C60掺杂物超导性EHMO晶体轨道研究

本文对晶态C60, K3C60, K6C60, Rb3C60, Rb6C60, RbCs2C60, Rb2CsC60,KRb2C60, K2RbC60, K2CsC60, Na2CsC60, Li2CsC60, Na2RbC60, Na2KC60进行了EHMO三维晶体轨道的能带结构计算。计算结果除了得到能带结构外, 还得到了这类掺杂物的总态密度, 原子与轨道净电荷, 晶体轨道矢量, 单胞内外原子与轨道投影态密度等。利用上述结果不仅可以从理论上说明A3C60的超导性以及C60和A6C60的绝缘性; 而且还得到ln(1/Tc)和-1/NEf之间一种近似的线性关系, 这个结论与BCS理论的预测非常吻合。     

Self-assembled photoresponsive amphiphilic diphenylaminofluorene-C60 conjugate vesicles in aqueous solution

Water-soluble oligo(ethylene glycolated) derivatives of two-photon absorptive diphenylaminofluorenocarbonyl-methano[60]fullerene, denoted as C60(>DPAF-EG6), were synthesized with their molecular self-assembly characteristics in H2O studied. The formation of nano- to submicron-sized spherical hollow vesicles with a shell width of 15-20 nm was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs. This shell width fits approximately with the length of a disordered bilayer-like molecular packing of C60(>DPAF-EG6), arising from strong intermolecular hydrophobic interactions of fullerene cages. Photoinduced intramolecular charge separation followed by charge recombination on the nanosecond time scale, from the DPAF moiety to the C60 cage in the vesicle structure, was detected via transient spectroscopic measurements.     

Incorporating C2 into C60 films

The material formed by depositing C(2)(-) anions onto/into thin C(60) films (on graphite) at room temperature has been studied by means of thermal desorption mass spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoionization spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. As-prepared, C(2)/C(60) films manifest thermal desorption behaviour which differs significantly from pure C(60) films. Whereas the latter can be fully sublimed, we observe decomposition of C(2)/C(60) films to a high-temperature-stable material while predominantly C(60), C(62), and C(64) are desorbed in parallel. Deposition of C(2)(-) also leads to significantly modified electronic and vibrational properties. Based on DFT model calculations of the Raman spectra, we suggest that as-prepared C(2)/C(60) films contain appreciable amounts of polymeric networks comprising -C(2)-C(60)-C(2)-C(60)- chains. Detection of sublimed C(62) and C(64) upon heating implies that thermal decomposition of C(2)/C(60) films involves addition/uptake of C(2) units into individual fullerene cages. Correspondingly, annealing films up to various intermediate temperatures results in significant modifications to valence-band UP spectra as well as to surface topographies as imaged by AFM. The novel carbonaceous material obtained by heating to T > 950 K has a finite density of states at the Fermi level in contrast to as-prepared C(2)/C(60). It comprises fused fullerene cages.     

The structure and stability of Si60 and Ge60 cages: a computational study

Structural studies of fullerene-like Si(60) and Ge(60) cages using ab initio methods were augmented by density functional tight-binding molecular dynamics (DFTB-MD) simulations of finite temperature effects. Neither the perfect I(h) symmetry nor the distorted T(h) structures are true minima. The energies of both are high relative to distorted, lower symmetry minima, C(i) and T, respectively, which still preserve C(60)-type connectivity. Both Si(60) and Ge(60) favor C(i) symmetry cages in which Si and Ge vertexes exhibit either near-trigonal or pyramidal geometries. These structural variations imply significant reactivity differences between different positions. The small magnetic shielding effects (NICS) indicate that aromaticity is not important in these systems. The inorganic fullerene cages have lower stabilities compared with their carbon analogs. Si(60) is stable towards spontaneous disintegration up to 700 K according to DFTB-MD simulations, and thus has potential for experimental observation. In contrast, Ge(60) preserves its cage structure only up to 200 K.     

Desorption of C60 upon thermal decomposition of cesium C58 fullerides

A monodispersed fullerene material comprising exclusively C(58) cages was doped with Cs to generate Cs(x)C(58) films of various compositions. The resulting modified properties have been studied using a variety of surface analysis methods with emphasis on thermal desorption and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies. Cs doping raises the thermal stability of C(58) films which are characterized by quasi-covalent cage-cage bonds between annelated pentagon sites. Desorption mass spectra show emission of significant amounts of C(60) at elevated temperatures implying that Cs doping can activate C(58)→C(60) conversion in the condensed phase. In the case of saturated Cs(x)C(58) films, up to 4.5% of the initially deposited C(58) can be desorbed as C(60). From the spectroscopic data, we infer that Cs insertion and transport into the interstitial sites of the C(58) solid is accompanied by spontaneous electron transfer to the electronegative fullerene framework-leading to a weakening of intercage carbon-carbon bonds. At the same time, the overall cohesion of the solid film is enhanced by the formation of multiple ionic Cs(+) (β)C(58) (-) (δ) interactions. Near 800 K, Cs(+) activates∕catalyzes concerted disproportionation reactions resulting in the transfer of C(2) from C(58) (-) (δ) to neighbouring cages to yield C(60) (and C(56)). Heating Cs(x)C(58) films to beyond this temperature range yields a (high temperature) stable reaction product with a significantly modified UP spectrum and a finite density of states at the Fermi level.     

Generalized Stone-Wales transformation as the possible origin of ferromagnetism in polymeric C60: a density-functional theory study

Recently, there has been a proposal [Y.-H. Kim et al., Phys. Rev. B 68, 125420 (2003)] suggesting that ferromagnetic interactions in compressed and heated polymeric-C(60) solids could be due to the existence of triplet open cages resulting from successive generalized Stone-Wales transformations within the C(60) cage. Here, by performing B3LYP3-21G and B3LYP6-31G(d) optimizations, we carried out a systematic investigation of the thermodynamics and kinetics of the mechanism of generation of these open cages in their closed-shell singlet, open-shell singlet, and triplet states. We also computed the magnetic interactions induced by the open cages presenting a triplet ground state. Our results indicate that this mechanism is not appropriate to explain the ferromagnetism found in compressed and heated polymeric C(60) for the following reasons: (a) the formation of the only open cage presenting a triplet ground state requires overpassing a highest energy point of 318 kcal/mol, well above other competitive mechanisms reported in the literature; the triplet open cages formed are not stable against their transformation into a diamagnetic intermediate; (c) the magnetic interactions between two adjacent triplet open cages are antiferromagnetic.     

Contrasting photodynamics between C60-dithiapyrene and C60-pyrene dyads

The photodynamics of a C60-dithiapyrene donor-acceptor conjugate were compared with the corresponding C60-pyrene conjugate. The photoinduced charge separation and subsequent charge recombination processes were examined by time-resolved fluorescence measurements on the picosecond timescale and transient absorption measurements on the picosecond and microsecond timescales with detection in the visible and near-infrared regions. We have observed quite long lifetimes (i.e., up to 1.01 ns) for the photogenerated charge-separated state in a C60-dithiapyrene dyad without the need for i) a long spacer between the two moieties, or ii) a gain in aromaticity in the radical ion pair.     

Density functional theory calculations for endohedral complexes of non-pi C60H60 cage with small guest molecules

Hybrid density-functional theory (B3LYP) calculations were carried out to determine the structures and energies of endohedral complexes of non-pi C(60)H(60) with H(2), CO, and LiH. It was demonstrated that the endohedral complexes of C(60)H(60) with the above three guest molecules are more stable than the corresponding complexes with C(60). Furthermore, the interaction between C(60)H(60) and the inside H(2) or CO is negligible, but the formation of the LiH-C(60)H(60) complex is exothermic with a stabilization energy of -6.0 kcal/mol. While the bond lengths of H(2) and CO changed a little when placed inside the cages, that of the LiH molecule increased and decreased inside C(60)H(60) and C(60), respectively.     

Endohedral and external through-space shieldings of the fullerenes c50, c60, c60(-6), c70, and c70(-6)-visualization of (anti)aromaticity and their effects on the chemical shifts of encapsulated nuclei

Endohedral and external through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRS) and the magnetic susceptibilities of the fullerene carbon cages of C50, C60, C60(-6), C70, and C70(-6) were assessed by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Employing the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) concept, these TSNMRS were visualized as isochemical shielding surfaces (ICSS) and were applied to quantitatively estimate either the aromaticity or the anti-aromaticity on the fullerene surface pertaining to the five- or six-membered ring moieties and the shielding of any nuclei enclosed within the carbon cages. Differences between the NICSs calculated at the center of the fullerene carbon cages and the experimental chemical shifts of encapsulated NMR-active nuclei as well as experimental shieldings observed for different encapsulated nuclei were able to be understood readily for the first time.     

面心立方C60表面过程的计算机模拟

近年来发现的C60及其金属掺杂化合物形成一个新的材料族，其半导体性质、超导性质及非线性光学性质已受到广泛注意，但目前对这类材料的表面性质尚缺乏研究，我们曾采用参数化的Lenard－Jones6－12模型函数比较不同晶型C6o的相对稳定性　[1]，预测面心立方C60（FccC60）的声子散射频率和态密度[2]，并计算其表面能[3]，取得有意义的结果，表明这一简单模型势能函数是C60分子间有效范德华作用的一种合理抽提．本工作进一步将该势能函数应用于研究fccC60表面吸附分子的迁移机理，并用蒙特卡罗方法模拟fcC（110）及（100）晶面的熔化过程，…     

Prolonged charge-separated states of starburst tetra(diphenylaminofluoreno)[60]fullerene adducts upon photoexcitation

Construction of starburst C60(>DPAF-C9)4 pentads was coupled with the use of highly fluorescent diphenylaminofluorene-C9 (DPAF-C9) addends as donor components in conjunction with the fullerene acceptor during single-photon excitation processes. High quantum yields (PhiCS) of charge-separation processes in the range 0.83-0.90 for C60(>DPAF-C9)n (n = 1, 2, or 4) were obtained in the formation of C60*-(>DPAF*+-C9)(>DPAF-C9)n-1 transient states. The lifetime of the radical ion-pairs (tauRIP) was found to be 900 ns for starburst C60(>DPAF-C9)4 (3) samples, which is 6-fold longer than that of the linear analogue C60(>DPAF-C9) (1), with a ca. 2 times increase of the charge-separation rate (kCS) compared to that of 1. These data implied the important role of sterically hindered DPAF-C9 pendants arranged in a starburst-like environment that encapsulates the central C60 core on extending the tauRIP. We interpreted the phenomena by the occurrence of intramolecular migration or exchange of electron or positive charge among multiple DPAF-C9 pendants of C60*-(>DPAF*+-C9)(>DPAF-C9)n-1, which gives an increased rate in charge generation and delayed charge recombination.     

C120O-和C120O2-的电子结构的理论研究

用INDO系列方法对双笼氧化物C₁₂₀O的负离子C₁₂₀O^-和C₁₂₀O^2-的电子结构进行了理论研究.结果表明:C₁₂₀O^-和C₁₂₀O^2-中负电荷平均分布在两个碳笼上,而O的单电子自旋密度几乎为零,离子中两碳笼有较弱的相互作用,C₁₂₀O^2-的基态为三态.     

Bond orders and atomic properties of the highly deformed halogenated fullerenes C60F18 and C60Cl30 derived from their charge densities

The experimental charge densities of the halogenated C(60) fullerenes C(60)F(18) and C(60)Cl(30) were determined from high-resolution X-ray data sets measured with conventional Mo(Kalpha) radiation at 20 K for C(60)Cl(30) and with synchrotron radiation at 92 K for the fluorine compound. Bond topological and atomic properties were analyzed by using Bader's AIM theory. For the different C--C bonds, which vary in lengths between 1.35 and 1.70 A bond orders n between n=2 and significantly below n=1 were calculated from the bond topological properties at the bond critical points (BCP's). The low bond orders are seen for 5/6 bonds with each contributing carbon carrying a halogen atom. By integration over Bader's zero flux basins in the electron density gradient vector field atomic properties were also obtained. In contrast to free C(60), in which all carbon atoms have a uniform volume of 11 A(3) and zero charge, atomic volumes vary roughly between 5 and 10 A(3) in the halogenated compounds. Almost zero atomic charges are also found in the Cl derivative but a charge separation up to +/-0.8 e exists between C and F in C(60)F(18) due to the higher fluorine electronegativity, which is also seen in the electrostatic potential for which the electronegativity difference between carbon and fluorine, and the addition to one hemisphere of the fullerene cage leads to a strong potential gradient along the C(60)F(18) molecule. From the summation over all atomic volumes it follows that the halogen addition does not only lead to a dramatic distortion of the C(60) cage but also to a significant shrinkage of its volume.     

Synthesis and characterization of monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett films of an amphiphilic oligo(ethylene glycol)-C60-hexadecaaniline conjugate

A novel amphiphilic oligo(ethylene glycol)-C60-hexadecaaniline (A16) tricomponent conjugate, C60>(A16-EG43), possessing a well-defined number of repeating aniline donor units and a hydrophilic ethylene glycol oligomer chain was synthesized. The compound is composed of a covalently bound donor-acceptor chromophore structure. Molecular self-assembly of C60>(A16-EG43) at the air-water interface formed a densely packed Langmuir monolayer with all highly hydrophobic fullerene cages located above the liquid interface. The monolayer can then be transferred onto a glass substrate via Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition. LB multilayered thin films formed by multiple deposition of the monolayer yielded broadened optical absorption peaks extending beyond 600 nm into the 950 nm region, suggesting strong intermolecular interactions among the C60 cages and the A16 moieties. An X-ray reflectometry study clearly reveals that the Langmuir film at the air-water interface consists of a C60 top layer and a bottom layer containing hexcadecaaniline and oligo(ethylene glycol) with gradually decreasing electron density over a distance of approximately 130 A above bulk water. The pressure isotherm shows that the packing density of the C60>(A16-EG43) monolayer, corresponding to a molecular area of approximately 95 A2/molecule, is similar to that of the surface area of the C60 monolayer. This result suggests that C60 packing plays a dominant role in guiding the formation of the monolayer structure. Further photoexcitation of hexadecaaniline moieties of aligned (C60>)-A16 layers by a flash light source induces cross linking between adjacent A16 segments forming an interlinked A16 array. Our results have demonstrated a unique fabrication method for preparing the aligned donor-acceptor array using strong intermolecular interactions between fullerenes as the molecular orientation guiding force in the Langmuir-Blodgett technique.     

Dynamic pathway model for the formation of C(60)

We present a dynamic pathway model for the formation of C(60) using the action-derived molecular dynamics simulations. We propose candidate precursors for dynamic pathway models in which carbons spontaneously aggregate due to favorable energetics and kinetics. Various planar polycyclic models are in a disadvantageous state where they cannot be trapped in the forward reaction due to their high excess internal energies. Our simulation results show that precursors either in the shape of tangled polycyclics or in the shape of open cages are kinetically favored over precursors in the shape of planar hexagonal graphite fragments. Calculated activation energies for the probable precursor models are in good agreement with experiment. Existence of chains in the models of tangled polycyclics and open cages is beneficially for the formation of C(60) molecule. Chains attached to the precursor model are energetically favorable and display lithe movements along the dynamic pathway.     

Photoinduced processes in a tricomponent molecule consisting of diphenylaminofluorene-dicyanoethylene-methano[60]fullerene

Photoinduced intramolecular processes in a tricomponent molecule C60(>(CN)2-DPAF), consisting of an electron-accepting methano[60]fullerene moiety (C60>) covalently bound to an electron-donating diphenylaminofluorene (DPAF) unit via a bridging dicyanoethylenyl group [(CN)2], were investigated in comparison with (CN)2-DPAF. On the basis of the molecular orbital calculations, the lowest charge-separated state of C60(>(CN)2-DPAF) is suggested to be C60*-(>(CN)2-DPAF*+) with the negative charge localized on the fullerene cage, while the upper state is C60(>(CN)2*--DPAF*+). The excited-state events of C60(>(CN)2-DPAF) were monitored by both time-resolved emission and nanosecond transient absorption techniques. In both nonpolar and polar solvents, the excited charge-transfer state decayed mainly through initial energy-transfer process to the C60 moiety yielding the corresponding 1C60, from which charge separation took place leading to the formation of C60*-(>(CN)2-DPAF*+) in a fast rate and high efficiency. In addition, multistep charge separation from C60(>(CN)2*--DPAF*+) to C60*-(>(CN)2-DPAF*+) may be possible with the excitation of charge-transfer band. The lifetimes of C60*-(>(CN)2-DPAF*+) are longer than the previously reported methano[60]fullerene-diphenylaminofluorene C60(>(C=O)-DPAF) with the C60 and DPAF moieties linked by a methanoketo group. These findings suggest an important role of dicyanoethylenyl group as an electron mediating bridge in C60(>(CN)2-DPAF).     

Energy and electron transfer in beta-alkynyl-linked porphyrin-[60]fullerene dyads

Three porphyrin-fullerene dyads, in which a diyne bridge links C(60) with a beta-position on a tetraarylporphyrin, have been synthesized. The free-base dyad was prepared, as well as the corresponding Zn(II) and Ni(II) materials. These represent the first examples of a new class of conjugatively linked electron donor-acceptor systems in which pi-conjugation extends from the porphyrin ring system directly to the fullerene surface. The processes that occur following photoexcitation of these dyads were examined using fluorescence and transient absorption techniques on the femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond time scales. In sharp contrast to the photodynamics associated with singlet excited-state decay of reference tetraphenylporphyrins (ZnTPP, NiTPP, and H(2)TPP), the diyne-linked dyads undergo ultrafast (<10 ps) singlet excited-state deactivation in toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and benzonitrile (PhCN). Transient absorption techniques with the ZnP-C(60) dyad clearly show that in toluene intramolecular energy transfer (EnT) to ultimately generate C(60) triplet excited states is the dominant singlet decay mechanism, while intramolecular electron transfer (ET) dominates in THF and PhCN to give the ZnP(*+)/C(60)(*-) charge-separated radical ion pair (CSRP). Electrochemical studies indicate that there is no significant charge transfer in the ground states of these systems. The lifetime of ZnP(*+)/C(60)(*-) in PhCN was approximately 40 ps, determined by two different types of transient absorption measurement in two different laboratories. Thus, in this system, the ratio of the rates for charge separation (k(CS)) to rates for charge recombination (k(CR)), k(CS)/k(CR), is quite small, approximately 7. The fact that charge separation (CS) rates increase with increasing solvent polarity is consistent with this process occurring in the normal region of the Marcus curve, while the slower charge recombination (CR) rates in less polar solvents indicate that the CR process occurs in the Marcus inverted region. While photoinduced ET occurs on a similar time scale in a related dyad 15 in which a diethynyl bridge connects C(60) to the para position of a meso phenyl moiety of a tetrarylporphyrin, CR occurs much more slowly; i.e., k(CS)/k(CR) approximately equal to 7400. Thus, the position at which the conjugative linker is attached to the porphyrin moiety has a dramatic influence on k(CR) but not on k(CS). On the basis of electron density calculations, we tentatively conclude that unfavorable orbital symmetries inhibit charge recombination in 15 vis a vis the beta-linked dyads.     

外电场对N@C60, P@C60, As@C60分子结构和性质的影响

用量子力学方法研究了N@C60, P@C60, As@C60分子的几何和电子特征. 计算结果表明, 形成富勒烯包合物后, 碳笼只有微小的变形, 3种内包原子在笼中处于不同的位置, 碳笼与内包原子之间有明显的电荷转移和自旋轨道相互作用, 生成能分别为6.32, 70.88, -53.05 kJ/mol. 内包原子的3个单占据分子轨道(SOMO)能量变化很大, 并由于和碳笼作用而发生劈裂. 在外电场作用下, 分子的电子密度沿电场方向发生转移.分子的能量随外加电场的增强而降低. 分子轨道能级、能隙及SOMO轨道的能量和能级劈裂也发生了变化.     

中间体C60(CH3)-和产物C60(CH3)2的结构及产物

用INDO系列方法对C₆₀^2-与CH₃反应的中间体C₆₀(CH₃)^-进行理论研究,得到具有Cs对称性的构型。结果表明,CH₃加成到C₁₅上,将使与其相邻的双键碳(C₃₀)的电荷密度和自旋密度达极大值,故加成反应部位在C₃₀处;另外,C₁₅的对位C₁₂(或C₂₇)也较其它部位易于反应,且有两个反应场所,因而产物C₆₀(CH₃)₂可能为六元环上的1,2-加成和1,4-加成两种异构体的混合物。同时对两种加成产物的结构和电子光谱进行了理论研究,指认其电子跃迁,并讨论了其光谱红移的原因。     

Photoinduced intramolecular electron-transfer processes in [60]fullerene and N,N-Bis(biphenyl)aniline molecular systems in solutions

Photoinduced intramolecular charge-separation and charge-recombination processes in covalently connected C(60)-(spacer)-bis(biphenyl)aniline (C(60)-sp-BBA) and C(60)-((spacer)-bis(biphenyl)aniline)(2) (C(60)-(sp-BBA)(2)) have been studied by time-resolved fluorescence and transient absorption methods. Since a flexible alkylthioacetoamide chain was employed as the spacer, the folded structures in which the BBA moiety approaches the C(60) moiety were obtained as optimized structures by molecular orbital calculations. The observed low fluorescence intensity and the short fluorescence lifetime of the C(60) moiety of these molecular systems indicated that charge separation takes place via the excited singlet state of the C(60) moiety in a quite fast rate and high efficiency even in the nonpolar solvent toluene, which was a quite new observation compared with reported dyads with different spacers. From the absorption bands at 880 and 1000 nm in the nanosecond transient absorption spectra, generations of C(60)(.-)-sp-BBA(.+) and C(60)(.-)-(sp-BBA(.+))(sp-BBA) were confirmed. The rates of charge separation and charge recombination for C(60)-(sp-BBA)(2) are faster than those for C(60)-sp-BBA, suggesting that one of the BBA moieties approaches the C(60) moiety by pushing another BBA moiety because of the flexible spacers.