飞秒激光驱动超高应变率加载下铝材料的层裂特性

层裂损伤是材料动态损伤破坏研究中最重要的问题之一,其损伤特性和机制随加载应变率不同表现出明显的阶段性规律。超高应变率条件下材料层裂损伤特性、规律和机制研究已成为极端条件下材料动态响应研究的重要内容,在工程应用和基础研究领域均有重要意义。采用飞秒激光驱动冲击加载技术开展了超高应变率条件下铝材料的层裂损伤实验研究,利用啁啾频域干涉超快诊断方法对铝材料的层裂损伤过程进行了诊断,分析并获得了在109 s-1应变率条件下铝材料的层裂强度约为7 GPa,结合前人的研究数据,解读了铝材料层裂强度随应变率的变化规律。     

超高应变率载荷下铜材料层裂特性研究

超高应变率载荷下材料层裂特性研究对理解极端条件下材料动态破坏特性具有重要意义.利用双温模型结合分子动力学模拟研究分析了超高应变率载荷下铜材料的层裂特性,发现当应变率在10~9s~(-1)—10~(10)s~(-1)内时,铜材料层裂强度在19 GPa附近波动.而当材料发生冲击熔化时,铜的层裂强度下降到14.89 GPa.利用飞秒激光对铜样品靶进行冲击加载,并利用啁啾脉冲频谱干涉技术开展超快诊断,通过单发次实验测量获得了样品靶的自由面粒子速度演化历史,结果未见表征样品层裂的速度回跳和速度周期性振荡信号.结合冲击动力学理论得到样品自由面附近最大加载压强为8.18 GPa,小于超高应变率载荷下铜材料的层裂强度.此外,对回收样品扫描分析发现,铜样品未发生层裂且飞秒激光引起的冲击波对样品表面结构产生了很大影响.     

D6A、921和45钢的动态破坏与低压冲击特性

 通过对称碰撞研究了D6A、921和45钢的动态损伤与破坏行为。利用自由面速度的双波结构，结合材料在常压下的弹性纵波声速，确定了三种钢的低压Hugoniot关系，同时给出了三种钢的弹性Hugoniot屈服极限以及层裂强度。但是发现，屈服极限和层裂强度的材料分散性明显，在其影响下，层裂强度对加载幅度以及应变率的依赖性得不到体现，从而在其不确定度范围内，可将层裂强度看成一个常数。提出了一个唯象的损伤演化方程，在此基础上，对实验结果进行了部分数值模拟，数值模拟给出的层裂强度远大于近似解析模型的计算结果，两者之间的差异有待进一步研究。     

钽靶板在冲击下层裂过程的数值模拟

对平面冲击加载下延性金属钽的层裂行为开展了数值模拟研究。利用AUTODYN软件中的Lagrange与SPH求解模块,考察了3种本构模型Johnson-Cook、Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan与Zerilli-Armstrong的模拟结果,结合实验数据对模拟结果进行了验证;在此基础上,通过改变撞击速度与飞片厚度,获得了不同应变率下的自由面速度曲线,分析了不同应变率下的层裂特性。结果表明:在2.31×10⁴~5.40×10⁴s^?1应变率范围内,SPH求解器结合Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan本构模型的结果与实验数据具有较好的一致性;金属钽的层裂强度随拉伸应变率的增加而增大,在对数坐标系下近似呈线性关系;不同层裂强度计算方法得到的结果差异可达8%;随着拉伸应变率的增加,自由面速度回跳速率随之增长。最后,对自由面速度曲线中的特征参量的物理意义进行了解读。     

短脉冲载荷下金属材料的层裂破坏

 本文用点炮加载聚酯薄膜飞片撞击金属靶材料，飞片速度0.714~2.24 km/s，脉冲宽度40~80 ns，击靶压力为2.280~11.952 GPa。在回收的铝、铜和钢靶样品上观察到层裂现象。通过金相分析发现它们的破坏方式与在一般较长脉冲加载下的破坏方式相似，铝和铜以延性方式破坏；钢则以脆性方式破坏。一维和二维数值模拟结果表明通常的几种层裂判据在这个应力、应变和应变率范围内也基本上适用。     

强激光加载铝材料动态损伤特性及其微介观结构观测

在神光-Ⅱ装置上利用强激光加载铝材料进行高应变率(高于106s-1)层裂实验,研究不同初始温度下高纯铝材料的动态损伤特性。采用任意反射面速度干涉仪测量样品自由面速度剖面,由自由面速度剖面计算纯铝样品层裂强度与屈服应力。结果表明:随着温度升高,材料层裂强度减小,屈服应力增大。对激光加载前后样品进行金相分析,观察不同初始温度下纯铝材料的微介观结构变化及其损伤特性。结果表明:随着温度升高,样品晶粒尺度缓慢增大,但在873K(近熔点)时晶粒尺度急剧增加;层裂面附近小孔洞数目较多,孔洞尺寸也较大,而远离层裂面处,孔洞数目相对较少,且尺寸也较小;材料的断裂方式随温度升高由沿晶断裂为主逐渐变为穿晶断裂为主。     

冲击加载下42CrMo钢的动态力学性能及其本构关系

车轴作为高速列车走行部中的重要部件,不可避免地需承受冲击载荷作用。为研究车轴用42CrMo钢的冲击动态力学性能,对其进行了应变率0.001~4 163s-1范围内的压缩实验,结果显示42CrMo钢在高应变率下表现出明显的应变率效应,存在应变硬化以及一定的热软化效应。根据实验结果对Johnson-Cook模型中应变项和应变率项解耦,并引入绝热温升,得到改进的Johnson-Cook模型,改进Johnson-Cook模型能够较好地描述42CrMo钢的动态力学特性,为实际工程结构力学分析提供了参考。     

无氧铜平面冲击波实验的锰铜应力计测试

 利用纵向锰铜应力计,对无氧铜（OFHC）材料进行了层裂实验,得到了典型的层裂信号;同时测量试件中的纵向应力和横向应力,直接确定了其流动应力。对实验结果与理论计算结果进行了比较,讨论了高压、高应变率下的强度模型以及横向应力计测试问题。     

混凝土材料动态拉伸强度的应变率强化规律

混凝土是重要的工程材料,研究其在动态作用下的力学性能具有极其重要的意义与价值。混凝土材料的动态拉伸强度具有明显的应变率效应,而且在低应变率与高应变率条件下的动态强化因子ψDIF(DIF:Dynamic Increase Factor)与应变率的关系具有明显的区别。参考现有的相关综述文献,收集近二十余年来大量的混凝土动态拉伸试验结果数据,结合理论分析,探讨了在不同应变率阶段混凝土材料拉伸强度动态强化因子的变化规律,以及不同试验手段如直接拉伸、动态劈裂与层裂等对拉伸动态强化因子的影响规律。最后对试验结果进行拟合,得到混凝土材料在不同应变率区间时拉伸强度动态强化因子的预测表达式。研究表明:(1)混凝土材料的动态强化因子ψDIF随着应变率的增加呈递增趋势,ψDIF-lnε·-具有类似的线性关系;(2)混凝土材料的拉伸强度ψDIF值随应变率增加而递增的趋势在3个不同应变率阶段,斜率明显不同,在高应变率时变化趋势最明显;(3)无论是低应变率区间还是高应变率区间,混凝土的动态拉伸强度ψDIF值与试验方式(直接拉伸、动态劈裂、层裂及其他方式)并没有明显的关系。     

平面冲击下铜的拉伸应变率相关特性研究

本文对冲击加载下高纯无氧铜的拉伸应变率相关特性进行了实验研究.实验中利用磁测速系统测试撞击前飞片速度,利用光纤位移仪——多普勒探针系统测试样品自由面粒子速度剖面.对自由面速度剖面的特征参量进行计算分析,结果表明:铜样品的层裂强度随着拉伸应变率的增加而增加,对比发现层裂强度不仅受加载条件的影响,同时受到材料本身微细观结构影响;同时随着拉伸应变率的增加,自由面速度的回跳斜率呈现出先缓慢增加后迅速增加的临界特性;最后,通过层裂样品中波系相互作用,给出了自由面速度回跳过程中的振荡特征随着拉伸应变率增加而逐渐消失的物理过程.     

Influence of plastic deformation on fracture of an aluminum single crystal under shock-wave loading

The plastic deformation and the onset of fracture of single-crystal metals under shock-wave loading have been studied using aluminum as an example by the molecular dynamics method. The mechanisms of plastic deformation under compression in a shock wave and under tension in rarefaction waves have been investigated. The influence of the defect structure formed in the compression wave on the spall strength and the fracture mechanism has been analyzed. The dependence of the spall strength on the strain rate has been obtained.     

Improved CE/SE scheme with particle level set method for numerical simulation of spall fracture due to high-velocity impact

In the present paper, an Eulerian scheme combined with the hybrid particle level set method for numerical simulation of spall fracture due to high-velocity impact is proposed. An axisymmetric framework is established, based on an improved CE/SE scheme, to solve the high-velocity impact problems with large deformations, high strain rates and spall fractures. The hybrid particle level set method is adopted for tracking material interfaces and describing the formation and propagation of a crack. A novel representation of crack by level set is proposed. Numerical simulations are carried out and compared to the corresponding experimental results. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The edge effects are reproduced and the decrease of scab thickness with increase in impact velocity is observed owing to the numerical analysis. It is proved that our computational technique is feasible and reliable for analyzing the spall fracture.     

Metastable states,relaxation mechanisms,and fracture of liquids under severe loading conditions

The relaxation properties and fracture of glycerol, silicone oil, transformer oil, and water have been studied experimentally under shock wave loading. The power-law strain rate dependences of the stress amplitude and spall strength were found for the compression and rarefaction fronts, respectively. It was shown that temperature has a strong influence on the spall strength of glycerol near the phase transformation temperature. The power laws reflect a self-similar nature of the momentum transfer and fracture mechanisms of liquids that are conventionally observed in solids and governed by the mechanisms of defect-induced structural relaxation. The mechanisms of viscoelasticity are related to the metastable states that may give rise to a collective behavior of displacement field fluctuations (microshearing) in liquids and thus provide a viscoplastic response of liquids under high strain rate loading.     

Spall Strength of Resistance Spot Weld for QP Steel

The spall tests under the plane tensile pulses for resistance spot weld(RSW) of QP980 steel are performed by using a gun system.The velocity histories of free surfaces of the RSW are measured with the laser velocity interferometer system for any reflector.The recovered specimens are investigated with an Olympus GX71 metallographic microscope and a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The measured velocity histories are explained and used to evaluate the tension stresses in the RSW applying the characteristic theory and the assumption of Gathers.The spall strength(1977-2784 MPa) of the RSW for QP980 steel is determined based on the measured and simulated velocity histories.The spall mechanism of the RSW is brittle fracture in view of the SEM investigation of the recovered specimen.The micrographs of the as-received QP980 steel,the initial and recovered RSW of this steel for the spall test are compared to reveal the microstructure evolution during the welding and spall process.It is indicated that during the welding thermal cycle,the local martensitic phase transformation is dependent on the location within the fusion zone and the heat affected zone.It is presented that the transformation at high strain rate may be cancelled by other phenomenon while the evolution of weld defects is obvious during the spall process.It may be the stress triaxiality and strain rate effect of the RSW strength or the dynamic load-carrying capacity of the RSW structure that the spall strength of the RSW for QP980 steel is much higher than the uniaxial compression yield strength(1200 MPa) of the martensite phase in QP980 steel.Due to the weld defects in the center of the RSW,the spall strength of the RSW should be less than the conventional spall strength or the dynamic load-carrying capacity of condensed structure.     

Time dependence of the spall strength under nanosecond loading

The problem of spall fracture is considered using an incubation time criterion. Some experimental fracture effects are discussed. The spall strength is found to depend substantially on the pulse parameters, in particular, the rate of decrease of the load. The strain-rate and time dependences of spall strength are shown to be considered as calculated characteristics rather than as functions of a material.     

动态断裂过程的数值分析及LY-12铝的层裂

 本文从文献[1]中用于分析柱壳动态膨胀断裂过程的损伤度函数出发，将它推广到对一维应变下层裂过程的数值模拟研究。试件材料为LY-12铝，其特性方程取为含粘性的本构方程形式。数值计算结果很好地再现了实测自由面速度u_fs随时间t的变化过程，并表现出层裂强度σ_c及层裂面上的临界损伤度α_c都分别是应变率ε_c'的单调递增函数关系。σ_c~ε_c'的这种变化规律在许多文献中已屡见报道，例如可见文献[2-3]。在10⁵ s^-1~10⁶ s^-1应变率范围内，σ_c~ε_c'关系可以表示为ε_c'exp(-11.4α_c)=2 100 s^-1，这个式子可以作为一种层裂判据使用。数值计算还给出了层裂片的损伤度剖面，其形状特征与Barbee等对回收试件的细观测量结果在定性上一致。     

脉冲激光作用下铝靶的层裂

 本文报导波长为1.06 μm脉宽（FWHM）约4 ns的强脉冲激光辐照下，铝靶发生层裂的实验结果。当入射功率密度在2.0×10¹¹~5×10¹¹ W/cm²范围的激光束作用下，厚度为0.1 mm、0.2 mm的靶在超临界条件下发生层裂，层裂厚度分别在(17±6) μm及(35±5) μm范围。文中使用一种简化模型对阈值条件下不同厚度的靶发生层裂时的层裂片厚度作了近似估算，并与已有的实验结果较好地符合。     

Resistance to deformation and fracture of aluminum AD1 under shock-wave loading at temperatures of 20 and 600°C

The results of measurements of the dynamic elastic limit and spall strength under shock-wave loading of aluminum samples AD1 of thicknesses between 0.5 and 10.0 mm at room temperature and at temperature increased up to 600°C are presented. The anomalous thermal hardening of aluminum under high strain rate has been confirmed. An analysis of the decay of precursors at temperatures of 20 and 600°C has shown that the change in the main mechanism of drag of dislocations occurs at a strain rate equal approximately to 5 × 10³ s⁻¹, which agrees with the results of measurements by the Hopkinson split bar method. The results of measurements of the spall strength in a wide range of strain rates add the previously obtained data and agree with them.