大肠杆菌的直接比色检测及其机理

带有甘露糖的聚双炔薄膜能够识别大肠杆菌并与它们结合，更重要的是结合可以导致聚双炔薄膜的颜色发生改变，这种颜色变化很容易用裸眼观察到并且可以通过可见吸收光谱定量分析。这种通过聚双炔薄膜对分子识别的直接检测方法不仅为该薄膜在生物传感器发展领域中的应用开辟了一条新途径，而且为诊断应用和筛选新的连接配体提供了可能。此外，为了理解颜色变化的机理，我们用共振喇曼光谱和傅立叶变换红外光谱对聚双炔的亲合变色特性进行了检测。结果表明：当由蓝到红的颜色变化发生时，聚合物骨架的侧链进行了重新排列，同时聚合物骨架的电子结构由炔的形式转变为三烯的形式。     

望远镜的色差问题——小议牛顿在光学上为数不多的一次失误

我们知道，《光学》是牛顿的一本经典著作，该书副标题是“关于光的反射、折射、拐折和颜色的论文”，它集中反映了牛顿在光学研究方面的成就，其中最具代表的就是颜色理论。在光学发展的早期，人们对颜色的解释极为困难．在牛顿以前，欧洲人对颜色的认识流行着亚里士多德的观点，亚里士多德认为，颜色不是物体客观的性质，而是人们主观的感觉，一切颜色的形成都是光明与黑暗、白与黑按比例混合的结果。1663年玻义耳也曾研究了物体的颜色问题，他认为物体的颜色并不是属于物体的实质性的性质，     

光谱颜色的再组合

牛顿和其他一些人早就观察到,当一束狭窄的白光通过放在适当位置的玻璃棱镜时,将被分解为各种颜色的光谱。他们又指出,若以适当角度插入另外一个棱镜、或会聚透镜、或一组反光镜,这些颜色又可重新混合成为白光。我找出了一个简单的演示颜     

便携投影式牛顿环干涉演示仪的研制与应用

设计自制了投影式多波长反射、透射牛顿环干涉演示仪。该演示仪将装有毛玻璃屏的遥控变色发光二极管(LED)分别安装在牛顿环仪的前后两侧,通过开关控制两个光源独立或同时发光。用遥控器可以控制光源颜色和闪烁模式。牛顿环反射或透射干涉的图案通过带有VGA信号功能的CCD摄像机拍摄并在显示器或投影仪上显示出来,供全体师生观看研究,实现了薄膜干涉的课堂演示。该演示仪体积小巧,便于携带,操作简便,适合教学应用。     

基于视觉感知的光谱评估尺度（英文）

光谱颜色复现和色度精度是评价光谱重建算法准确的基础。简单而直观的评价指标对颜色复现控制是必不可少。该指标需要同时表征复现颜色的光谱差和色度差。在研究光谱匹配评估的方法基础上,提出基于颜色视觉感知的三种光谱评估指标,通过加权人眼视觉匹配函数,实现颜色光谱差与色度的评估。通过孟塞尔颜色系统的光谱数据,该论文分析与验证三种视觉加权的评估指标的有效性。通过孟塞尔颜色系统数据,这些指标在CIELab均匀色空间中分布均匀而稳定,从而证明加权算法的评估指标是既表征到颜色感知又反映出颜色的光谱相似度。实证结果表明,加权的指标可以实现同时表征实际人眼的颜色感知和颜色光谱差异。基于人眼视觉感知的评估指标解决了颜色的原始光谱和重建光谱的光谱匹配精度的定量评价问题。所提出评价指标通过一个简单而直观的数值实现对复现颜色光谱与色度评估。     

基于视觉感知的光谱评估尺度

光谱颜色复现和色度精度是评价光谱重建算法准确的基础。简单而直观的评价指标对颜色复现控制是必不可少。该指标需要同时表征复现颜色的光谱差和色度差。在研究光谱匹配评估的方法基础上,提出基于颜色视觉感知的三种光谱评估指标,通过加权人眼视觉匹配函数,实现颜色光谱差与色度的评估。通过孟塞尔颜色系统的光谱数据,该论文分析与验证三种视觉加权的评估指标的有效性。通过孟塞尔颜色系统数据,这些指标在CIELab均匀色空间中分布均匀而稳定,从而证明加权算法的评估指标是既表征到颜色感知又反映出颜色的光谱相似度。实证结果表明,加权的指标可以实现同时表征实际人眼的颜色感知和颜色光谱差异。基于人眼视觉感知的评估指标解决了颜色的原始光谱和重建光谱的光谱匹配精度的定量评价问题。所提出评价指标通过一个简单而直观的数值实现对复现颜色光谱与色度评估。     

牛顿环测量单色光波长的实验研究

探索牛顿环能否测量单色光的波长,首先用已知波长的钠黄光照射牛顿环,形成干涉图样,测量第m,n级的直径,然后用三种不同颜色的LED单色光作为光源,测量出相同级次时的直径大小,通过对比计算出三种颜色LED单色光的波长。     

基于多光谱和sRGB空间的自然植物色的重现

多光谱成像技术在颜色科学方面的应用主要在于准确的记录和复制拍摄场景的颜色信息。针对目前基于光谱的颜色重现设备昂贵、复杂和实现起来困难的问题,提出了物体颜色从反射光谱空间向sRGB颜色空间变换的方案。在遵循sRGB标准的设备上重现了D65光源下的218种自然植物颜色,所显示的颜色与植物反射光谱实物对应的名称一致。对8个自然植物在9种不同光源下和在sRGB空间下的颜色进行了预测显示。所提出的方案对在网络环境下实现相同实物在不同照明环境下的场景显示提供了可行的途径。     

基于LCD显示器光谱特性的图像颜色一致性研究

为了解决环境光和显示器色温对LCD显示器图像颜色再现有较大影响的问题,提出一种基于LCD显示器光谱特性的图像颜色一致性方法。通过测量在不同环境光和色温下99个行业认可颜色的光谱,总结出不同环境光和色温对LCD显示器图像颜色再现的光谱规律。利用不同环境光下的光谱叠加性及不同色温下的光谱对应规律,实现了不同环境光和色温下的LCD显示器图像颜色一致性,一致性后的图像平均主观评价Z得分为0.50。研究结果表明,该方法能够很好地解决不同环境光和色温下的LCD显示器图像颜色的一致性问题。     

天然植物花卉的反射光谱在显示器中的颜色复制特征

基于sRGB颜色空间作为显示器的色彩显示的重要颜色空间,首次对天然植物花卉反射光谱在sRGB颜色空间的复制特征进行了研究。针对天然植物花卉颜色由CIE1931XYZ向sRGB颜色空间转换过程中在sRGB空间中的“剪切”现象,分析了九种典型光源下218种天然植物花卉的反射光谱在sRGB颜色空间的颜色复制误差。考虑到D65光源的特殊性,对D65下的复制做了重点研究。研究结果表明,天然植物花卉颜色由CIE1931颜色空间向sRGB颜色空间转换时,“剪切现象”是造成空间转换误差的主要原因,存在剪切现象时,如果颜色分量剪切程度较小,同样可以不会带来大的色差,仍可能得到较好的颜色复制效果;D65光源下,218个天然植物花卉光谱中有8个“橙黄色”光谱的颜色在sRGB颜色空间中存在“剪切现象”,占总光谱数目的3.7%;D65下天然植物花卉颜色在sRGB中颜色复制效果最好,而在A光源下最差。     

Complex scaling and residual flavour symmetry in the neutrino mass matrix

We present an instance from nonequilibrium statistical mechanics which combines increase in entropy and finite Poincaré recurrence time. The model we consider is a variation of the well-known Kac’s ring where we consider balls of four colours. As is known, Kac introduced this model where balls arranged between lattice sites, in each time step, move one step clockwise. The colour of the balls change as they cross marked sites. This very simple example rationalize the increase in entropy and recurrence. In our variation, the interesting quantity which counts the difference in the number of balls of different colours is shown to reduce to a set of linear equations if the probability of change of colour is symmetric among a pair of colours. The transfer matrix turns out to be non-Hermitian with real eigenvalues, leading to all colours being equally likely for long times, and a monotonically varying entropy. The new features appearing due to four colours is very instructive.     

Cadmium colours: composition and properties

The composition and the properties of cadmium aquarelle colours are discussed. The examined colours were 24 different aquarelle cadmium colours from six different manufacturers. The colours ranged from light, bright yellows to dark, deep-red tones. The aim of this research was to find out if the pigments contain cadmium salts: sulphides and/or selenides. This information will help in choosing watercolours in conservation processes. Today, aquarelle colours not containing cadmium pigments are being sold as cadmium colours; thus their properties might be different from actual cadmium colours. The aim of the research was to verify that the colour samples contained cadmium pigments and to estimate their compositions and ageing properties. Element analyses were performed from colour samples using micro-chemical tests and X-ray fluorescence measurements. Thin-layer chromatography was used for analysing gum Arabic as a possible binding medium in the chosen colour samples. Through ageing tests, the resistance of the colour samples to the exposure to light, heat and humidity was studied. Visible-light spectroscopy was used in determining the hues and hue changes of the aquarelle colour samples. The spectrophotometer used the CIE L^*a^*b^* tone colour measuring system. From the colour measurements the changes in the lightness/darkness, the redness, the yellowness and the saturation of the samples were examined. PACS 32.30.Rj; 32.30.Jc; 33.20.Kf     

Colour image enhancement by white light spatial filtering

Colour enhancement of transparencies with degraded colours is obtained by attenuation of the zero order component of the white light spatial spectrum. The filtering is performed in two ways, directly and sequentially, and the efficiency of the enhancement is estimated through the measurement of the colour difference for several pairs of colours of the object. The method is described in detail and some colour results are presented.     

色偏振的理论及应用

本文就色偏振的理论作了详尽的分析。重点分析振幅Ａ１、Ａ２与角φ的关系，区别单色的干涉光与非干涉的白色背景光，得出在色偏振中光强、色纯度、互补色、变色位置和色调变化的规律。同时也对某些应用作了探讨。     

Spectral response data for development of cool coloured tile coverings

Most ancient or traditional buildings in Italy show steep-slope roofs covered by red clay tiles. As the rooms immediately below the roof are often inhabited in historical or densely urbanized centres, the combination of low solar reflectance of tile coverings and low thermal inertia of either wooden roof structures or sub-tile insulation panels makes summer overheating a major problem. The problem can be mitigated by using tiles coated with cool colours, that is colours with the same spectral response of clay tiles in the visible, but highly reflecting in the near infrared range, which includes more than half of solar radiation. Cool colours can yield the same visible aspect of common building surfaces, but higher solar reflectance.Studies aimed at developing cool colour tile coverings for traditional Italian buildings have been started. A few coating solutions with the typical red terracotta colour have been produced and tested in the laboratory, using easily available materials. The spectral response and the solar reflectance have been measured and compared with that of standard tiles.     

Two-colour operation of a Free-Electron Laser and applications in the mid-infrared

The two-colour operation of a Free-Electron Laser (FEL) has been demonstrated with the “CLIO” infrared facility. A two section undulator allows the production of picosecond laser pulses at two different wavelengths and simultaneously, in a wavelength range from to , and with a wavelength separation of two colours of up to . The time overlap, between both colours, has been measured on a picosecond time scale and on a microsecond time scale. An initial pump-probe application experiment has been performed with the two colours: stimulated emission has been measured in a 3-level Quantum-Well system. This is the best demonstration of the stability and reliability of the two-colour laser operation. Received: 4 November 1997 / Revised in final form: 31 March 1998 / Accepted: 10 April 1998     

Complementarity

As a painter I produce works that use heightened colour and as an important part of the composition I place complementary colours in different arrangements to produce optical effects resulting in local vibration or enhancement. But why do complementary colours have such a mutual effect? This paper discusses how complementarity occurs with reference to afterimages and simultaneous contrast including aspects of the neurophysiology of the eye and brain, the overlaying of images by retinal afterimages, the possible occurrence of involuntary saccades when viewing juxtaposed complementaries and an experimental study of the transmission spectra of images and their afterimages. Also included is a discussion of the use of complementaries in paintings.     

The colour of domestication and the designer chicken

Colour is an important feature of most living organisms. In the wild, colour has great significance affecting the survival and reproductive success of the species. The environmental constraints which lead to the specific colours of birds and animals are very strong and individuals of novel colours tend not to survive. Under domestication, mankind has transformed all the species involved which have thus been freed from environmental pressures to a large extent. Early colour variants were mostly selected for utility reasons or religious practices. In more recent centuries colour varieties have been created purely for ornament and pleasure, fashion playing a surprisingly large part in their development. A bewildering array of colours and patterns can now be found in all our commensal species, especially the Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).     

RGB method in immunofluorescence investigations on stem cells

Colour is not related to a particular discipline, but it is transversely present in many circles and in almost all the aspects of life. It has a special value in art, but also as far as other disciplines are concerned, like the sciences, the colour is at the basis of some of their intrinsic significances and it often needed to allow the interpretation of some of their phenomena as well. As regards the development of cell biology knowledge, colour acquired more and more importance in revealing the observations of the researchers. A field in which the methods based on the colours are particularly employed is the immunofluorescence, used to identify specific proteins in cells and tissues. These techniques combine the fluorochrome properties with specific molecules, i.e. antibodies, directed against particular substances to investigate, for example a specific protein. In single immunofluorescence analysis, the signal from an excited fluorochrome corresponds to a particular protein. In multiple immunofluorescence analysis, two or more signals are simultaneously detected to show the localization of different proteins on the same sample. The three primary colours red, green and blue were currently assigned to the signals from immunofluorescence-processed samples and visualized by the RGB method. In the present work, different examples of RGB applications in immunocytochemical investigations are showed: the first concerns the multiple analysis of three markers, localized in different loci of the cell plasma membrane; the second is related to the co-localization of two signals in the same site of specific subcellular structures. In this case the secondary colours, obtained by overlapping the primary ones, demonstrate the specific co-presence of two proteins in the same site. With the present paper, the authors wish to underline the relevant role of colours also in those areas in which colours are the means not the end.     

关于热生长SiO2薄膜厚度的测量

在半导体硅器件的研究工作中,需要准确地测量和控制SiO₂薄膜的厚度。由于干涉原理,SiO₂薄膜在白光照射下呈现颜色。但薄膜厚度与颜色相应的单色光的波长并不成简单的函数关系。本文叙述了用干涉显微镜测量热生长SiO₂薄膜厚度的方法。由测量结果得到SiO₂薄膜的折射率以及SiO₂和硅界面及空气和硅界面反射相移之差。并且测量了一组标准样品的薄膜厚度,列出了薄膜厚度与干涉颜色的对应关系。所得结果与从Rollet数据所推算的结果大致符合。样品厚度还包括了Rollet数据中所未包括的范围(3300—4200?)。