二苯丙氨酸二肽微纳米结构的可控组装及应用

近年来,生物组装单元构筑微纳米结构的组装体在生物纳米技术等领域得到了广泛的研究。不同形貌的微纳米组装体可以通过生物分子的自组装这样快速、简便的方法获得。在众多肽基构筑基元中,二苯丙氨酸二肽及其衍生物作为一种生物活性的肽,具有生物兼容性好、容易化学修饰/生物功能化、制备简单等特点,是构筑微纳米结构材料时重要的生物基元之一。通过可控的方法组装,可以得到基于二苯丙氨酸及其衍生物的不同结构的组装体,他们在光学、机械工程、电化学传感检测等方面也具有广阔的应用前景。研究证明通过改变组装条件以及引入外源小分子等方法可以实现调控短肽的分子组装。本文综述了二苯丙氨酸二肽微纳米组装体的可控组装及他们在生物医学、生物传感、光电材料、光波导和催化等方面的应用。     

肽基超分子胶体

肽基超分子胶体是基于肽分子间超分子作用,自发形成且具有有序分子排布及规整结构,兼具传统胶体及超分子特性的组装体系。利用超分子弱相互作用构筑功能性胶体,不仅是人们对生命组装进程深入理解的有效手段,也是实现优异的超分子材料的重要途径。肽分子具有组成明确、性能可调、生物安全性高及可降解等优势,是超分子化学、胶体与界面化学领域重要的组装基元。基于肽的超分子自组装,能够实现多尺度、多功能的生物胶体的构筑,被广泛应用于医药、催化、能源等领域。如何通过对肽序列的设计及分子间作用力的调控,实现对胶体结构和功能的精确控制,是近年来研究的重要课题之一。从分子尺度研究和揭示超分子胶体的组装过程及物理化学机制,探究胶体结构与功能的关系,是实现超分子结构和功能化的重要内容。本文基于"分子间作用的调控"及"结构与功能的关系"两个基本科学问题,系统地综述了肽基超分子胶体的组装机制、结构与功能,以及研究现状。     

多肽分子自组装

源于自然界中广泛存在的蛋白质自组装现象,近年来多肽的自组装逐渐成为材料学和生物医学等领域的研究热点.通过合理调控多肽的分子结构以及改变外界的环境,多肽分子可以利用氢键、疏水性作用、π-π堆积作用等非共价键力自发或触发地自组装形成形态与结构特异的组装体.由于多肽自身具有良好的生物相容性和可控的降解性能,利用多肽自组装技术构建的各种功能性材料在药物控制释放、组织工程支架材料以及生物矿化等领域内有着巨大的应用前景.本文总结了近年来多肽自组装研究的进展,介绍了多肽自组装技术常见的几种结构模型,概括了多肽自组装的机理,并进一步阐述多肽自组装形成的组装体形态及其在材料学和生物医学等领域里的应用.     

二维有机组装体的可控制备

二维有机组装体是一类具有特殊形貌和性质的有序结构, 有可能带来新功能和光电子领域的潜在应用, 但如何实现二维有机组装体的可控制备是尚待解决的问题. 针对这一问题, 我们通过对构筑基元的理性设计, 调控分子间的相互作用, 发展了三种可控制备二维有机组装体的新方法: (1)利用疏水有机阴离子作为Bola型两亲分子的抗衡离子, 能够削弱亲水头基间的静电排斥作用, 从而诱导两亲分子的组装结构从一维向二维转变; (2)基于非共价键形成超两亲分子, 通过设计和控制超两亲分子的拓扑结构, 简便有效地实现二维组装体的制备; (3)通过共价修饰或引入新的非共价键, 以限制三维结构在某一方向上的生长, 从而降低三维结构的维度, 也能实现二维组装体的可控制备. 未来, 上述研究有望进一步拓展, 并实现功能二维有机组装体的构筑.     

精准宏观超分子组装

宏观超分子组装是近年来超分子科学的新兴研究方向,其本质是表面修饰有大量超分子官能团的宏观构筑基元的界面组装.由于组装过程中存在较多热力学亚稳态,导致最终产生大量非精准组装体,整体结构有序度低,制约了其在高性能超分子材料方面的应用,因此,如何实现精准宏观超分子组装,构建有序超分子结构,成为了制约宏观超分子组装发展的瓶颈问题之一.本专论从宏观超分子组装的概念与组装机制出发,根据宏观超分子组装过程的特点,分析阐述了组装体中存在不同界面匹配度的热力学亚稳态的问题;继而,从能量面的角度展开分析,总结和归纳了提高组装结构有序度的精准组装策略,包括:(1)利用组装体热力学稳定性差异,设计各向异性构筑基元诱导目标组装结构的形成,发展自纠错策略提高组装界面匹配度;(2)引入宏观构筑基元的组装动力学设计,使构筑基元发生自驱动运动并通过界面长程力取向,使组装界面达到高度匹配,实现近热力学平衡态的精准组装,直接获得精准结构.进而,结合精准宏观超分子组装制备的有序结构,我们展望了其在构建组织工程支架方面的应用前景.     

高效光催化分解水制氢的人工光合组装体

<正>自组装是组装基元通过非共价键的相互作用自发形成特定结构的过程,是创造新物质和产生新功能的重要手段。自然界光合作用中心的原初反应是由集成在光合膜中的功能分子组装体高效完成。通过分子设计和组装手段构筑人工光合组装体不仅可以从结构和功能上模拟自然界光合作用中心制氢放氧的反应过程,而且能够为设计具有高效光催化分解水功能的人工光合组装体开辟新途径。     

超分子体系中自组装基元的相互作用与理论设计

超分子体系中最典型的应用之一即是合理选择自组装构筑基元并精确调控其相互作用的协同效果,进一步制备具有光、电、自修复等特征的功能材料.为了实现精确调控自组装基元之间相互作用的目标,需要在微观层次认识不同类型非共价键相互作用的本质,正确描述它们协同的效果,进一步协调考虑体系熵与焓的贡献,合理设计自组装构筑基元.本文主要介绍了在超分子弱相互作用的精确描述、计算机模拟中静电长程相互作用的正确处理、接枝聚合物纳米粒子结构的微观特征以及聚合物/纳米粒子复合物聚集结构的影响因素等方面的研究进展.     

蛋白质与高分子的自组装

蛋白质是一类具有独特三维空间结构的生物高分子,其分子内部非共价键协同作用是形成三维空间结构的重要驱动力。同时,蛋白质分子与其他高分子之间也可以通过非共价键作用实现自组装。高分子链和蛋白质的结构特征是实现自组装的关键,溶液pH值、离子强度以及温度的变化会影响它们之间非共价键作用的类型和强度。本文归纳了水溶性高分子、嵌段共聚物和多糖与球状蛋白自组装的最新研究进展,分别从分子结构特征和溶液性质等因素讨论了其对高分子与蛋白质实现自组装的影响。其中,多糖与蛋白质的非共价键作用是化学与生物科学交叉领域最为活跃的研究课题之一,通过研究蛋白质与其他高分子的非共价键作用,对于理解和认识生命过程的本质与规律具有重要的意义,同时,在材料科学、纳米技术、食品科学等相关领域具有重要的应用价值。     

基于多酸/嵌段共聚物的刺激响应性杂化功能材料

多酸具有多种拓扑结构和优异的理化性质,在光、电、磁、催化、生物医药等领域具有广阔的应用前景,在材料制备中常通过将多酸引入到有机体系构筑杂化材料来改善其加工性能.在有机分子中,嵌段共聚物具有良好的加工性、刺激响应性以及拓扑结构所赋予的特殊的自组装性能,是非常有潜力的一类杂化材料构筑基元.将多酸和嵌段共聚物作为自组装基元构筑杂化材料,能够将二者的优点相结合,同时开发出新的性能.多酸和嵌段共聚物的杂化可以通过共价键和非共价键2种方式实现,前者稳定性好,后者灵活简单.本文着眼于通过非共价键方式构筑的杂化体系,主要介绍了杂化体系的构筑策略以及刺激响应性.     

仿病毒衣壳自组装体及其生物医学应用

仿病毒衣壳结构自组装体具有重要的基础研究和应用价值,是化学、材料、生物医学等多学科前沿交叉领域.本文从天然病毒衣壳的基本结构和特征出发,立足于从结构仿生到功能仿生的角度,综述了以天然病毒衣壳蛋白质和人工合成材料为组装基元构建仿病毒衣壳自组装体的策略,及其形态结构的调控和功能优化等.重点论述了近年来合成肽类分子在仿病毒衣壳自组装体结构和功能方面的进展.同时,就仿病毒衣壳自组装体在药物控释、基因传递等生物医学领域的应用也做了论述.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.