计,结果表明:随着能量耗散约束值的增大,通道的拓扑结构愈加复杂,冷却通道内的流动分离和再混合现象更加显著.通过提取5种拓扑优化构型(Case 1～Case 5),对三维拓扑优化结构的流动换热特性进行了数值模拟分析,发现冷却剂的流动分离和再混合诱导产生复杂的二次涡结构,有助于激发湍动能,增强通道的局部换热性能.最终Case 3～Case 5中的拓扑优化构型相较于传统构型均起到了强化换热效果,平均努塞尔数增益百分比分别为12.6%, 16.0%和23.4%.     

气泡在液体中运动过程的数值模拟

本文用数值方法预测气泡在液体中的百定常运动。运用位标函数进行界面的隐含跟踪并且与有限体积法相结合构成一种可行的计算方法。本文方法允许在界面处存在很大的物性差，而且较容易将表面张力引入控制方程。我们对气液两相流中单个气泡的运动进行了计算，得到了与实验结果符合很好的数值结果。     

多孔介质内黏弹性流体的热对流稳定性研究

基于修正的Darcy模型,介绍了多孔介质内黏弹性流体热对流稳定性研究的现状和主要进展.通过线性稳定性理论,分析计算多孔介质几何形状(水平多孔介质层、多孔圆柱以及多孔方腔)、热边界条件(底部等温加热、底部等热流加热、底部对流换热以及顶部自由开口边界)、黏弹性流体的流动模型(Darcy-Jeffrey, DarcyBrinkman-Oldroyd以及Darcy-Brinkman-Maxwell模型)、局部热非平衡效应以及旋转效应对黏弹性流体热对流失稳的临界Rayleigh数的影响.利用弱非线性分析方法,揭示失稳临界点附近热对流流动的分叉情况,以及失稳临界点附近黏弹性流体换热Nusselt数的解析表达式.采用数值模拟方法,研究高Rayleigh数下黏弹性流体换热Nusselt数和流场的演化规律,分析各参数对黏弹性流体热对流失稳和对流换热速率的影响.主要结果:(1)流体的黏弹性能够促进振荡对流的发生;(2)旋转效应、流体与多孔介质间的传热能够抑制黏弹性流体的热对流失稳;(3)在临界Rayleigh数附近,静态对流分叉解是超临界稳定的,而振荡对流分叉可能是超临界或者亚临界的,主要取决于流体的黏弹性参数、Prandtl数以及Darcy数;(4)随着Rayleigh数的增加,热对流的流场从单个涡胞逐渐演化为多个不规则单元涡胞,最后发展为混沌状态.     

多孔介质内黏弹性流体的热对流稳定性研究

基于修正的Darcy模型, 介绍了多孔介质内黏弹性流体热对流稳定性研究的现状和主要进展. 通过线性稳定性理论, 分析计算多孔介质几何形状(水平多孔介质层、多孔圆柱以及多孔方腔)、热边界条件(底部等温加热、底部等热流加热、底部对流换热以及顶部自由开口边界)、黏弹性流体的流动模型(Darcy-Jeffrey, Darcy-Brinkman-Oldroyd以及Darcy-Brinkman -Maxwell模型)、局部热非平衡效应以及旋转效应对黏弹性流体热对流失稳的临界Rayleigh数的影响. 利用弱非线性分析方法, 揭示失稳临界点附近热对流流动的分叉情况, 以及失稳临界点附近黏弹性流体换热Nusselt数的解析表达式. 采用数值模拟方法, 研究高Rayleigh数下黏弹性流体换热Nusselt数和流场的演化规律,分析各参数对黏弹性流体热对流失稳和对流换热速率的影响.主要结果:(1)流体的黏弹性能够促进振荡对流的发生;(2)旋转效应、流体与多孔介质间的传热能够抑制黏弹性流体的热对流失稳;(3)在临界Rayleigh数附近,静态对流分叉解是超临界稳定的, 而振荡对流分叉可能是超临界或者亚临界的,主要取决于流体的黏弹性参数、Prandtl数以及Darcy数;(4)随着Rayleigh数的增加,热对流的流场从单个涡胞逐渐演化为多个不规则单元涡胞, 最后发展为混沌状态.      

圆管内大液气比下液雾在高温气流中蒸发特性的研究

本文获得了液雾在过热蒸发状态下的液气两相能量方程,给合运动学方程、粒径分布及轨道模型,组成了描述液雾的完整数学方程组。提出将时间变量隐含在空间变量中来克服由于大液气比引起的“物性漂移”,考虑了壁面捕获。计算结果表明:大滴径粒子与小滴径粒子,参数变化具有不同的特征,并对气相温度场的模型计算值与实验值进行了比较.     

两相正激波松弛流的数值研究

对气、固两相正激波松弛流动进行了数值研究,方程中考虑了压力梯度及非匀速运动引起的附加质量力。给出了完整的计算方法,对三种不同固相容积比、不同固相颗粒直径和不同马赫数分别进行了数值计算,所得计算结果给出了气、固两相的速度、温度、压力、密度、固相容积比及熵值沿流向分布情况。文章对气、固两相参数在松弛区中的变化规律进行了讨论。     

两相正激波松弛流的数值研究

对气、固两相正激波松弛流动进行了数值研究,方程中考虑了压力梯度及非匀速运动引起的附加质量力。给出了完整的计算方法,对三种不同固相容积比、不同固相颗粒直径和不同马赫数分别进行了数值计算,所得计算结果给出了气、固两相的速度、温度、压力、密度、固相容积比及熵值沿流向分布情况。文章对气、固两相参数在松弛区中的变化规律进行了讨论。     

汽轮机轮盘热处理残余应力分析

百万核电汽轮机红套低压转子工作环境的蒸汽参数较低,各级轮盘均处于湿度较大的工作区域,易产生应力腐蚀,引起裂纹萌生和扩展．为提高轮盘的抗腐蚀能力,降低工作应力是一个有效的方法．通过热处理方法,在轮盘表面形成预压应力以抵消部分旋转拉应力是可行的方法,而产生适当深度和大小的预压应力则需对热处理过程进行谨慎的设计．本文以汽轮机轮盘为研究对象,建立轴对称有限元模型,通过对ABAQUS软件的二次开发,实现对轮盘热处理过程的温度场及应力场进行数值模拟．计算综合考虑了非线性的材料热物性参数、力学性能参数、表面换热系数及不同材料组织转变的相变潜热、热物性参数和力学参数,通过对不同热处理方法得到的残余应力场的比较,获得了较合理的水冷方式,为热处理工艺确定提供参考．     

Heat transfer performance comparison of steam and air in gas turbine cooling channels with different rib angles

Using steam as working fluid to replace compressed air is a promising cooling technology for internal cooling passages of blades and vanes. The local heat transfer characteristics and the thermal performance of steam flow in wide aspect ratio channels (W/H = 2) with different angled ribs on two opposite walls have been experimentally investigated in this paper. The averaged Nusselt number ratios and the friction factor ratios of steam and air in four ribbed channels were also measured under the same test conditions for comparison. The Reynolds number range is 6,000–70,000. The rib angles are 90°, 60°, 45°, and 30°, respectively. The rib height to hydraulic diameter ratio is 0.047. The pitch-to-rib height ratio is 10. The results show that the Nusselt number ratios of steam are 1.19–1.32 times greater than those of air over the range of Reynolds numbers studied. For wide aspect ratio channels using steam as the coolant, the 60° angled ribs has the best heat transfer performance and is recommended for cooling design.     

Determination of heat transfer coefficients in steam turbines

A method for the determination of heat transfer coefficients is described which is particularly suited for measurements inside steam turbine cylinders and buckets. The heat transfer coefficients are derived from the temperature frequency characteristics of the walls. Correlations are made between the time-dependent fluid temperature and the corresponding signal received by a detector just below the wall's surface. The natural stochastic temperature variation within a steam turbine can be used as test signal. Measurements in a 2 Megawatt steam turbine demonstrate, that the signal's power density is sufficiently high and the attenuation low within the important frequency range of 1/s ? ω? 10/s. The experimental verification of the method in a steam tunnel showed good results.     

Evaporation in parallel pipes––splitting characteristics

Utilizing solar power using parabolic trough collectors for energy is considered most proven and lowest cost for large-scale solar power technology. So far commercial plants used oil as the primary heated fluid and steam was produced in a secondary heat exchanger. This seem to be a very inefficient process due to the need of extra heat exchangers and extra losses incurred while heat is transferred from oil to steam. The reason oil is used as the primary heated fluid is partially due to the reluctance of the designer to deal with the behavior of two-phase, water steam, in parallel pipes owing to the possible uneven flow distribution and instability related problems.Analysis of a system of two parallel pipes with common inlet and outlet manifolds that undergoes a process of heating and evaporation shows that multiple steady state solutions for the flow distribution in the two pipes may be obtained. A simplified stability analysis backed by new experimental results allows the determination of the actual physical solutions that take place. Design considerations are discussed and suggestions for optimal operation are included.     

Thermomechanical and thermophysical properties of repulsive clathrates

The range of the characteristic properties of repulsive clathrates (RCs), which are new working media used for efficient energy conversion in thermomechanical systems, has been extended. The dissipation, storage, and conversion of energy by means of RCs is based on the use of the intermolecular forces acting on the interface of the system of a liquid and a nonwetting solid capillaryporous matrix and leading to ejection of the liquid from the pores of the matrix. It has been shown that it is possible to control characteristics of RCs such as compressibility, amount of the dissipated (accumulated) mechanical energy, specific heat, and thermal parameters of the compression-expansion process. The properties of RCs providing unique operation modes of power systems that are not realizable with conventional working media (gas, steam).     

Research on heat transfer of two-phase dispersed flow in narrow annular channel

Narrow channel heat transfer technique is a new developing heat transfer technique in recent years. As the temperature of droplet, steam and wall are decided by forced convection heat transfer between the steam and the wall, between the droplet and the wall, between the steam and the droplet and radiation heat transfer, which makes heat transfer mechanism of dispersed flow be difficultly interpretative. Dispersed flow in narrow annular channel is analyzed in the paper, investigating the influence of all kinds of heat transfer processes on dispersed flow, building annular channel dispersed flow model using thermodynamic non-equilibrium model. Calculation results show heat transfer is mainly controlled by heat transfer process between steam and wall. When temperature is low, radiation can be ignored on heat transfer coefficient calculation. The calculation of model can provide a reference for engineering application of steam generator, refrigeration system and so on.     

Resonance Vibrations and Dissipative Heating of Thin-Walled Laminated Elements Made of Physically Nonlinear Materials

The dynamic thermomechanical problem for thin-walled laminated elements is formulated based on the geometrically linear theory and Kirchhoff–Love hypotheses. A simplified model of vibrations and dissipative heating of structurally inhomogeneous inelastic bodies under harmonic loading is used. The mechanical properties of materials are described using strain-dependent complex moduli. A nonstationary vibration-heating problem is solved. The dissipative function, derived from the stationary solution, is used to specify internal heat sources. The amplitude–frequency characteristics and spatial distributions of the main field variables are studied for a sandwich beam subjected to forced vibrations     

油页岩原位注热开采储层有效热解区变化规律分析

针对油页岩原位注热开采过程中储层有效热解区变化规律不清,实际热解效果无法准确判断难题,采用数值模拟方法,以抚顺油页岩储层为研究对象,建立了油页岩原位注热开采热流固耦合力学模型,与前人结果对比,验证了模型可靠性。重点考察水力压裂裂缝通道短路问题,分析得到了油页岩原位注热开采过程中储层有效热解区、储层有效热解区中地应力、注汽压力及沉降量随注热时间变化规律。结果表明,过热蒸汽沿水力压裂裂缝流动不会出现裂缝通道短路现象,过热蒸汽可通过水力压裂裂缝加速油页岩储层热解;采用过热蒸汽对流加热油页岩储层效率高,只需1年能使96%的油页岩储层达到热解所需温度;油页岩储层有效热解区中部形成应力集中区,最大地应力为21.6 MPa;热解后靠近注热井处岩层发生沉降,热解2年后最大沉降量达0.85 m。所得结论对现场油页岩原位注热开采有参考意义。     

Boiling in particle beds in a two dimensional configuration

 The work presented here concentrates on the boiling heat transfer from a porous bed with internal heat sources. This configuration can occur, when in the progress of a hypothetical accident the core melt relocates to the lower plenum of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel and gets partially fragmented. The coolability and the boiling heat transfer are experimentally investigated for two- dimensional particle beds. Experiments are discussed with particles of an uniform diameter of 2 mm as well as mixtures of 4 mm and 1 mm particles. The bed was placed in a glass container with an inclined bottom to represent a section of the lower plenum of a reactor pressure vessel. The refrigerant R134a was used for tests with a pressure up to 1.8 MPa. The particle bed was equipped with thermocouples and capacitive local void fraction probes to map the temperatures and the distribution of liquid and steam. In the following the basic effects and the parameters influencing the coolability of such a configuration will be discussed. Received on 1 March 2001     

Flux schemes based finite volume method for internal transonic flow with condensation

This paper describes the development of numerical method for the solution of condensing steam flow in internal aerodynamics problems. The numerical method is based on the fractional step method, where the resulting set of ODEs is solved by the two‐stage Runge–Kutta method and the homogeneous set of PDEs by a finite volume method. The flow does not contain both phases (gas and liquid) in the whole domain, therefore we discuss properties of used finite volume methods in several cases of single‐phase transonic flow in a channel and a turbine cascade. We present numerical results of two‐phase flow of condensing steam in 2D nozzle achieved by several numerical methods and show the differences in results caused by numerical diffusion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.