显微激光拉曼光谱法鉴别红色签字笔种类的研究

目前,字迹的书写时间的鉴定已成为法庭科学中亟待解决的热点问题.区分书写材料的种类是其中关键的一个步骤.分析方法主要有紫外可见分光光度法、漫反射傅立叶变换红外光谱法[1]、薄层色谱法[2]、气相色谱法[3]、液相色谱法[4]、毛细管电泳法[5]、拉曼光谱法等.显微激光拉曼光谱技术是一种较新的、可靠的检测技术,可非破坏性进行物质鉴定、分子结构分析等方面的研究.目前,发达国家已将该项技术应用于法庭科学中.但有关激光拉曼光谱研究笔迹书写材料鉴定的文献并不多见[6],对于红色签字笔的研究更是鲜有报道,本研究利用激光拉曼光谱仪对红色签字笔字迹进行无损检验,为鉴别红色墨水材料提供了科学依据.     

圆珠笔油墨字迹色痕的高效液相色谱分析方法

采用正交实验设计法从多种流动相体系中优选出了圆珠笔油墨字迹色痕的高效液相色谱分析条件。在此条件下分析了105种市售的不同生产厂家和牌号蓝色圆珠笔油墨的字迹色痕,并依据有色成分的差异将这些同色油墨分成了6大类,考察了纸张的影响因素及在该条件下分析结果的重现性和精密度,为进一步分析鉴定圆珠笔字迹色痕的形成时间提供了有利条件。     

蓝色圆珠笔字迹色痕傅里叶变换显微红外光谱法的无损分析

利用傅里叶变换显微红外光谱法中的微区衰减全反射采样技术无损测定了纸张上圆珠笔油墨所形成的字迹色痕,获得了１０种不同圆珠笔字迹的显微红外光谱图。结果表明,笔迹色痕的微区衰减全反射谱图可明显地识别色料和溶剂的结构组成;快速地分辨各生产厂家油墨的差异。同时,纸张的不同,字迹书写的深浅均可快速,准确地进行无损分析。     

高效毛细管电泳法分析蓝色签字笔字迹色痕种类及相对形成时间

选用毛细管区带电泳分离模式,对13种市售蓝色签字笔样品字迹色痕进行了分析。当电压为15 kV、柱温为25 ℃时,以0.03 mol/L 四硼酸钠水溶液(外加10%(体积分数)的甲醇)为缓冲液,所有样品都可以得到良好的区分;依据紫外区检测结果,样品可以分为三大类、五小类;依据可见区检测结果,样品可以分为四类;两种分析结果相结合有助于增大不同样品之间的区分度;选择3种样品进行暗处保存老化制样,根据字迹中色料成分相对含量的变化,对字迹的相对形成时间进行了初步探讨。研究还发现纸张类型对于上述研究结果无影响。     

蓝色圆珠笔字迹色痕ATR谱与模式识别研究

圆珠笔字迹色痕的鉴定一直是法庭科学领域中十分注目而又棘手的研究课题之一[1,2 ] .曾有人用溶剂萃取和色谱法进行研究 ,但因损坏试样而存在一定的局限性 [3～ 7] .尽管 FTIR用于字迹色痕的鉴定收到了一定效果 ,但因样品制备非常苛刻 ,实际应用存在困难 [8～ 10 ] .本文在用 ATR(AttenuatedTotal Reflection)技术对 1 0 8种蓝色圆珠笔油墨的字迹色痕进行了系统分析 (区分为 1 8类 )基础上 ,又采用了模式识别[11,12 ] 进行研究 ,不仅实现了种类区分 ,而且达到了生产厂家、牌号及批次的认定 (进一步分为 5 3种 ) .该系统的实现 ,为蓝色圆…     

薄层色谱法分析圆珠笔色痕形成时间

 利用薄层色谱法对 70种市售的蓝色圆珠笔油墨的染料成分进行了研究。通过与染料标样的薄层色谱数据比较 ,发现国内圆珠笔厂生产的圆珠笔所用的油墨中的染料主要包括碱性紫、碱性蓝及铜酞菁 ,只是不同厂家的油墨中几种染料的配比不同。根据薄层扫描仪对油墨各斑点的扫描结果 ,确定了圆珠笔油墨成分中碱性紫和铜酞菁染料的峰高比值随着书写时间变化的关系 ,从而为法庭科学工作中鉴定圆珠笔字迹的色痕形成时间提供了可靠的依据。     

薄层色谱法鉴别黑色中性笔色痕的种类

中性笔外型类似圆珠笔,它与圆珠笔的不同在于其笔芯内所灌注的材料.圆珠笔芯内灌注的是油性的圆珠笔油墨,而中性笔灌注的则是非油性的胶状物或果冻状物质.由于中性笔芯内的胶状物通常为非油性的,形成的字迹类似钢笔墨水字迹,同时其外型和字迹形成方式又与圆珠笔相似,兼有钢笔墨水字迹和圆珠笔的特点,故称其为"中性"笔[1].中性笔以其书写流利、价格适中和使用方便等特点而被广泛使用,近年来发展迅速,大有取代圆珠笔、钢笔之势.     

蓝色圆珠笔油墨紫外光照射变化的研究

在紫外光照射下，通过对蓝色圆珠笔字迹色痕ＦＴ－ＩＲ显微光谱的研究。发现溶剂挥发迅速。其次是环氧树脂的聚合、交联；三苯甲烷染料的分解比较缓慢；而醇酸树脂相对稳定。该研究为字迹色痕的进一步分辨提供了新方法，同时为字迹色痕的“年龄”推断奠定了基础。选用相关峰的相对峰高比来描述这一变化，并进行曲线拟合，消除了因笔力不同而引起的油墨流出量不同造成的误差，这在实际工作中是很有意义的。     

墨水书写时间的鉴定

介绍了墨水书写时间的鉴定,其中包括墨水书写时间鉴定的依据,取样以及样品制备技术,墨水书写时间鉴定的方法,包括化学分析方法、光度法、薄层色谱法、气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法、质谱法、毛细管电泳法及色谱质谱联用法。     

主成分分析用于实时直接分析飞行时间质谱法判定中性笔字迹的形成时间

采用实时直接分析飞行时间质谱法,对同一种墨水6个不同时间书写的48个样本字迹进行分析,建立其质谱指纹图谱,再运用主成分分析法对数据进行投影。结果表明:48个样本字迹被分为6类,与已知的样本字迹形成时间分类一致。采用所建立的主成分投影,识别6个未知样本,结果达到分离聚类。     

Classification and dating of black gel pen ink by ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography

A novel approach for classification and dating of the black gel pen ink entries on document was developed based on ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC). Ninety-three black gel pens were collected and divided into two groups, dye-based and pigment-based, by preliminary solubility test. The chromatographic conditions for separation of the dye-based black gel pen inks were optimized and the dye components in inks were satisfactorily separated by using 40 mmol/L tetrabutylammonium bromide as ion-pairing reagent. According to the number and the chromatographic retention times of the main dye components, the 50 dye-based inks were categorized into four classes. The inks within a class can be further identified by the percentage of each dye component. The compositional changes of the dye components in the black gel pen ink entries on paper were investigated in light and natural aging conditions and it has been found that the dye components in the ink entries underwent obvious decomposition, and the decomposing extent of the dye components was related to the aging time. The results can provide scientific evidences for dating of the suspicious black gel pen ink entries on documents.     

Studies on the degradation of blue gel pen dyes by ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC) was utilized to monitor the composition changes of blue gel pen ink entries on paper stored in different light conditions and natural environment. The chromatographic conditions were optimized by comparing the separation efficiencies of the blue gel pen inks using a series of ion-pairing reagents, including ammonium carbonate, ammonium acetate, triethylamine acetate, tributylamine acetate, tetrabutylammonium bromide and dihexylammonium acetate. It has been found that tributylamine acetate was a suitable ion-pairing reagent for separation of the inks on the common C18 column. The analysis results of the ink entries on paper in different aging conditions showed that the tendency of composition change in natural aging condition was similar with those in fluorescent light and UV light conditions, respectively. One main component dye of the blue gel pen ink, Acid Blue 9, and its degradation products were identified by ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that the main degradation products originated from the Acid Blue 9. It gave a reasonable explanation for the changing rules of the relative content of the dyes in the blue gel pen ink. The results obtained can provide scientific evidences for dating of the blue gel pen ink entries on documents.     

Differentiation and dating of red ink entries of seals on documents by HPLC and GC/MS

A novel approach for differentiation and dating of red ink entries of seals on documents was developed based on ion‐pairing HPLC (IP‐HPLC) and GC/MS. Sixty‐nine red ink pastes of seals were collected and the chromatographic conditions for separation of the dye components by IP‐HPLC and the volatile additives by GC/MS in the ink entries were optimized. According to the dye components and additives, the ink entries were classified by HPLC with a multi‐wavelength UV detector. The volatile components of the inks were identified by GC/MS and the classification of the ink entries was also investigated based on these volatile additives. The results showed that most of the ink entries of the seals can be differentiated by combining HPLC with a multi‐wavelength detector and GC/MS methods. The degradation of the standard dye mixtures and the compositional changes of the ink entries of seals were investigated in light or natural aging conditions. The results indicated that the dye components decomposed in light or natural storage conditions, while the rates of the degradation depended on the structures of the dye components, the aging conditions, even the additives of the ink pastes. The results also showed that there existed good relationships between the compositional changes of the ink entries and the aging time, which can provide scientific evidences and valuable clues for dating of the ink entries.     

Photofading of ballpoint dyes studied on paper by LDI and MALDI MS

The determination of the age of an ink entry from a questioned document is often a major problem and a controversial issue in forensic sciences. Therefore, it is important to understand the aging process of the different components found in ink. The aim of this work is to characterize the degradation processes of methyl violet and ethyl violet, two typical ballpoint dyes by using laser desorption/ionization (LDI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS), and to evaluate the possible application of the method to forensic examination of documents. The mass spectrometric methods were first tested and were found to be adequate for the purpose of this work. Moreover, it is possible to analyze the dye from a stroke directly from the paper (LDI-MS), so the sample preparation is minimized. The degradation of the dyes methyl violet and ethyl violet in strokes from a ballpoint pen was studied under laboratory conditions influenced by different factors such as light, wavelength of light, heat, and humidity. Then, strokes from the same ballpoint were aged naturally in the dark or under the influence of light over one year and then analyzed. The results show that the degradation of these dyes strongly depends on light fluence. Humidity also increases degradation, which can be explained by the basicity of the paper. The influence of heat on the degradation process was found to be rather weak. It was also observed that the dyes from the ink strokes did not show significant degradation after one year of storage in the dark. In conclusion, the storage conditions of a questioned document and the initial composition of the dyes in the ink have to be known for correct interpretation of the age of an ink entry. Measurements over longer periods of time are necessary to follow the degradation of dyes exempt from light exposure. LDI was found adequate and very useful for the analysis of ballpoint dyes directly from paper without further pretreatment.     

DATINK pilot study: An effective methodology for ballpoint pen ink dating in questioned documents

Establishing the approximate age of an ink entry from a questioned document is often a complicated task and a controversial issue in forensic sciences. Among the existing approaches, the analysis of solvents in ballpoint inks may be a useful parameter for determining the age of ink on paper. In recent years, several ink dating methods have been proposed. These methods have been based on the analysis of common ink solvents using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) as the analytical platform. Despite these recent methods, several questions remain. The aim of this work was to develop an ink dating methodology (DATINK) for documents written by ballpoint pens based on the disappearance of volatile solvents from the ink entry. Multiple solid-phase microextraction (MHS-SPME) coupled to GC/MS was used to measure the solvents from ink entries made with four BIC^® ballpoint pens. The β parameter, the remaining fraction of the analyte in the system after one equilibration, corresponding to the successive extractions was considered for modelling a mathematical equation for later ink age dating. Preliminary tests of DATINK method showed that it was possible to detect the presence of ink solvents on documents up to the studied five years. The analyses of different real samples of known age were analyzed in terms of β values, which provided a mean relative error of 21%. The proposed use of β parameter for estimating the absolute age of ballpoint ink entries has shown promising results with a standard deviation of β ranging from 0.002 to 0.004.     

显微共聚焦拉曼光谱结合群分析的黑色直液笔墨迹鉴别研究

黑色直液笔是一种新型书写工具,目前对该种笔墨迹的相关研究较少。为给文件检验工作中墨迹的分析提供新的参考依据,本实验使用显微共聚焦拉曼光谱技术,采集了30支不同品牌、型号的黑色直液笔墨迹光谱数据,进行Savitzky-Golay卷积平滑处理后,依据光谱图的拉曼位移及拉曼谱峰差异对墨迹进行初步分析。设置聚类方法为组间联接,区间距离测量方式为平方欧式距离,对采集的光谱数据进行群分析,将30支黑色直液笔墨迹样本分成了3类,并与品牌建立了相关联系;同时通过主成分分析验证了群分析的可靠性和准确性。研究表明,显微共聚焦拉曼光谱技术结合群分析方法可实现对黑色直液笔墨迹的无损分析及有效鉴别,该方法操作简便、结果准确,适用于法庭科学文件检验。     

Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis with red light emitting diode absorbance detection for the analysis of basic dyes

Non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis was evaluated for the separation of five hydrophobic basic blue dyes for application in forensic dye analysis. The use of a red light emitting diode as a high intensity, low-noise light source provided sensitive detection of the blue dyes while also allowing the evaluation of solvents that absorb strongly in the UV region. Excellent peak shapes and separation selectivity were obtained in methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide, however water, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide and acetone were unsuitable as solvents due to poor peak shapes and a lack of sensitivity, most likely due to adsorption onto the capillary wall. Due to the known compatibility of methanol with capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry, this solvent was examined further with the relative acidity/basicity of the electrolyte being optimised with an artificial neural network. The optimised method was examined for the separation of ink samples from 6 fibre tip and 2 ball point blue or black pens and showed that a unique migration time for the main dye component in seven of the eight pens could be obtained.     

气相色谱法确定蓝色圆珠笔油墨字迹的形成时间

选择适当的内标物,利用气相色谱法测定蓝色圆珠笔油墨中展色剂苯甲醇和苯氧基乙醇这两种组分的含量(以峰面积计),以展色剂的峰面积、内标物的峰面积与紫外-可见光谱测得的参比物墨水中的染料的吸光度值这三者之比为纵坐标,以字迹形成时间为横坐标,确定了字迹形成曲线,从而建立了确定字迹形成时间的方法。选择了不同种类的蓝色圆珠笔油墨进行检测,获得了良好的实验效果,为圆珠笔油墨字迹形成时间的推断建立了一种可靠而又系统的方法。该方法适用于实际办案。     

毛细管电泳法基于Fe(Ⅱ)与Fe(Ⅲ)的比值识别签字笔字迹的相对书写时间

可疑文件中墨水笔迹的相对时间鉴定对法庭科学、刑事案件的侦破和历史文献的整理都具有重要意义。该文建立了一种识别墨迹相对年代的毛细管电泳（CE）新方法。采用络合剂邻菲罗啉（1,10-phen）和反式-1,2-环己二胺四乙酸（CDTA）分别与Fe（Ⅱ）和Fe（Ⅲ）络合,然后用CE测定Fe（Ⅱ）和Fe（Ⅲ）的峰面积,通过比较从可疑笔迹中提取的Fe（Ⅱ）和Fe（Ⅲ）的峰面积比与从整个文档中提取出的Fe（Ⅱ）和Fe（Ⅲ）的峰面积比,判断整篇文字是否同时书写。实验首先对两种络合剂与两种价态铁离子的特异性络合进行了研究,结果表明1,10-phen与Fe（Ⅱ）、CDTA与Fe（Ⅲ）具有特异性络合。初步研究还表明：由于商用墨水pH值较低,墨水中的Fe（Ⅱ）在墨水瓶中比较稳定,因此Fe（Ⅱ）在墨水瓶中的氧化可以忽略不计;但当墨水书写在纸张上时,墨水中的硫酸会逐渐被纸张的纤维素所消耗,从而导致Fe（Ⅱ）在纸张中被逐渐氧化;在老化过程中Fe（Ⅱ）和Fe（Ⅲ）的峰面积比发生了变化,书写的时间越长,Fe（Ⅱ）和Fe（Ⅲ）的峰面积比就越小。该技术的成功应用依赖于找到一种合适的提取笔迹墨水的方法和CE分离测定Fe（Ⅱ）和Fe（Ⅲ）的方法。样品前处理程序如下：剪取1 cm长的墨水迹线,剪碎后放入2 mL的EP管中,加入0.5 mL 5 mmol/L的1,10-phen萃取1 min,再加入0.5 mL 20 mmol/L的CDTA振荡10 min,10000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液进行CE分离检测。CE条件如下：熔融石英毛细管（40.2 cm（有效长度30 cm）×75 μm i.d.）,100 mmol/L硼酸-硼砂缓冲溶液（pH 9.2）,压力上样（1.379 kPa,上样时间5 s）,分离电压20 kV,检测波长254 nm,温度控制在25℃。最后,对两种不同的墨水进行了测定,以评价所建方法的适用性,结果表明所建方法对于鉴别可疑文件中真伪笔迹的相对年代具有重要的指导意义。     

油墨的分析鉴定研究进展

本文综述了国内外油墨分析鉴别的各类方法，为文件真伪的辨别和相对书写时间的鉴定提供了重要的参考依据。