裂纹尖端塑性区非线性超声混频定位表征

基于非共线体波混频的方法,本文对金属材料中裂纹尖端的塑性变形区开展定位表征研究。基于二阶微扰理论和矢量分析方法,理论研究非共线体波混频的共振条件及其定位塑性变形区的机理。有限元仿真表明,两横波混频产生的纵波可用于定位塑性变形区。以A17075-T6材料为检测对象,通过实验证明两列横波混频定位裂纹尖端塑性区的可行性。实验中分别选取中心频率为5 MHz-5 MHz的两列横波和4.75 MHz-55.25 MHz的两列横波作为基波,利用非线性超声混频参量定位表征裂纹尖端的塑性变形区。研究结果表明两种频率对产生的非线性超声混频参量峰值区域与试样中塑性区位置吻合度比较好,可以看出非线性超声混频方法能够比较有效地定位金属裂纹尖端塑性区。      

Nonlinear acoustic spectroscopy of local defects in geomaterials

General approaches to solving the problem of nonlinear acoustic spectroscopy of defects in geomaterials are considered. Expressions that relate the nonlinear response (scattering at combination frequencies) to the position, orientation, and nonlinear characteristics of narrow cracks are obtained. The expressions describe a broad class of nonlinear interactions at a crack. The nonlinearity caused by the contact of uneven rough edges of a crack is analyzed in detail. The results of the analysis are compared with the results obtained earlier from considering micromechanical models and with experimental data. The satisfactory agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of Landau’s moduli suggests that the mechanism of contact nonlinearity may manifest itself in the process of fracture of polycrystalline rock, when narrow cracks with uneven edges are formed. Numerical examples demonstrate the possibility of determining the orientation and position of a narrow crack. The procedure of solving the problem of crack localization is illustrated by the example of a crack in a thin rod. The importance of taking into account the phase data in the determination of the crack coordinate is pointed out.     

Measurement of the frequency response induced by electrostriction in optical fibers

Accurate measurements of the frequency response of the nonlinear refractive index induced by the combined effects of Kerr nonlinearity with electrostrictional excitation of acoustic waves in optical fibers are presented. A detailed experimental investigation of both standard (zero-dispersion wavelength,lambda(0) approximately 1.31microm) and dispersion-shifted (lambda(0)=1.55microm) single-mode fibers showed the presence of several resonant peaks induced by the electrostrictive nonlinearity in the fiber structure. This investigation has provided better insight into the frequency behavior of the electrostriction-induced acoustic waves in optical fibers.     

Nonlinear frequency mixing in a resonant cavity: Numerical simulations in a bubbly liquid

The study of nonlinear frequency mixing for acoustic standing waves in a resonator cavity is presented. Two high frequencies are mixed in a highly nonlinear bubbly liquid filled cavity that is resonant at the difference frequency. The analysis is carried out through numerical experiments, and both linear and nonlinear regimes are compared. The results show highly efficient generation of the difference frequency at high excitation amplitude. The large acoustic nonlinearity of the bubbly liquid that is responsible for the strong difference-frequency resonance also induces significant enhancement of the parametric frequency mixing effect to generate second harmonic of the difference frequency.     

In situ estimation of crack concentration in hard rock

Results of a 2004 field experiment aimed at determining the quadratic nonlinearity parameter in granite that forms the shore of the Ladoga lake are presented. The measurements were based on the observation of the nonlinear interaction between monochromatic waves excited by two hydroacoustic radiators of 1 kW each positioned near the shore. The initial level of nonlinear distortions was much lower than the level of the received difference-frequency signal. The quadratic nonlinearity parameter proved to be higher than that reported in the majority of publications. An assumption was put forward that the high nonlinearity of granite is caused by the high concentration of cracks in it. Pieces of rock were taken from the measurement site, and rectangular samples were prepared from them. The samples were studied by the acoustic spectroscopy method in laboratory conditions. As a result, estimates of crack concentration were obtained, which proved to be consistent with the field measurements of the quadratic nonlinearity parameter. Thus, the possibility of estimating the crack concentration in situ from the measurements of the quadratic nonlinearity parameter was demonstrated.     

Nonlinear optical diffraction by standing acoustic waves in a GaAs film

Second-order nonlinear optical diffraction by standing acoustic waves in a crystalline plate is theoretically investigated. A detailed analysis of the polarization state of the second-harmonic light diffracted by both longitudinal and transversal acoustic waves is carried out. It is shown that longitudinal standing acoustic waves only allow p-polarized nonlinear optical diffraction, irrespective of the incoming state of polarization, whereas transversal standing acoustic waves allow all possible combinations of incoming and diffracted polarization states. Numerical estimates of the relative intensities of nonlinearly diffracted radiation peaks are made for a GaAs plate.     

Acoustic nonlinearity of cracks partially filled with a viscous liquid: A quadratic approximation

A mechanism that accounts for the acoustic nonlinearity of cracks partially filled with a viscous liquid is proposed. The mechanism is related to the nonlinear dependences of the capillary and viscous pressures in liquid on the distance between the crack surfaces and on the rate of change of this distance. The nonlinear equation of state is obtained for this type of cracks, and the parameters of this equation are determined. It is shown that the presence of a viscous liquid can lead to a considerable increase in the acoustic nonlinearity of such cracks, as compared to the cracks filled with an ideal liquid.     

声波在有裂纹的固体中的非经典非线性传播

固体材料的无损检测是一个非常重要的课题,带裂纹的固体材料显示非经典非线性声学现象,本文对此现象进行了实验和理论研究。从实验上一维观察到此现象,发现奇次谐波振幅与基波振幅呈平方关系,与理论预计基本吻合;理论上从二维的角度数值模拟了声波在有损耗的带裂纹的固体中的声传播,并讨论了经典非线性和非经典非线性对声传播的影响,发现裂纹的贡献主要体现在非经典非线性上。分析了样品中裂纹的宽度和位置与非线性声参数的关系,在靠近样品中心的两个对称区域以及距离声源较近点,非线性声参数对样品的破损较为敏感,而在中央和距声源最远端敏感性较低;随着裂纹宽度的扩大,非线性声参数也开始变大,但在破损区域蔓延到棒边缘之前,有下降的趋势。      

Coupled multiwave interactions in aperiodically poled nonlinear optical crystals

A new type of coupled nonlinear optical interactions that can be implemented in crystals with an aperiodic modulation of the nonlinear susceptibility is studied. The quasi-phase matching condition is satisfied simultaneously for several conventional three-frequency processes involved in the interaction due to the aperiodic variation of the nonlinearity in space. A simple method for designing aperiodically poled nonlinear optical crystals is proposed and analyzed. The method is based on the superposition of nonlinearity modulations produced by several periodic functions simultaneously so that each of these functions individually corresponds to its own quasi-phase-matched nonlinear process. The dynamics of energy exchange during interaction of five waves with different frequencies that involves three coupled three-frequency parametric interaction processes is investigated thoroughly. The ratio between the effective nonlinear wave coupling coefficients and the amplitudes of pump waves is determined for the case in which the initial stage of the interaction is characterized by the parametric instability. It is demonstrated that the secondary simplification of the coupled differential equations with spatially modulated nonlinear coefficients, which leads to the system of equations with constant nonlinear coefficients, correctly describes the dynamics of interaction of the waves at distances of the order of 50 characteristic nonlinear lengths.     

Acoustic nonlinearity of cracks partially filled with liquid: cubic approximation.

The theoretical investigation of mechanisms of the acoustic nonlinearity (elastic and inelastic) of cracks partially filled with an ideal and viscous liquid and associated with the nonlinear dependence of the capillary and viscous pressure in the liquid on the distance between the crack surfaces and the velocity of the change of this distance is proposed. The nonlinear (in cubic approximation) equations of the state of these cracks is obtained, and its parameters are defined. It is shown that the presence of the viscous liquid may lead to the considerable increase of the acoustic nonlinearity of such cracks in comparison with cracks filled with the ideal liquid.     

Acoustic nonlinearity parameter tomography for biological tissues via parametric array from a circular piston source--theoretical analysis and computer simulations

The acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A describes the nonlinear features of a medium and may become a novel parameter for ultrasonic tissue characterization. This paper presents a theoretical analysis for acoustic nonlinear parameter tomography via a parametric array. As two primary waves of different frequencies are radiated simultaneously from a circular piston source, a secondary wave at the difference frequency is generated due to the nonlinear interaction of the primary waves. The axial and radial distributions of sound pressure amplitude for the generated difference frequency wave in the near field are calculated by a superposition of Gaussian beams. The calculated results indicated that the difference frequency component of the parametric array grows linearly with distance from the piston source. It therefore provides a better source to do the acoustic nonlinearity parameter tomography because the fundamental and second harmonic signals both have a near field that goes through many oscillations due to diffraction. By using a finite-amplitude insert substitution method and a filtered convolution algorithm, a computer simulation for B/A tomography from the calculated sound pressure of the difference frequency wave is studied. For biological tissues, the sound attenuation is considered and compensated in the image reconstruction. Nonlinear parameter computed tomography (CT) images for several biological sample models are obtained with quite good quality in this study.     

Polariton gap solitary waves in semiconductor microcavities

We study nonlinear dynamics of optical pulse propagation in the spectral region inside the polariton gap. It is shown that the Kerr nonlinearity can lead to formation of solitary waves in this region of frequencies.     

Photon-phonon interaction on periodic structures

Features of the interaction between optical and acoustical waves with the same wavelength and multiple of the structural layer period, propagating simultaneously through periodic structures, are analyzed. The current state of and prospects for photon-phonon crystals being used for amplification, the generation of gigahertz acoustic waves, and other nonlinear optical and acoustic effects are examined.     

Nonlinear parameter estimation in water-saturated sandy sediment with difference frequency acoustic wave

Difference frequency acoustic wave from nonlinear interaction of two primary acoustic waves at frequencies of 76 and 114 kHz was utilized with a parametric acoustic array theory to estimate the nonlinearity parameter of water-saturated sandy sediment. Such nonlinearity parameter can be used as background information for the nonlinear acoustic investigation of bottom or sub-bottom profiling in the ocean sandy sediments. Because of its lower attenuation the difference frequency acoustic wave method can be usefully applied to estimate the nonlinearity parameter of ocean sediment in the ocean as well as under laboratory conditions. The nonlinearity parameter β for the water-saturated sandy sediment used as a reference in this study was estimated as β = 80.5 ± 5.1 at the difference frequency of 38 kHz. It was agreed very well with that estimated at the difference frequency of 67 kHz, when two primary frequencies were 137 and 204 kHz. The estimated nonlinearity parameter of water-saturated sandy sediment in this study was also compared and analyzed with those estimated in previously published literatures. It was suggested that the difference frequency wave method used to estimate the nonlinearity parameter of water-saturated sandy sediment can be employed as a good method to estimate the nonlinearity parameters of fluid-like granular media.     

Nonlinear elasticity in structurally inhomogeneous materials: An experimental study

Experimental results on the propagation of longitudinal and torsional elastic waves in polycrystalline copper under elastoplastic strain are reported. The strain in the interval of 0–0.06 was created by applying heavy tensile loads to the samples. The Young and shear moduli, Poisson ratio, and nonlinear acoustic parameters of longitudinal and torsional elastic waves were measured as functions of the static strain. The nonlinear acoustic parameters were found to behave anomalously in loading-unloading cycles in the plastic strain region. The experimental results are discussed. The nonlinear properties of structurally inhomogeneous materials are explained in terms of the clapping nonlinearity and hysteretic nonlinearity mechanisms.     

Modeling nonlinearities of ultrasonic waves for fatigue damage characterization: Theory,simulation, and experimental validation

A dedicated modeling technique for comprehending nonlinear characteristics of ultrasonic waves traversing in a fatigued medium was developed, based on a retrofitted constitutive relation of the medium by considering the nonlinearities originated from material, fatigue damage, as well as the “breathing” motion of fatigue cracks. Piezoelectric wafers, for exciting and acquiring ultrasonic waves, were integrated in the model. The extracted nonlinearities were calibrated by virtue of an acoustic nonlinearity parameter. The modeling technique was validated experimentally, and the results showed satisfactory consistency in between, both revealing: the developed modeling approach is able to faithfully simulate fatigue crack-incurred nonlinearities manifested in ultrasonic waves; a cumulative growth of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter with increasing wave propagation distance exists; such a parameter acquired via a sensing path is nonlinearly related to the offset distance from the fatigue crack to that sensing path; and neither the incidence angle of the probing wave nor the length of the sensing path impacts on the parameter significantly. This study has yielded a quantitative characterization strategy for fatigue cracks using embeddable piezoelectric sensor networks, facilitating deployment of structural health monitoring which is capable of identifying small-scale damage at an embryo stage and surveilling its growth continuously.     

The nonlinear propagation of acoustic waves in a viscoelastic medium containing cylindrical micropores

Based on an equivalent medium approach, this paper presents a model describing the nonlinear propagation of acoustic waves in a viscoelastic medium containing cylindrical micropores. The influences of pores' nonlinear oscillations on sound attenuation, sound dispersion and an equivalent acoustic nonlinearity parameter are discussed. The calculated results show that the attenuation increases with an increasing volume fraction of micropores. The peak of sound velocity and attenuation occurs at the resonant frequency of the micropores while the peak of the equivalent acoustic nonlinearity parameter occurs at the half of the resonant frequency of the micropores. Furthermore, multiple scattering has been taken into account, which leads to a modification to the effective wave number in the equivalent medium approach. We find that these linear and nonlinear acoustic parameters need to be corrected when the volume fraction of micropores is larger than 0.1%.     

Probing of laser-induced crack modulation by laser-monitored surface waves and surface skimming bulk waves

All-optical monitoring of the nonlinear motion of a surface-breaking crack is reported. Crack closing is induced by quasi-continuous laser heating, while Rayleigh surface acoustic pulses and bulk longitudinal surface skimming acoustic pulses are also generated and detected by lasers. By exploiting the strong dependence of the acoustic pulses reflection and transmission efficiency on the state-open or closed-of the contacts between the crack faces, the parametric modulation of ultrasonic pulses is achieved. It is observed that bulk acoustic waves skimming along the surface can be more sensitive to crack motion than Rayleigh surface waves.     

Nonlinear ultrasonic wave modulation for online fatigue crack detection

This study presents a fatigue crack detection technique using nonlinear ultrasonic wave modulation. Ultrasonic waves at two distinctive driving frequencies are generated and corresponding ultrasonic responses are measured using permanently installed lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducers with a potential for continuous monitoring. Here, the input signal at the lower driving frequency is often referred to as a ‘pumping’ signal, and the higher frequency input is referred to as a ‘probing’ signal. The presence of a system nonlinearity, such as a crack formation, can provide a mechanism for nonlinear wave modulation, and create spectral sidebands around the frequency of the probing signal. A signal processing technique combining linear response subtraction (LRS) and synchronous demodulation (SD) is developed specifically to extract the crack-induced spectral sidebands. The proposed crack detection method is successfully applied to identify actual fatigue cracks grown in metallic plate and complex fitting-lug specimens. Finally, the effect of pumping and probing frequencies on the amplitude of the first spectral sideband is investigated using the first sideband spectrogram (FSS) obtained by sweeping both pumping and probing signals over specified frequency ranges.