金属基复合结构粘接强度的非线性超声混频检测

采用非线性超声混频方法对金属基复合结构的粘接强度进行表征研究。以不同固化剂含量的铝合金丙烯酸酯粘接结构作为检测对象,基于非线性超声混频的共振条件及其作用机制,并结合粘接固化机理,开展了非线性超声混频实验。非线性超声混频模式选取两列横波生成和频纵波的方式,实验测量并计算不同基频周期数下的超声非线性参量。通过拉伸实验标定粘接结构的粘接强度,并采用扫描电镜分析拉伸断面微观结构,进而分析超声非线性参量与粘接强度的关系。从实验结果可以看出在不同周期的基频信号激励下,超声非线性参量随着粘接强度的增大均呈现出减小的趋势。研究表明非线性超声混频信号对金属基复合结构粘接强度的变化比较敏感,可以适用于类似结构件粘接强度状态弱化的表征。     

闭合裂纹非共线混频超声检测试验研究

针对结构中微裂纹检测难题,发展了一种闭合裂纹非共线混频超声检测方法。在对非共线混频超声检测机理分析基础上,进行了结构中疲劳裂纹混频非线性超声检测实验。对有无裂纹试件中检测信号进行了滤波和时频分析,结果表明,可根据信号滤波后时域波形中是否存在明显的混频波包或时频分析中是否存在明显的和频分量,实现有无闭合裂纹的判识;通过移动激励探头的位置,控制两列入射声波在试件中的交汇位置,实现试件中不同深度位置的混频非线性检测。并根据测得的混频非线性系数沿试件深度方向上分布,实现了闭合裂纹沿深度方向上长度的测量。研究工作为结构中微裂纹定量评价做了有益探索。      

超声Lamb波混频激励效率与模式选择

研究了超声Lamb波混频的激励效率与模式选择。在非零能量流和相匹配条件的基础上,结合Lamb波在结构中的状态分布,提出了以激励效率参量作为超声Lamb波混频模式选择的依据。根据混频条件筛选混频模式对,计算相应的激励效率参量,并通过超声Lamb波混频的仿真模拟与实验测量进行验证。通过对比仿真与实验中得到的非线性参量与激励效率参量的关系,证明了激励效率参量作为模式选择依据的有效性。研究表明,激励效率参量可以有效地表征超声Lamb波混频的激发效率,从而筛选非线性效应明显的模式对,更好地实现损伤的检测与表征。     

基于幅度调制的非线性超声相控阵成像方法*

超声相控阵是超声检测领域常用的材料缺陷定位和成像技术,可便捷快速地对裂纹、孔洞等缺陷进行成像。但是,传统超声相控阵方法对较小缺陷如闭合裂纹不太敏感。非线性超声信号因对材料性能退化以及微小缺陷敏感而广受关注。本文针对疲劳闭合裂纹检测,提出一种基于幅度调制的非线性超声相控阵成像方法,通过测量物理聚焦和虚拟聚焦两种聚焦模式下超声扩散场中的声能差,并将其作为非线性参量,实现疲劳裂纹闭合部分的定位成像和定量表征。将该法应用于7075铝合金试样疲劳裂纹的实验测量,并研究了扩散场信号延迟时间对非线性超声相控阵成像结果的影响。结果表明：相较于传统超声相控阵全聚焦法,基于幅度调制的非线性超声相控阵成像方法能够更准确地定位和成像疲劳裂纹闭合部分;延迟时间的选择对疲劳裂纹长度的表征精度影响较大,本文研究了该延迟时间的选择方法并实现了检测结果的优化。     

金属板疲劳损伤非线性兰姆波混频检测

针对金属板结构安全运行需要,开展了金属板结构疲劳损伤非线性兰姆波混频检测方法研究.通过数值仿真,研究了两列A0兰姆波与材料损伤间的非线性相互作用.结果 表明,两列共线A0兰姆波在结构材料损伤处产生单向传播的和频S0波,且和频波幅值随传播距离具有积累增长效应.对不同疲劳程度金属板试件进行了共线混频兰姆波检测实验,结果表明...     

非线性电磁超声对铝合金拉伸变形评价研究

非线性系数是描述材料中微纳尺度损伤的特征参量,非线性系数常通过接触式压电超声进行检测,但耦合剂引起的非线性一般是未知的,针对这一问题,提出了一种非接触式电磁超声非线性纵波检测方法。该方法基于洛伦兹力机理在试件表面产生的振动弹性波,利用不同拉伸载荷下所制备的损伤试件,分别利用压电超声、电磁超声进行非线性超声系数测量。实验结果表明:利用两种非线性超声检测的相对非线性系数与铝合金的拉伸形变呈单调关系,同时也论证了电磁超声纵波基于非线性理论对塑性变形评估的可行性。      

超声非线性效应表征的动态小波指纹分析方法

针对结构早期损伤超声非线性检测中损伤表征问题,发展了一种基于动态小波指纹的超声信号分析方法,从超声信号的动态小波指纹分布中提取出一种可用于结构早期损伤表征的超声非线性特征参数。研究了小波基函数及分析尺度对超声非线性效应提取效果的影响,优选出对结构早期损伤敏感的小波基函数以及尺度范围。将提出的动态小波指纹分析方法应用于二次谐波及混频非线性超声检测信号分析,结果表明,动态小波指纹分析方法可有效提取出检测信号中的二次谐波及混频分量,基于小波指纹分布的非线性特征参数可用于板结构中微裂纹的定量表征.本文研究工作为结构早期损伤超声非线性检测中的弱非线性效应提取作了有益探索。      

结构微裂纹混频非线性超声检测方法研究

给出了一种基于混频效应的非线性超声微裂纹检测方法。首先,对结构损伤混频检测机理及信号特征提取方法进行了理论分析,之后,根据试件中差频分量及和频分量幅值分布随激励信号频率变化关系,优化确定出混频检测参数。最后,进行了异侧混频激励下无损检测试验研究,并分析了激励信号频率变化对混频检测效果的影响。结果表明,异侧激励混频检测模式不仅可以实现结构中疲劳微裂纹检测,而且可以实现缺陷的定位。且检测信号频率选择对混频检测信噪比有一定的影响。当检测信号中的混频分量幅值最大时,混频检测效果最佳。因此,在优化检测参数基础上,异侧混频激励检测模式可以很好实现结构微裂纹的检测与定位。      

35CrMoA钢塑性损伤非线性超声响应有限元模拟

基于混合位错超声非线性模型,使用有限元法模拟了非线性超声纵波在35CrMoA钢中的传播过程,并开展了实验验证。结果表明,超声非线性系数与塑性应变具有显著的相关性。金属材料塑性变形引起的超声非线性响应主要来自于位错,文中使用的有限元模型可以较好的模拟不同塑性变形下35CrMoA钢的超声非线性响应。在塑性变形的早期阶段,超声非线性系数模拟结果低于实验结果,其原因可能是在塑性变形初期,在位错密度较高的区域出现位错缠结,阻碍了位错运动,从而降低了位错超声非线性响应。在塑性变形后期,位错密度增加,位错之间相互堆积,形成位错胞和位错墙,而位错胞和位错墙引发的超声非线性响应高于平面位错。因此,在塑性变形后期超声非线性系数计算结果低于实验结果。     

两种延迟线玻璃材料的超声衰减

本文应用超声脉冲回波技术,测量了两种延迟线玻璃材料SiO_2和FO_5的超声衰减,给出15K至300K温度条件下、10MHz至250MHz频率范围内两种材料的超声衰减系数随频率和温度的变化关系。实验结果表明。在50K温度附近出现一个大的吸收峰,在150K以上温区衰减系数与频率的关系近似成平方规律。最后,对实验结果进行了讨论。     

Increase in the efficiency of the shear wave generation in gelatin due to the nonlinear absorption of a focused ultrasonic beam

Experimental results and theoretical estimates are presented to demonstrate the prospects of using the acoustic nonlinearity of a gel-like medium for increasing the efficiency of the shear wave generation in it by a pulsed ultrasonic beam. The experiment is based on the propagation of a focused beam of longitudinal acoustic waves at a frequency of 1.1 MHz in a gelatin sample and on the detection of shear waves by the optical method [1]. It is demonstrated that the amplitude of the shear wave excited by a nonlinear acoustic pulse can be increased by an order of magnitude owing to the formation of shock fronts in the profile of this pulse.     

Calculations of the reflection and transmission of ultrasound by cracks in steel filled with solid sodium

The reflection and transmission coefficients are calculated for 2.25 MHz compression and shear waves incident on idealized cracks (ie, a slot with smooth, flat, parallel faces) in steel filled with solid sodium. The coefficients are calculated as a function of crack width and angle of incidence. Both polarizations (SV and SH) of shear wave are considered, as well as compression wave incidence. It is concluded that a crack of width 0.01 mm or greater, full of solid sodium, will return at least 10% of the incident compression wave amplitude. With a suitable choice of inspection angle, 40% reflection of the incident amplitude can be achieved for either compression or shear (SV) waves. The use of shear waves with the uncommon SH polarization also looks promising.     

Nonlinear acoustic scattering by a partially closed surface-breaking crack

A theoretical model describing the nonlinear scattering of acoustic waves by surface-breaking cracks with faces in partial contact is presented. The nonlinear properties of the crack are accounted for by suitable boundary conditions that are derived from micromechanical models of the dynamics of elastic rough surfaces in contact. Both linear and nonlinear responses of the crack are shown to be largest for a shear vertical wave incident on the surface containing the crack at an angle just above the critical angle for longitudinal waves. These findings question the fitness for the purpose of a conventional inspection method, which utilizes shear vertical waves at 45 degrees of incidence to search for surface-breaking cracks in many engineering components. For angles of incidence proximal to the critical angle of longitudinal waves, the efficiency of the second harmonic's generation appears to be the highest. Thanks to the increased sensitivity to surface-breaking cracks, this configuration seems to offer a solution to the localization problem, a task that has eluded nonlinear techniques operating under other circumstances. Finally, this model suggests a simple interpretation of the highly localized nonlinear response of delaminations in composite materials.     

Nonlinear elasticity in structurally inhomogeneous materials: An experimental study

Experimental results on the propagation of longitudinal and torsional elastic waves in polycrystalline copper under elastoplastic strain are reported. The strain in the interval of 0–0.06 was created by applying heavy tensile loads to the samples. The Young and shear moduli, Poisson ratio, and nonlinear acoustic parameters of longitudinal and torsional elastic waves were measured as functions of the static strain. The nonlinear acoustic parameters were found to behave anomalously in loading-unloading cycles in the plastic strain region. The experimental results are discussed. The nonlinear properties of structurally inhomogeneous materials are explained in terms of the clapping nonlinearity and hysteretic nonlinearity mechanisms.     

Wave phenomena during creep in macrocrystalline aluminum

A wave model of plastic flow, which has been theoretically substantiated and experimentally verified under the conditions of active quasistatic loading of diverse materials, is being developed on the basis of concepts of the autocatalytic nature of elementary acts of plastic deformation. Data from the study of the evolution of distortion fields during low-temperature creep of macrocrystalline aluminum are given in order to explain the tighter relation between the parameters of plastic-deformation waves and the characteristics of the elementary processes of plastic shear. The wave nature of this evolution is emphasized and a linear correlation is found between the creep rate and the velocity of the plasticity waves. The activation volumes of the processes controlling the velocity of the plastic waves and the creep rate are shown to be correlated.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 4, pp. 5–9, April, 1991.     

Temperature and strain sensitivities of surface and hybrid acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in optical microfibers

Temperature and strain sensitivities of surface acoustic wave (SAW) and hybrid acoustic wave (HAW) Brillouin scattering (BS) in 1 μm-1.3 μm diameter optical microfibers are simulated. In contrast to stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) from bulk acoustic wave in standard optical fiber, SAW and HAW BS, due to SAWs and HAWs induced by the coupling of longitudinal and shear waves and propagating along the surface and core of microfiber respectively, facilitate innovative detection in optical microfibers sensing. The highest temperature and strain sensitivities of the hybrid acoustic modes (HAMs) are 1.082 MHz/℃ and 0.0289 MHz/με, respectively, which is suitable for microfiber sensing application of high temperature and strain resolutions. Meanwhile, the temperature and strain sensitivities of the SAMs are less affected by fiber diameter changes, ranging from 0.05 MHz/℃/μ to 0.25 MHz/℃/μ and 1×10^-4 MHz/με/μ to 5×10^-4 MHz/με/μ, respectively. It can be found that that SAW BS for temperature and strain sensing would put less stress on manufacturing constraints for optical microfibers. Besides, the simultaneous sensing of temperature and strain can be realized by SAW and HAW BS, with temperature and strain errors as low as 0.30 ℃-0.34 ℃ and 14.47 με-16.25 με.     

Effects of plastic distortion in the lattice curvature zone of a crack tip

The paper proposes a discrete-continual method of excitable cellular automata for simulating the stress-strain state at crack tips and in notches with account of lattice curvature and plastic distortion through ion motion from lattice sites to interstices. The proposed nonlinear method allows one to determine the crack type and the character of fracture, to predict the possibility of dynamic rotations and structural turbulence, and to describe the processes of nonlinear wave structural transformations in strain localization bands involved in microporosity and tearing mode cracking.     

Nonlinear acoustic properties of the B95 aluminum alloy and the B95/nanodiamond composite

Research results for the nonlinear acoustic properties of the B95 polycrystalline aluminum alloy and the B95/nanodiamond composite have been described. The nonlinear properties of the alloys have been studied by the spectral method that measures the efficiency of generation of the second harmonic of a bulk acoustic wave at a frequency of 2f = 10 MHz in the field of a finite-amplitude longitudinal acoustic wave at a frequency of f = 5 MHz. The results derived by this method have been compared with the results of studies of the nonlinear acoustic properties of the test alloys using the Thurston–Brugger quasi-static method.