基于光谱反射率的两种土壤有机质数学建模方法对比

已有土壤有机质的光谱预测模型其适用性受建模样本的采样尺度、土壤类型及光谱参数限制,需要在大尺度及范围上进一步检验适用性,并比较分析不同建模方法的建模效果以寻求适用性更好、精度更高的定量模型.在黑河上游大尺度范围采得225个土壤样品,进行了土壤有机质(SOC)及光谱反射率测定后将样本划分为建模集(180个土样)与验证集(45个土样).将土壤光谱反射率(R)变换处理后得到连续统去除(CR)、倒数(REC)、倒数之对数(LR)、一阶微分(FDR)及Kubelka-Munck变换系数共6种指标,针对建模集分别采用逐步线性回归与偏最小二乘回归方法建立12种光谱指标与SOC的数学模型,并采用验证集进行模型预测效果评价.结果表明:(1)采用逐步线性回归或偏最小二乘回归方法建模,LR指标对SOC变化的解释效果都是最好,是SOC的最优预测因子.(2)基于LR指标建立的SOC模型中,采用偏最小二乘回归模型比逐步线性回归模型的预测精度更好,相较于黑河上游已有的经验模型,偏最小二乘回归法建立的模型的预测效果也更好.(3)采用本实验的225个土壤样品对比验证了黑河上游仅有的SOC模型.该模型的SOC预测值与实测值通过了均值T检验且Pearson相关系数达0.826,表明在局部典型区域建立的SOC预测模型,可以应用到更大尺度上的土壤有机质预测研究.     

基于光谱反射率的两种土壤有机质数学建模方法对比（英文）

已有土壤有机质的光谱预测模型其适用性受建模样本的采样尺度、土壤类型及光谱参数限制,需要在大尺度及范围上进一步检验适用性,并比较分析不同建模方法的建模效果以寻求适用性更好、精度更高的定量模型。在黑河上游大尺度范围采得225个土壤样品,进行了土壤有机质(SOC)及光谱反射率测定后将样本划分为建模集(180个土样)与验证集(45个土样)。将土壤光谱反射率(R)变换处理后得到连续统去除(CR)、倒数(REC)、倒数之对数(LR)、一阶微分(FDR)及Kubelka-Munck变换系数共6种指标,针对建模集分别采用逐步线性回归与偏最小二乘回归方法建立12种光谱指标与SOC的数学模型,并采用验证集进行模型预测效果评价。结果表明:(1)采用逐步线性回归或偏最小二乘回归方法建模,LR指标对SOC变化的解释效果都是最好,是SOC的最优预测因子。(2)基于LR指标建立的SOC模型中,采用偏最小二乘回归模型比逐步线性回归模型的预测精度更好,相较于黑河上游已有的经验模型,偏最小二乘回归法建立的模型的预测效果也更好。(3)采用本实验的225个土壤样品对比验证了黑河上游仅有的SOC模型。该模型的SOC预测值与实测值通过了均值T检验且Pearson相关系数达0.826,表明在局部典型区域建立的SOC预测模型,可以应用到更大尺度上的土壤有机质预测研究。     

土壤重金属砷的高光谱估算模型

砷是严重危害人体的重金属之一。利用高光谱技术进行土壤重金属砷含量的估测具有很大的应用潜力,但受区域和土壤背景的影响,估算模型适用性和精度都会有很大的差异。针对石家庄市地表水源地保护区土壤砷含量的高光谱估算,在水源地保护区的主要采矿地和冶炼企业进行了土壤实地采样和实验室重金属分析,对土壤样本的原始光谱反射率采用Savitzky-Golay 7点平滑处理,进行一阶微分（FD）、二阶微分（SD）、倒数（RT）、倒数一阶微分（RTFD）、倒数二阶微分（RTSD）、倒数对数（AT）、倒数对数一阶微分（ATFD）、倒数对数二阶微分（ATSD）、连续统去除（CR）9种光谱变换后,再对重金属砷实测含量与经光谱变换后的光谱指标进行相关分析,并提取各光谱指标的最大敏感波段。运用多元线性逐步回归（MLSR）、单光谱变换指标偏最小二乘回归（U-PLSR）和多光谱变换指标偏最小二乘回归（M-PLSR）方法构建土壤重金属砷含量估算模型,最后通过相关系数r、均方根误差（root mean square error, RMSE）和统计值F来比对建模效果。结果表明：研究区部分土壤样本重金属砷含量已经出现了轻度污染,大部分样本处于污染的临界状态;经连续统去除变换后的光谱特征与砷的相关性最大,一阶微分与砷含量存在最大负相关性;相较于多元线性逐步回归和单光谱变换指标偏最小二乘回归,采取多光谱变换指标偏最小二乘回归方法土壤重金属砷含量模型估算值与实测值最为接近,建模R2达到0.852,RMSE和F值分别达到0.147和32.384,多光谱变换指标建模集成效果显著。因此研究结果可以为石家庄水源地保护区主要采矿地和冶炼企业重金属砷污染高光谱快速监测提供科学依据。     

煤矸石充填复垦重构土壤重金属含量高光谱反演

为研究煤矸石充填复垦土壤重金属含量快速有效的监测方法,以淮南创大生态园煤矸石充填复垦田间试验小区为研究区域,首先采用化学方法监测土壤(0～20 cm)重金属(Cu, Cr, As)含量,然后采用ASD(analytical spectral devices) FiSpec4型高光谱仪测量土壤样品的反射光谱,提取光谱特征,并对光谱进行一阶微分变换、二阶微分变换及倒数对数变换;将变换后的各光谱特征参数与监测的土壤重金属含量进行相关性分析,并依据相关性分析结果选择显著相关的波段作为相关因子供建模使用。采用多元逐步回归(stepwise multiple liner regression,SMLR)分析、偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression, PLSR)及人工神经网络(artificial neural network, ANN)三种方法分别建立基于光谱反射率估算土壤重金属含量的预测模型,并采用回归模型进行精度评定,然后确定各重金属含量的最佳预测模型。实验结果表明,经过微分变换的光谱波段与土壤重金属含量达到了显著相关;重金属Cu和Cr的一阶微分光谱的人工神经网络模型为最佳预测模型,重金属元素As的二阶微分光谱的偏最小二乘回归模型为最佳预测模型。     

基于高光谱的土壤有机质含量估算研究

高光谱遥感技术以其光谱分辨率高、波段连续性强、数据丰富的特点,因而在土壤养分研究中得到广泛应用.通过土壤钉机质的高光谱遥感分析,可以充分了解土壤养分的状况及动态变化,为指导农业生产及保护农业生态环境提供科学依据.本文基于江西省余江县和泰和县采集的34个红壤土样350～2 500 nm波段的光谱曲线,研究了土壤光谱与土壤有机质含量之间的关系.先对土壤反射率光谱进行两种变换:一阶微分(R')、倒数的对数log(1/R),然后在提取特征吸收波段的基础上,运用多元逐步线性回归法和偏最小二乘回归法建立相应的估算模型,并对模型进行检验.结果表明,偏最小二乘回归法优于多元逐步线性回归法,其建立的高光谱估算模型具有快速估算土壤中有机质含量的潜力.     

应用近红外光谱法快速测定蜂蜜中葡萄糖和果糖含量

采用近红外光谱法,以HPLC-ELSD分析值作为建模的基础数据,用近红外透射光谱法采集光谱,对校正集的原始光谱作均值中心化、一阶微分、正交信号校正等光谱预处理,采用主成分回归、偏最小二乘和多元线性回归法建模,以相关系数、校正标准偏差、预测标准偏差为评价指标对模型预测能力进行评价,对蜂蜜中葡萄糖和果糖含量进行快速测定。原始光谱经均值中心化、一阶微分和正交信号校正预处理后,运用多元线性回归法所建葡萄糖和果糖定量分析模型,可用于中药炮制辅料蜂蜜中葡萄糖和果糖的含量测定。     

红外光谱结合化学计量学快速预测铁皮石斛中总黄酮含量

评价药用植物质量的主要手段之一是有效成分含量检测,不同采收期对药用植物有效成分含量有明显影响。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合化学计量学建立快速预测不同采收期铁皮石斛中总黄酮含量的方法,以期为铁皮石斛质量快速预测评价提供研究基础。采收2014年1至12月的铁皮石斛样品干燥粉碎;以氯化铝显色法测定铁皮石斛中总黄酮含量,分析不同采收时间铁皮石斛总黄酮的累积规律;采集样品红外光谱信息,归属红外吸收峰,拟合红外光谱数据和总黄酮含量数据,结合一阶导数、二阶导数、多元散射校正、标准正态变量、正交信号校正等对数据进行预处理,建立偏最小二乘回归模型预测样品中总黄酮含量。结果显示：(1)样品和标准品芦丁均在270 nm附近有共有吸收峰,实验以270 nm为总黄酮定量波长,标准曲线为y=6.076 5x+0.055 8,相关系数r=0.996 6,线性关系良好;重现性、精密度和稳定性相对标准偏差分别为1.00%,0.37%和0.28%,该方法稳定可靠;(2)总黄酮含量随时间变化趋势为先升高后降低,6月-8月样品含量较高,平均含量大于64.10 mg·g-1;(3)铁皮石斛红外光谱数据与总黄酮含量拟合后进行一阶导数、二阶导数、多元散射校正、标准正态变量、正交信号校正等组合处理,用PLSR模型预测铁皮石斛的总黄酮含量,结果最佳预处理方式为2D+SG5+SNV+OSC-PLSR,训练集和验证集r分别为0.979 0和0.882 4,验证均方根误差(RMSEE)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为2.438 2和4.169 9,铁皮石斛中总黄酮含量预测值与测量值较接近,表明PLS模型可用于总黄酮含量的快速预测。傅里叶变换红外光谱结合化学计量学能实现铁皮石斛中总黄酮含量准确预测,为铁皮石斛质量评价提供快速、有效的方法。     

基于最小二乘支持向量机的国公酒中橙皮苷含量测定

应用近红外光谱技术结合最小二乘支持向量机建立了国公酒中橙皮苷含量的模型。利用Kernard-Stone法对训练集样本进行划分,对光谱数据预处理方法进行了选择,比较了平滑、范围标度化、自标度化、一阶微分、二阶微分以及这几种预处理相互结合的六种方法,确定了以平滑、一阶微分,范围标度化作为国公酒近红外光谱的数据预处理方法,采用组合的间隔偏最小二乘法筛选出有效波段8 211～8 312 cm-1及9 712～9 808 cm-1。应用最小二乘支持向量机建立模型,所建模型的交叉验证误差均方根为0.000 1,预测误差均方根为0.004,预测集的相对偏差小于5%。与组合的间隔偏最小二乘法、径向基-人工神经网络和支持向量机进行了比较。该方法快速、无损且可靠,可作为国公酒中橙皮苷含量快速测定的手段。     

橡胶添加剂瓦斯炭黑的太赫兹光谱定量研究

瓦斯炭黑是橡胶中重要的添加剂之一,其含量对橡胶性能有重要的影响。丁腈橡胶是工业生产中应用比较广泛的合成橡胶,研究丁腈橡胶中瓦斯炭黑的含量具有重要意义。利用太赫兹时域光谱技术,对八种不同含量瓦斯炭黑与丁腈橡胶组成的混合物样本中的瓦斯炭黑含量进行测试,获取了混合物样本在0.3~1.4 THz频段的吸收光谱数据。分别利用偏最小二乘(PLS)和支持向量回归(SVR)建立混合物中瓦斯炭黑的定量分析模型,使用均匀梯度法来选择模型的校正集和预测集,获得瓦斯炭黑预测集的相关系数与均方根误差。偏最小二乘模型相关系数与均方根误差分别为0.985 8和2.098 9%,支持向量回归模型相关系数与均方根误差分别为0.998 0和0.785 4%。实验结果表明,支持向量回归定量分析模型的预测结果优于偏最小二乘模型。为进一步证明支持向量回归模型的稳定性,多次使用随机选择法选择它的校正集和预测集,并求得其相关系数与均方根误差。结果表明,无论是利用均匀梯度法还是随机选择法对支持向量回归定量分析模型的校正集和预测集进行选择,求得的相关系数和均方根误差均优于偏最小二乘模型。     

近红外光谱快速检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶

在探讨近红外光谱快速检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶的可行性过程中,首先对不同厚度(0.5,1,2和4mm)血液样品的近红外透射光谱进行了分析。发现全血样品0.5 mm厚时的近红外透射光谱更适合于进行光谱分析。进而采集了176个全血样品0.5 mm厚时的近红外光谱。对采集的光谱进行多元散射校正、二阶微分法光谱预处理后,采用逐步多元线性回归和偏最小二乘回归方法建立定量分析模型,预测了全血丙氨酸氨基转移酶的含量。结果表明:利用近红外光谱法测定丙氨酸氨基转移酶时,采用偏最小二乘回归方法建立的定标模型预测效果最好,定标相关系数、定标标准差和预测标准差的值分别为:0.98,2.42和7.22。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.