Muon-catalyzed fusion and fundamental physics

The essence and main features of muon-catalyzed fusion are exposed. Some important and interesting applications of muon-catalyzed fusion in fundamental physics are presented: nuclear physics, quantum electrodynamics, weak interaction physics, the Coulomb three-body problem and the physics of exotic atoms.     

High-accuracy mass spectrometry with stored ions

Like few other parameters, the mass of an atom, and its inherent connection with the atomic and nuclear binding energy is a fundamental property, a unique fingerprint of the atomic nucleus. Each nuclide comes with its own mass value different from all others. For short-lived exotic atomic nuclei the importance of its mass ranges from the verification of nuclear models to a test of the Standard Model, in particular with regard to the weak interaction and the unitarity of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa quark mixing matrix. In addition, accurate mass values are important for a variety of applications that extend beyond nuclear physics. Mass measurements on stable atoms now reach a relative uncertainty of about 10^-11${10}^{-11}$. This extreme accuracy contributes, among other things, to metrology, for example the determination of fundamental constants and a new definition of the kilogram, and to tests of quantum electrodynamics and fundamental charge, parity, and time reversal symmetry. The introduction of Penning traps and storage rings into the field of mass spectrometry has made this method a prime choice for high-accuracy measurements on short-lived and stable nuclides. This is reflected in the large number of traps in operation, under construction, or planned world-wide. With the development and application of proper cooling and detection methods the trapping technique has the potential to provide the highest sensitivity and accuracy, even for very short-lived nuclides far from stability. This review describes the basics and recent progress made in ion trapping, cooling, and detection for high-accuracy mass measurements with emphasis on Penning traps. Special attention is devoted to the applications of accurate mass values in different fields of physics.     

Penning traps as a versatile tool for precise experiments in fundamental physics

This review article describes the trapping of charged particles. The main principles of electromagnetic confinement of various species from elementary particles to heavy atoms are briefly described. The preparation and manipulation with trapped single particles, as well as methods of frequency measurements, providing unprecedented precision, are discussed. Unique applications of Penning traps in fundamental physics are presented. Ultra-precise trap-measurements of masses and magnetic moments of elementary particles (electrons, positrons, protons and antiprotons) confirm CPT-conservation, and allow accurate determination of the fine-structure constant α and other fundamental constants. This together with the information on the unitarity of the quark-mixing matrix, derived from the trap-measurements of atomic masses, serves for assessment of the Standard Model of the physics world. Direct mass measurements of nuclides targeted to some advanced problems of astrophysics and nuclear physics are also presented.     

中国工程物理研究院的核物理、核技术及相关学科的研究

本文概要地介绍中国工程物理研究院的核物理、核技术及相关学科的研究与发展．内容包括九个方面;脉冲核反应体系的诊断学;中子学（微观与积分中子核数据、粒子输运）;高高化态原子物理学;激光惯性约束核聚变与高温高密度等离子体物理;Ｘ射线激光;加速器物理与技术（含自由电子激光与微波研究）:核电子学;核军备控制物理学及核技术应用等． This paper briefly introduces the research and development of nuclear physics,nuclear technology and related disciplines at CAEP.It contains nine brenches: diagnostics ofpulsed nuclear reaction assembly,neutronics multi-charged atomic physics, laser fusion andplasma physics, X-ray laser,accelerator physics and technology, nuclear electronics, nuclear arms control physics and applications of nuclear technology.     

An Unlikely Connection: Geochemistry and Nuclear Structure

Although geochemistry belongs to the earth sciences, historically it has interacted importantly with the physical sciences, in particular with astrophysics and nuclear physics. These interactions, which in traditional historiography have received little notice from either historians of physics or historians of geology, are the subjects of the present paper, which focuses on the period between 1915 and 1950. During the 1920s, geochemists established empirical regularities in the abundance data of the elements in rocks and meteorites, and from these they suggested that an improved knowledge of the atomic nucleus could be obtained. More significantly, geochemists supplied astrophysicists, cosmologists and nuclear physicists with important data that could not be obtained otherwise. The link between geochemistry and basic, nuclear physics is a historical reality. The paper explores parts of this link.     

Nuclear tracks: present and future perspectives

Current research work related to the development of nuclear tracks comprising: (i) fundamental principles (nuclear track physics and chemistry, as well as development of track detectors and the relevant hard- and software), (ii) development of nuclear instruments and methods (etch track radiometers for ions, neutrons and cosmic rays, radon monitoring devices, radiography and fission track dating) is briefly outlined. The paper concentrates on a literature survey of applications of nuclear tracks in (iii) physical sciences (high-energy physics, nuclear physics and earth sciences), (iv) biomedical sciences (radiation protection, environment, cancer therapy), and (v) technological sciences (materials, nano-technology and nuclear technology).

Presently about 350 papers per year are being published in this field. Increased activity is noted in ion track technology (track-made membranes, modern nano-tech methodology including biological and biological-like samples, nano-electrode bio-electrochemistry, bio-magnetic assays and probes). New applications of nuclear tracks in fundamental (possibility of the detection of neutron quantum states in a gravitational field, nucleus–nucleus interactions, search for new chemical super-heavy elements) and applied science (precise measurements of the behaviour of radiation in human tissue in connection with of long term space missions and treatment of cancer) are surveyed, and possible research in the next decades is presented and examined in this review paper.     

Precision mass measurements of neutron halo nuclei using the TITAN Penning trap

Precise atomic mass determinations play a key role in various fields of physics, including nuclear physics, testing of fundamental symmetries and constants and atomic physics. Recently, the TITAN Penning trap measured the masses of several neutron halos. These exotic systems have an extended, diluted, matter distribution that can be modelled by considering a nuclear core surrounded by a halo formed by one or more of loosely bound neutrons. Combined with laser spectroscopy measurements of isotopic shifts precise masses can be used to obtain reliable charge radii and two-neutron-seperation energies for these halo nuclei. It is shown that these results can be used as stringent tests of nuclear models and potentials providing an important metric for our understanding of the interactions in all nuclei.     

Nuclear effects in atomic transitions

Atomic electrons are sensitive to the properties of the nucleus they are bound to, such as nuclear mass, charge distribution, spin, magnetisation distribution, or even excited level scheme. These nuclear parameters are reflected in the atomic transition energies. A very precise determination of atomic spectra may thus reveal information about the nucleus, otherwise hardly accessible via nuclear physics experiments. This work reviews theoretical and experimental aspects of the nuclear effects that can be identified in atomic structure data. An introduction to the theory of isotope shifts and hyperfine splitting of atomic spectra is given, together with an overview of the typical experimental techniques used in high-precision atomic spectroscopy. More exotic effects at the borderline between atomic and nuclear physics, such as parity violation in atomic transitions due to the weak interaction, or nuclear polarisation and nuclear excitation by electron capture, are also addressed.     

原子核质量精密测量的研究进展

原子核质量的精密测量是原子核物理学的重要课题之一,它对探索奇特原子核的结构和性质、重元素核合成之谜等均具有重大意义.文章简要介绍了原子核质量高精度测量的两个主要设备——储存环和潘宁阱,并回顾了近年来原子核质量精密测量在核结构、元素核合成、新同核异能素等领域中的研究亮点,探讨原子核质量测量的发展趋势.     

Laser applications in nuclear physics: Present and future

The use of lasers for nuclear physics research is widespread and growing rapidly. The major impact in nuclear structure research has come from nuclear size and shape determinations for nuclei far from stability via high resolution isotope shift measurements. In addition, systematic data on nuclear magnetic and quadrupole moments have been obtained via the hyperfine splitting resolved in laser fluorescence studies of atomic spectra in both stable and unstable systems. The tunability, high intensity and inherent polarization of laser light can be used to polarize atomic nuclei for nuclear reaction studies. The rapid efficient polarization of unstable nuclei with lasers also presents opportunities for new research in nuclear physics. In this paper the physics of the laser interaction for the studies indicated will be introduced. Some examples of work completed and in progress will be presented primarily from on-line laser studies at charged particle accelerators. Extensions of current research, particularly with respect to possible studies of short-lived nuclei, are discussed and the synergistic effects of certain advances in quantum electronics and nuclear physics described.     

Testing fundamental symmetries using radioactive ion beams at TRIUMF-ISAC

The ISAC Facility at TRIUMF, Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics, provides rare isotope beams for a diverse research program. In this paper we summarize some recent experimental developments at TRIUMF pertaining to fundamental symmetry tests. These tests use the atomic nucleus as a probe to search for physics beyond the Standard Model. Some recent results and future plans are discussed.     

强相互作用系统的对称性及其破缺

本文简要介绍对称性及其破缺的概念和基本的数学上所说的幺正对称性等的微观粒子实现,从而为利用抽象的数学描述物理问题奠定基础。本文还简要介绍早期宇宙强相互作用物质演化过程的对称性及其破缺,尤其是可见物质质量的产生(比如DCSB)以及强相互作用等基本相互作用的规范对称性和破缺,为有意向探讨早期宇宙强相互作用物质演化的青年学者和研究生提供必要的知识储备,并打开一扇窗口。同时,还简要讨论原子核的对称性及其破缺,尤其是作为强相互作用多体系统的束缚态研究中的基本理论方法、(多粒子)壳模型及相互作用玻色子近似模型(IBM)、集体运动的描述及集体运动模式演化(形状相变)的研究方法及进展简况,提供一些在基本理论方法与前沿研究课题之间建立桥梁的实例。     

电子能量损失谱学和电子动量谱学

电子能量损失谱学和电子动量谱学经过近３０年的发展已成为原子分子物理的一个重要研究领域，并在化学、聚变等离子体和凝聚态物理等方面获得重要应用．文章介绍了它们的基本原理、最新进展和应用．     

Fast beam collinear laser-rf double resonance

The method and application of fast beam collinear laser-rf double resonance are discussed. Following a short theoretical treatment of the collinear interaction of fast atoms with rf and laser fields, the experimental procedure and some technical details are presented. Selected applications of the method: (i) hyperfine structure and atomicg-factor measurements, and (ii) experimental studies of fundamental aspects of atom-field interactions, are described. prospective applications in nuclear physics experiments are discussed.     

钕离子同位素移位和超精细结构光谱

原子光谱中,同位素移位和超精细结构光谱是少数几个能够将原子物理和原子核物理这两个不同的物理分支联系起来的课题之一.利用共线快离子束-激光光谱学方法测量了单电荷态钕离子4f45d6G3/2→(26041)°5/2跃迁(波长577.21 nm)的共振光谱,得到了所有7个稳定同位素(A=142～146,148,150)之间的能量移位和2个奇同位素(A=143,145)的超精细结构光谱.     

同步辐射在原子、分子物理中的应用

同步辐射(S.R.)的独特性质(在10-100μ波长内的可调谐性和高度的线偏振性)使它在原子、分子物理的研究中显示了超过一般实验室光源的巨大优越性。本文在介绍了与S.R.应用相关的几种重要的实验技术后,评述了近年来S.R.在原子物理、分子物理和光化学反应中的典型应用。     

原子核物理在医学领域中的应用

原子核物理的不断发展和完善极大地促进了医学及其相关学科的发展, 为医学研究与实践提供了全新的思想理论和现代化的诊疗手段与设备。 综述了原子核物理在基础医学、 临床医学和预防医学发展中的作用及其应用。The advancements and achieves in nuclear physics enormously improve the developments of medicine and its correlation disciplines, provide the brand new theory, the modern diagnoses, the treat methods and instruments for the medical research and practice. In this review the applications of nuclear physics in basic, clinical and preventive medicines are summarized.     

核固体物理学

核固体物理的研究给核物理学家为解决物理学基本问题作出新贡献提供了许多的良机．本文概要叙述理论研究背景及用核方法研究凝聚态物质微结构的一些新结果,报道用核方法研究材料组份,讨论辐照条件下固体的结构和行为． The study of nuclear solid-state physics provides many new opportunities for nuclear physicists to contribute to the solution of some of the most of the fundamental questions in physics. This paper gives a brief survey of theoretical background and some new results on the microstructure of condensed matter obtained by nuclear methods.The elemental composition of the materials with nuclear methods are presented. The structure and behaviour of the solids under irradiation is discussed.